Tobacco
Tobacco is a manufactured product made from sheets of dried tobacco plants common ( ), a species native to Central America belonging to the botanical genus (family: ).
Tobacco use has spread widely throughout the world following the discovery of America. Its marketing is often a monopoly of state and its sale generally subject to heavy taxes.
Summary |
The production line
Culture
The seed is sown in nursery seedlings or floating at the beginning of March and then transplanted to field in mid-May. The plant reaches 1 m 80 in early summer when flowering begins. The flower is cut so that the leaves develop (twenty per foot). The first discolorations indicate the time of harvest (July / August) that requires a large workforce and attentive. Tobacco leaves are dried in hot air dryers in traditional or glasshouse. The leaves are sorted in the fall and summer Production The plants are Nicotiana neotropical nitrophilous originating in warmer regions and requires a soil rich in humus. Temperature and soil type play a major role on the properties of tobacco cultivation may take place between temperatures of 15 C to 35 C, 27 C constitute an ideal for the development of plants. The estimated global area planted to 5 million hectares, mainly in Asia and America , although its relative plasticity allows it to be grown between 60 degrees latitude north and 40 degrees latitude south. The degree of maturation and harvesting method leaves are an essential and crucial to their destination. Sub-matured, the leaves are for capes cigars (the outer envelope). Leaf harvest can last over a month, the leaves are harvested one by one according to the maturation, while the harvest stem is much faster as mechanized, but at the expense of quality. Tobacco production is estimated at more than 11 million tons Plant Diseases The harvested tobacco leaves are dried to remove over 90% of their water. Leaf tobacco are classified according to their variety or drying method: Result is a storage for fire-cured tobacco or some light air-cured, or fermented to promote volatilization of nicotine and ammonia. The extensive consumption of tobacco in the world has led to the formation of majors powerful industry. The world's largest producer of tobacco monopoly Chinese China National Tobacco Corporation. Over 70% of the market outside China is directed by four multinationals in various brands. They are, in descending order of turnover: The market in Western developed countries having reached a plateau, the marketing efforts of tobacco companies are focusing on developing countries. Christopher Columbus discovering America in 1492, noted that the Indians used tobacco for medicinal and magical properties. Thevet Andre brought back seeds and thus began his tobacco crop in Europe. The word tobacco, referring originally to the Europeans, both the plant and the cigar made with leaves, comes from Spanish tabaco, itself borrowed from an Arawak word meaning a kind of pipe, an instrument two pipes. It is evidenced in its Spanish form since the first half of the sixteenth century. The Arawaks, Native American tribes throughout the Caribbean and the Amazon, had probably another word for the plant we call tobacco (digo by Benot Brard archaeologist); this word appeared in Spanish by semantic shift, the container (pipe instrument) eventually designate content (dried leaves of the plant) then the plant itself. Tobacco cultivation originated in America , there are over 500 years. When Columbus found the Indians , they roll to cure tobacco leaves to get some kind of big cigar they called "tabaco" . In their pipe also burns a mixture of several herbs including tobacco. At the same time, such as tobacco does not exist in Europe, the Romans and Greeks, who smoked a pipe, use the leaves of other plants such as pear . Various studies have also postulated the use of nicotine in the ancient Egypt , but without reaching a clear conclusion about its origin. In 1492, during his expedition to America, Christopher Columbus discovers tobacco and reported in Europe, the Spanish and Portuguese Court, where he was long used as a mere ornamental plant. Not until the middle of the sixteenth century as the personal physician to Philip II of Spain began to promote it as "universal medicine". The first written description would be the result of the Spanish historian Oviedo. It will be introduced in France in 1556 by a Franciscan monk, Andre Thvet who returned from his stay in Brazil, said the culture in and around his home town of Angouleme. It is then called "grass angoulmoisine" or "grass ptun. In 1775, the first suspected link between smoking and cancer are expressed . In 1560, Ambassador Francis II in Portugal Jean Nicot , based on the curative effect of tobacco on Indian rituals, powder sent to Queen Catherine de Medici to treat her son's terrible