Video Clip
A music video (or promotional video, clip, video clip, music video - in English, sometimes is a multimedia, audiovisual and mostly commonly short, made from a piece of music or a song History In the introduction to Rewind, Play, Fast Forward The Past, Present and Future of the Music Video (October 2010, 280 p. ISBN 978-3-8376-1185-4 ), and Thorsten Keazor Henry Wubben evoke the "Eidophusikon "by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg. (1781) The illustrated songs , or song slides, invented in 1894, are accompanied by musical performance projections of images on glass plates . This form of popular entertainment grows in the U.S. in the early twentieth century. Since its inception in 1895 the film was accompanied by music and sound effects by local musicians. In particular imitative music . These accompaniments were supposedly live music contaminated by inappropriate performance of low quality and difficulty of synchronization with the image on the screen. Indeed, when not participating in a barker, musicians and noisemakers were present at the show, aided by all sorts of tools such as theater organs, provided with a percussion section and other accessories: cymbals, hail, snare , bass drum, triangle, set of horn, siren boat, sound of the sea, the effect of lightning, horse hooves, bells, xylophone, vibraphone, harp and even some piano. Contrary to a priori about the silent cinema, the movie musical experiences such as phonoscnes Gaumont does not seem a marginal phenomenon ' . Some of these methods were presented at the World Exhibition in Paris 1900. Around 1914, some Lordia presents films (La Marseillaise, La Madelon) inviting viewers to take to heart the verse . In 1926 is presented by Warner Brothers first feature film sound: Don Juan , of Alan Crosland , with music and sound effects. The method used, the Vitaphone , developed with Western Electric, is based on synchronization of a disk with the projector. A year later, in October 1927 , The Jazz Singer , still from Alan Crosland , is the first film sung and spoken. This film actually has very little voice and remains silent for the most part, but it is considered the historical reference point of the transition from silent to sound. In 1929 , sound recording by optical method has, finally, the sound side of the image on the same film. Dudley Murphy , co-director of Ballet mcanique with Fernand Leger (1924), turns at this period, real musical shorts with Bessie Smith ( St. Louis Blues ) and Duke Ellington and his orchestra ( Black and Tan ) that prefigure, really, the clip In 1929 , sound recording by optical method has, finally, the sound side of the image on the same film. The Cinephone of Emile Vuillermoz are an example offered by these new technological possibilities at the end of the decade. In 1930, Germaine Dulac has at least three "kinescope prints" two for Freels : Adrift and Alone met one a diptych titled Those who make it mimed by Lilian Constantini The film was the privileged terrain of relationship between sound and image with his musicals, his musical illustrations, his various appearances of artists, his documentary - showing popular practices as in the Woodstock of Michael Wadleigh (in late 1960!) - his films animation playing on the rhythmic synchronicity between image and sound - Fantasia and the Silly Symphonies , of Walt Disney - his experiments - Colourbox (1937) by Len Lye and Caprice in color (1949) by Norman McLaren - and so on. The clip is a logical sequence of experiences between sound image In 1940, in Chicago, the Mills Novelty Company - the largest manufacturer of juke-boxes of the time - and James Roosevelt create the Globe-Mills production in order to build and sell Panoram jukeboxes. When you insert a coin, these wooden machines and played on their TV screens projected by a system of lenses and mirrors, the film of a song about three minutes in black and white called Soundies. In the 1960s, "a monstrous new machine" - terms used by the magazine Time in 1964 - called Scopitone appears on the French market, then American. It's a jukebox comparable Panoram. It features him as a screen and plays at the touch of a play, a musical short film. However, two improvements will increase the Scopitone as a novelty unprecedented: the fact that his short films are in color and direct passage through each song 5 francs - a considerable amount for the time when the jukebox as the pinball machine only cost only 20 cents .. The advent of the clip mythical date of 1981 , when the American channel MTV (Music Television) inaugurates its antenna with the classic and symbolic Video Killed the Radio Star, Buggles. But this is neither the first nor the clip that launched the genre. MTV is betting that to broadcast videos and success is the appointment. The chain extends across all continents. The principle, as the advertising is to sell audiences to advertisers: in this case, advertisers are the record companies, who produce the videos and sometimes pay for the broadcast. The clip Thriller by Michael Jackson , an unusual format (14 minutes) and turned on a carrier film ( 35 mm ), will contribute to the emergence of the genre, no longer limited to the "song filmed. Therefore, a real screenplay construction is taking place. The image no longer serves as a foil to the music, these two elements to serve one another. By the early 1980s, the same way, one of the pioneer groups of its kind, Duran Duran , propels each of her singles topped the charts worldwide with the magic of mini-films sophisticated and stylish, often very expensive, which allow them including being one of the spearheads of the "Second British Invasion" in the USA (with Billy Idol, Eurythmics), via MTV. Following these pioneers, many artists will be in their video, which will become an obligatory launching any album. We no longer speak of