Tonic Accent
The tonic accent highlights the issue of a syllable in a word by increasing the intensity of the voice (and, often, elevated height Examples of languages tonic accent The vast majority of European languages (including Indo-European languages but also Finno-Ugric , or Turkish ) have a stress, which can often leave believing that this is the most common system, while the languages the world primarily use tonal system. Moreover, the tonic accent in Turkish always falls on the last syllable, so that the rhythm of the sentences is very similar to that of French. There are however, more rarely, languages known to be taking any of these systems: the Hindi , for example, has no tonic accent or pitch or tone. If stress, or high intensity, so strongly opposed to the tonal system (without one necessarily excludes the other) because it operates mainly on the contrast between syllable marked minority the word (often single) or statement and unstressed syllables, the majority more often. In this way, a word has only very limited or no tonic syllables in the case of clitics. In the tonal system, however, there is no contrast of such a kind: all the syllables (except a few, sometimes) carry a tone, whatever. It's the difference between the nature of tones that creates the contrast. This point explains why we can not consider the pitch accent languages such as tonal languages: indeed, even if there are "tonmes", they hit one or two syllables of the word, while others remain sluggish. The accentual system is therefore worth a small part of the word (the one with the accent as opposed to others) or statement (there are words with an accent, others dull), while the tonal system places all syllables and words (some exceptions) the same hierarchical level. Where the accent makes an increase in loudness during pronunciation of a syllable to emphasize the focus of the height shows a change of height of the pronunciation. In most cases, the language will have a height, a "note" of basic, applied to most of the syllables, and one (or more rarely several) syllable word will be pronounced on a more acute. This is for example the case of Japan , the Swedish , or Greek. Tonal languages, in contrast to pitch accent languages, see each of their syllables carry a tone or a different variation of tone. The main event acoustics of the main stress is an increase in vocal intensity affecting one or more peaks syllable of a word. Pronounced with more energy, this syllable stands out from others, say dull, by its greater loudness. Again, the increase in intensity is variable, depending on the language. While in most Romance languages is very marked, it is in French , relatively low or inaudible. Indeed, the accent of French is marked for each word (excluding clitics ) only when they are isolated. In a sentence , only the last word of each phrase will focus, especially in a fast and common diction. This is called a "focus group sense." For example, the following polysyllabic words are stressed when they are isolated as shown in a careful diction: small / p'tit / house / m'z /, pasture / p'i /, broadcast / dify'ze /. In the phrase " Little House on the Prairie is no longer transmitted "shall mean / laptitm'z dlap'i neplydify'ze / or / laptitmzdlap'i neplydify'ze /. Indeed, the notion of "group sense" varies: it can be considered as "Little House on the Prairie" is composed of two phrases: "Little House" + "on the Prairie" or that it forms a single phrase. Because of its relatively low intensity in French, French often have great difficulty understanding the concept of tonic accent (especially when they study foreign languages). We can highlight this emphasis by asking them to pronounce the German word known "Achtung!" ("Attention!"): Trend Report Francophones have to be crushed at the bottom "-tung" while the emphasis very strong, is, instead, the beginning of the word. The Turkish is also characterized by a relatively small tonic accent. On the other hand, if in many languages have no words, phonologically speaking, only one main stress (Romance languages, Russian, etc.. But, phonetically, not distinctive, it receives semi-accented syllables on which pronunciation is based), in others, such as Germanic languages , there is a primary focus, which carries the maximum intensity, accompanied by one or more secondary accents, depending on the size of the word. These secondary accents, symbolized by / / in IPA, occur mainly in compound words : it is therefore understood that the secondary accents are a holdover from the original focus was that the element in the composition of the word. In the Germanic languages, therefore, the accentual unit is no longer the word but the lexeme. The hierarchy obtained between accents (there is always a main focus) often identify what compound lexeme of the word is central and sometimes information on secondary structures of the word. In German , for example, is normally the radical which bears the main accent. If the word has a separable , it is she who receives the main focus. Finally, the particles are inseparable sluggish: The increase in intensity is accompanied by other phenomena, more or less marked by