migraines Francis II. The treatment is successful and tobacco becomes "poison the Queen." Its sales in powder form is restricted to apothecaries. In honor of Jean Nicot, the Duke of Guise proposed calling this herb Nicotiana. This proposal was accepted by the botanist Jacques Dalchamps who in his book General History of Plants chapter "From Petum or Poison Queen" illustrated by an engraving entitled Nicotiana Tabacum or, terminology used by Linnaeus then to create his partner . The plant received a large number of names from which include Nicotiana, "Medici," "catherinaire", "The grass Mr. Prieur," "holy herb", "weed for all ills", "Antarctic panacea" and finally "grass ambassador." At the end of the sixteenth century appears the word "tobacco" means the first botanical illustration is given by Nicolas Monardes in 1571. In 1575 , Andr Thevet gives a "grass pourtrait Petum Angoulmoisine or" in its universal cosmography (t II, Book XXI, Chapter VIII). At the same time, was published one of the first treaty on tobacco, then seen as a medicinal plant: The instruction on the grass petum (1572) by Jacques Gohory. The Cardinal de Richelieu, a tax on tobacco sales in 1621. Colbert made its production and its trade a royal monopoly and at the time the national production is most developed in Europe, with plantations in the East, South West, and 4 islands in the Caribbean more populated areas: St. Kitts , Martinique , Guadeloupe and Saint-Domingue . At the request of Louis XIV, Colbert provides a "privilege of manufacturing and selling" in 1674 , the year of the creation of the Compagnie du Senegal. The first tobacco factory are based in Morlaix , Dieppe and Paris. The privilege was first granted to individuals whose first was Madame de Maintenon who sells, then the only Indian Company , when it must withdraw from the trade in sugar, then falling directly King and ports they wish to promote. Tobacco growing rapidly becomes a monopoly and the rulers see the cash flow they can expect from tobacco taxes. These taxes increase the selling price, while looking for a quick profit dictates a low purchase price to growers at a time when kings want to replace tobacco farming in the Caribbean by that of sugar, much more profitable just like what happened on the island of Barbados British. More than monopoly, is the strategy of sale and purchase so that changes in depth of world production of tobacco. Smuggling grows on the coasts, particularly on the island of Noirmoutier, and must install new monopoly buyers in the ports of Amsterdam and Liverpool, to buy tobacco from the French Antilles and tobacco Virginia , much less expensive, which consumers get a taste, which takes off . The Virginia planters began to import slaves through the Royal Africa Company , founded in 1672. In thirty years, French imports more than tripled, from 20% to 70% of domestic consumption of tobacco. Virginia alone accounts for 60% of French imports . In exchange, the English monarchy is trying to prevent raids by English buccaneers on French sugar islands. This policy, however, suffered a setback in the century when the taxes on tobacco exports increased by 150% English. In 70 years they quadrupled, but still without disturbing the already acquired a dominant position in the market . The Port of London, which has the monopoly of import since 1624, has the means to make the industry competitive. From the mid-18th century, Virginia controls much of the world market. The other major producer is the neighboring colony of Maryland , also supported by the Stuart dynasty. To control the flow, the cultivation of tobacco is prohibited from 1719 throughout France, with convictions that can lead to the death penalty. Exceptions: Franche-Comte , the Flanders and Alsace. She stayed until 1791. In 1809 , Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin , professor of Chemistry at the Medical School of Paris, an active ingredient isolated nitrogen in tobacco leaves. The nicotine , in turn, will be identified several years later. The cigarette was introduced in France around 1825. Tobacco is consumed mainly smoked as cigars from cigarettes , using a pipe or a hookah , or it can be chewed (chewing) or popular. Tobacco consumption generates a rapid dependence sustainable . The composition of tobacco is complex (some say an order of magnitude of 4000 constituents , , . This presence can be explained due to the use of fertilizer made of apatite , used to give a specific flavor to tobacco , , . Pests
Other enemies
Treatment
Marketing
History
Etymology
Origin in Latin America
Debut in Europe
Debut in France
The Tobacco Farm established in 1674 under Louis XIV
Virginia major production area in the eighteenth century world
Consumption
Composition
Tobacco
References
Notes
Bibliography
External Links
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