the last title, but the last clip, including some featured artists like Mylne Farmer or Madonna , who follow the particular example of Michael Jackson. The emergence of MTV in August 1981 shows the use of the television medium and the appearance of a standardized format, short and attractive, constantly changing to better fit the zeitgeist. Television did not wait for MTV to broadcast live music or promos, when artists did not know how to move. The film already had an early interest in pop music. MTV has, moreover, was not the only channel to broadcast videos, but has instead significantly influenced the system. "What is really important about the clip, writes Andrew Goodwin, is the emergence in the 1980s of a routine method to promote singles. "The History Channel is marked initially by indifference displayed for videos of black artists, increasing their budgets, will eventually supplant the rock as the dominant form. Artists like Madonna have used the clip in an original way, using choreography and tight shots, favoring the presence of female artists on the channel. After its acquisition by Viacom in 1985, the chain will diversify, both styles, with the creation of specialized channels that geographically, moving around the world - in Europe in 1987. She also diversify the types, opening the way for programs that focus less on music than on style. Today, with a highly concentrated music industry worldwide, MTV television market determines the clip. This year, the channel, which celebrates its 25th anniversary, started with the Microsoft Corporation in the music trade online for as yet unknown results. Recall that, in addition to the commercial aspect, and the need to be perceived as still being "current", MTV has been consistently at the forefront of the art television by promoting, among other things, motion design and animation through its channel branding. Anyway, the clip, broadcast on television or not, has become a must. Warp has therefore borrowed, not without renewing the genre and medium of dissemination. The most viewed clip on YouTube is Baby of Justin Bieber with over 365 million views (October 24, 2010). The music market has changed a lot (the passage in radio also follows agreements between labels and radio), the clip was no longer restricted to a single medium, television, and now offered on CD , DVD , Internet. Directors such as Michel Gondry , Spike Jonze or Chris Cunningham have released a compilation of their music video on DVD. Its main goal still remains to promoting groups. The clips are becoming more numerous, and festivals of short films show more and more. Contrary to what one might fear, the video clip is probably not dead: the public's enthusiasm for music DVD (including DVD devoted to video directors) is proof. The video clip is used to complete the universe of musicians is also the opportunity to produce images that, in another context would be regarded as experimental cinema. Even if the market for video and his mode of dissemination have changed and may not have finished doing so, we can take the bet that the genre has not said its last word. See also: Motion Design and Video jockey Channels broadcasting videos on French territory via TNT or boxs: It is often said that the first group to have popularized the video scale is Queen in 1975 with the release of Bohemian Rhapsody (from their 4th album A Night At The Opera). The success of the song was so great that the British group could no longer make the rounds of all the studios to play backing tracks, so they decided to shoot a video clip (included with special effects, the most expensive at the time) avoided them move every time. For their achievement sophisticated, some clips have dates, and were grouped as such in anthologies on DVD. It should first mention of Thriller from Michael Jackson , which really kind to its global reach. Indeed, for the first time a video clip used to promote an album. Other than the music video Thriller Michael Jackson drew up several large clips: Smooth Criminal (1987), Bad (1987), Black or White (1991) was released worldwide at the same time for the first time that night, more 500 million viewers have seen, Ghost (1996) clip the longest in history, 37 minutes. Read about this analysis Yves Gautier in the book "Michael Jackson - From the Other Side of the Mirror" which also discusses in detail the scenario of the clip. Followed Owner Of A Lonely Heart (Yes), Take on me (A-ha), Sledgehammer (Peter Gabriel), Weapon of Choice (Fatboy Slim), Money for Nothing (Dire Straits) and Video Killed the Radio Star (Buggles). Some videos have even had their imitations. Microsoft has taken Weapon of Choice to make a promotional video for internal use, Windows of choice. Weird Al Yankovic has also been known for his parodies of various famous videos. Among the French clips, impossible not to mention those of Mylne Farmer , considered true Shorts (Provided they are soft Some prominent personalities of the clip Compilation of clips of the label Warp Compilation of clips of the label Ninja Tune Compilation gathering videos broadcast on M6 in the program "The Alternative" Compilation of clips from director Michel Gondry Compilation of clips from director Spike Jonze Compilation of clips from director Chris Cunningham Compilation of clips from director Stephane Sednaoui Compilation of clips from director Mark Romanek Compilation of clips from director Jonathan Glazer Compilation of clips from director Anton Corbijn Origins
XIX century
Towards the standardization of methods of synchronization of sound and image (1895-1929)
Standardization of the "talkies"
1920s
1930
Sound
Scopitone
MTV
The Digital Age
Chronology
Additions
Music Channels
Clips often cited
Directors occasional videos
Videography
television channels dedicated to broadcasting clips
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