language. In English , the tonic syllable is usually pronounced higher or lower than the unstressed syllables, as the sentences. It would be simplistic to think that the emphasis, besides the intensity, is manifested only by elevated (which is true when one utters the words in isolation). Indeed, it is not uncommon for the game of the intonation do impose a lower tonic syllable: in the question Are you married? "Are you married? "Realized Elongation in the stressed syllable In Italian , the stressed vowel is automatically extended. The amount is not phonological, since it is entirely conditioned by the place of the accent, he is no longer contodes vocoids or unaccented, the consonants may be geminate however out of focus. This is the last segment of the stressed syllable that extends, for example fato 'fate' / 'fa.to / and fatto' fact '/' fat.to / are realized respectively Muscle tension and clarity of accented phonemes There is a phenomenon called " apophonie accentual "which provides that the unstressed vowels of a word in some languages, are made less distinct than the tonic (muscle tension implementation is less). Their tone is less clear and different vowels are even confused when they are sluggish. Several phonetic changes may come into play, such as neutralization or centralization. Among apophonie accentual languages include various Slavic languages ( Bulgarian , Russian : see accentual Apophonie in Russian ), the Romance languages ( Catalan , the Portuguese , the Occitan , etc..) or even Germanic languages ( English , German , Dutch , etc.).. It appears that such a apophonie is not so much the accent that alters the acoustic image of the words that the sluggishness: in fact, the emphasis here preserves the identity of the vowels. In Bulgaria , for example, vowels / / and / u / are reduced to Place de l'accent The accent is realized as an emphasis compared to unstressed syllables, it is noteworthy that a monosyllabic word does, in isolation, no accent, since we can establish a contrast between tonic and atonic syllables. In a statement, however, the syllables of words after merging, it appears that some are accented monosyllables, as opposed to other, still sluggish (see below the issue of clitics). Finally, in languages with pitch accent isolated monosyllables are not necessarily excluded: height modulation involved can very well occur on a single syllable. Can be separated into two languages in focus groups: in the first place the emphasis in the word is free and can be known only by memorizing each word. In the second place of the emphasis is more or less fixed: the accent "grave" in the same place in the word. Generally, we determine the place of emphasis from the end of the word. In the Germanic languages , for example, the focus is clear: we can not determine his place in advance. The words inherited from Proto-Germanic , however, tend to have an accent on the first syllable of the radical , which can be seen, for example, in the transition from proto-Germanic to Gothic. The borrowed words are often pronounced elsewhere. Here are some examples in English : Examples of languages determined tonic accent: In the following languages, placing the emphasis is more complex but regular in most cases: According to language, the emphasis may or may not change seats during the bending. In Czech , in Sindhi or Hungarian , for example, it is still on the first syllable in all forms inflected. In the Germanic languages , it also keeps its original location. Changes place more frequent due to the laws of limitation, if applicable (see above in Spanish and Ancient Greek). The change of location may also be part of a more complex grammatical accentual system: for example, Castilian accent in verbs tends to raise the "further" possible (that is to say it falls on the penultimate or the final, the penultimate and pre-antepenultimate there are considered "irregular" for this lexical class ). Past tense and the future, however, except for some irregular verbs, it is often attracted to the finals although vowel: ENSEN "it shows" but ENSEN 'j' have shown "and ensear Functions The accent can play several roles, depending on its type (free, determined, fixed, mobile ...). We examine each function separately. This is the fundamental function of any stress, whether of height or intensity: enabling the highlighting of one (or more) syllables of the word, it creates an opposition between tonic and atonic syllables. At the syntactic level, the existence of words and tonic unstressed words (usually words-tools) created a contrast of second order. The other functions follow naturally from it. Its main function is shared by all languages, is said to peak (from Latin culmen "top, top"). It marks the presence of basic syntactic and semantic units (according to language: important words, lexemes for the Germanic languages, groups of sense for French), which allows, in a string of phonemes, to recognize more or less precisely the presence such units. The analysis of an utterance is thus facilitated. The focus is limited to free such a function. For example, in the phrase Spanish se puede cortar la carne con un cuchillo ("we can cut the meat with a knife"), produced / se'pweeko'tala'kanekonunku'io /, we identified four major units, although that it is not possible to cut the chain more precisely (the emphasis being free, we can not distinguish the tops of the units but not their limitations.) After an analysis requires knowing the language, we can know that these units correspond to (be) puede (it can), cortar ("cut"), (la) carne (meat) and (con un) cuchillo ("with a knife"), which are the four most important words semantically in the sentence. The demarcating function is only possible with an emphasis determined and fixed. Such a focus allows us to distinguish more clearly the basic syntactic and semantic units as it can recognize its limitations (unlike what happens with the accent free). For example, it will be simple to cut a sentence Hungarian in words since the stress always falls on the first syllable of each case emphasis marks the boundary between the end of a word and the beginning of next word. In fact, the monosyllables are not necessarily pronounced (especially when these words are tools): we identify therefore rather phrases rights ( article and name , for example) that the words themselves. In languages familiar effects of sandhi importantly, Celtic languages such as Breton , the sonic identity of words is likely to vary (because of the consonant mutations among others), stress fixed (or just s 'takes) plays an important role in the recognition of syntactic units. The demarcating function not only of the stress out other processes may play a similar role as the glottal stop before an initial vowel token in German, the disjunction before a h "sucked" into French or the aspiration of consonants before initial vowel in English. It is true that English accent 'accentuate' differs from the accent 'accent'. But such distinction is not grammatical but lexical. Here, as in increase / Increase, import / import, etc.., Emphasis distinguishes two grammatical categories, the verb, more precisely an infinitive and the noun. Therefore there exist pairs without semantic content as the qualifier content 'happy' and the substantive content 'content'. The accent assumes a contrast function, and sometimes as a function of distinction in English and as temporary, an African language (Gurunsi <Gur <Volta-Congo <Niger-Congo). But there is a distinction of grammatical categories and not a radical distinction. Fact that is not shared by all languages, the emphasis may help oppose minimal pairs. In this case, it is distinctive. This requires that it be free, which allows the lexical oppositions (can be distinguished by the emphasis that would otherwise be two words homophones ). If it is mobile, it adds to the oppositions lexical grammatical contrasts. In English , for example, the emphasis being free, there are many lexical contrasts. Among the most important, we find that to distinguish verbs (highlighted in the final) adjectives or names homophones (accented on the original). Note that due to the apophonie accentual, it is not uncommon homophony is not complete but we have more than a homography (the schwa , for example, can not be tonic): The accent of intensity helps explain many phonetic changes undergone by the words in their history. It is indeed one of the processes which, acoustically, play the sound over the identity of phonemes: by putting more intensity on certain syllables of a word, we can easily distort the syllable and, conversely, fact that some words are unstressed syllables or makes it less distinct (which was mentioned earlier in connection with the apophonie accentual), especially when they are away from the focus. It would be tedious to cite all the cases of phonetic changes involving a tone of intensity. However, we can meet cexux this: Computer encoding The standard Unicode provides two characters of the API for the accents of intensity in the primary and secondary block "Modifier Letters hunt": In fact, the primary focus is most often encoded by the apostrophe right, directly accessible from the keyboard and automatically viewable in any font. Differences with the tonal system
Accent Height
Events of acoustic stress intensity
Intensity
Difference of intensity between languages
Primary and Secondary Accents
Other events acoustic
Changing the pitch of the voice
Coexistence of tonic and atonic words
Focus free
Fixed Focus
Accent Mobile
Contrast
Culmination
demarcating
Distinctive
Role of the zero pitch accent
p> The pitch accent, meanwhile, seems to play almost no role in the evolution of the words: in fact, changes are far from melodic, sonically and physically, to be as distorting as changes in intensity, the latter involving greater muscle tension, a greater amount of air expelled, an elongation of syllables involved, etc.. (See above) so that a change in height does request (simplifying) a change in the frequency of vibration of vocal cords and a game on their blood. Change the pitch of a syllable does not involve heavy machinery. This time, pitch accent and tonmes play the same role in virtually no changes in the meaning of words. Examples
Accent and poetry
Bibliography
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