During his third year of his reign, Thutmose ^I. led a second expedition against Nubia, during which he ordered to dredge the channel bypassing the first cataract. The canal was originally built under Sesostris III ( ^twelfth dynasty ) to facilitate travel from Egypt to Nubia, improving the integration of the Egyptian empire in Nubia . This expedition is mentioned in two entries separated by the king's son Toure:

"On 22 ^th day of the first month of the third season of ³ rd year of his majesty the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, who is given akhperkar life, his Majesty ordered to dredge the channel after discovering he was blocked with stones . "

Thutmose then faced a new revolt in Nubia in its fourth year of reign . This campaign is probably the decisive blow to the kingdom of Kerma. Two stelae recount these achievements, one in Tombos, at the third cataract, and the other Knissa, engraved in the Rocky Hager el Meroua. The latter shows a southern border extended to the fourth cataract, limits never reached.

During his reign, Thutmose ^I. launching several projects that put an end to the independence of Nubia for the rest of the New Kingdom. He enlarged the temple of Sesostris III and Khnum at Semna west . He keeps in his office as " Viceroy of Kush , Head of the South, "also known as" Son of Kush " , a man named Toure appointed time of Amenhotep I ^first and probably the son of former Viceroy . With a civilian representative of the king permanently established in Nubia itself, control the country becomes easier .

Construction Projects

Stela of Thutmose ^I at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

Obelisk of Tuthmosis ^I. in the courtyard of the fourth pylon of Karnak

The construction program of Thutmose ^I. during his reign is broad, covering numerous temples and tombs, but his biggest project is the temple of Karnak , under the supervision of the architect inen . Before the reign of Thutmose, Karnak was probably consists of a primary platform, located in the courtyard called "court of the Middle Empire" consists of a main sanctuary and two rooms in a row which was leaving may be a long driveway leading to a single ramp, and punctuated on its path of chapels, altars reused later . Thutmose was the first king greatly enlarging the temple. He built the fifth tower along the main road of the temple, had built a wall around the sanctuary and two poles flanking the door . Outside, he built the fourth pylon and another wall . Between the fourth and fifth pylons, as "beautiful white stone from Tura" , he built a pillared hall built with wooden columns of cedar. This type of structure was common in Egyptian temples, and purporting to represent a swamp of papyrus, the symbol of creation . Along the outside wall of this room, he built the colossal statues, each with alternating crown of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt that of . Finally, outside of the fourth pylon, he erected four poles and two obelisks, although one of them, now shot, was in the name of Thutmose III , about fifty years later . The columns of cedar pillared hall of Tuthmosis ^I. were later replaced by stone columns, under the reign of Thutmose III. However, the two northern-most columns were by Thutmose ^I. itself . Hatshepsut also erected two obelisks of its own within the pillared hall of Thutmose ^I. .

Furthermore Karnak, Thutmose ^I, has also built statues of the Ennead at Abydos , buildings Armant , Ombos , Al-Hibah , Memphis and Edfu , and minor expansions to the building of Nubian Semna , Buhen , Aniba and Quban .

Thutmose ^I. was the first pharaoh buried permanently in the Valley of the Kings . Inen was instructed to dig the grave, and probably built the funerary temple . The latter was not found, probably because it was built or demolished by the construction of that of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari . His tomb, however, has been identified as the tomb KV20. Inside was a yellow quartzite sarcophagus bearing the name of Thutmose . His body seems to have been moved by Thutmose III in the tomb KV38 , which also contains a sarcophagus with the name of Thutmose ^I. .

Burial

Hatshepsut was making the diorite sarcophagus during his reign for the reburial of his father, Thutmose ^I, in tomb KV20 ( Museum of Fine Arts, Boston )

Thutmose ^I. was initially buried in tomb KV20 , which will be reused by his daughter Hatshepsut , rather than in KV38 was discovered in March 1899 by Victor Loret , who may not have been built to Thutmose ^I. that during the reign of his grand-son Thutmose III after "a recent reexamination of the structure and contents of KV38" . The location of the tomb KV20 is known since the Napoleonic expedition of 1799 , although its original owner is still unknown, and in 1844 , the Prussian scholar Karl Richard Lepsius partially explored its upper lanes . However, all of its corridors "was blocked by a solidified mass of rubble, small stones and debris that had been transported to the gravesite by the waters," and it was not until the season of excavations 1903 - 1,904 of Howard Carter , after the two previous seasons of hard work, to pierce the corridors and into the double burial chamber . There, among the debris of pottery and stone vessels broken in the burial chamber and underpasses, were discovered remains of two vases of Queen Ahmose-Nefertari , which were part of the funerary original Thutmose ^I.. One of the vases contains an inscription stating that Thutmose II did it "as his monument for his father . Other documents bearing the names and titles of Tuthmosis ^I. was also listed by his son and successor, Thutmose II, and fragments of stone vessels made for Hatshepsut before she became pharaoh, and that ships carrying his royal name of "Hatshepsut," a name taken just after she took office .

Mummy attributed to Thutmose ^I.

Carter also found two separate coffins in the tomb chamber. The carved wooden sarcophagus of Hatshepsut was discovered "open without the rest of the body and the lid thrown on the floor" and is now installed at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo with a pair of yellow quartzite Canopic . A second sarcophagus was found lying on its side with its lid, leaning on the wall, almost no damage. He was eventually given to Theodore Monroe Davis , financial sponsor of the excavations as a gift in recognition for its generous financial support . Davis, in turn, gave it to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The second sarcophagus quartzite was originally engraved the name of "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Hatshepsut Hatshepsut . However, when the sarcophagus was finished, Hatshepsut ordered a brand new shelter for herself and donated the existing shelter at her father, Thutmose ^I. . The stonemasons then tried to erase the original prints in order to replace them with the name and titles of Tuthmosis ^I.. This quartzite sarcophagus is 7 feet long and 3 wide with thick walls of 5 inches and carries a text proclaiming the generosity of Hatshepsut to his father:

"(...) Long live the Horus women (...) the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Hatshepsut, the son of Re, Amon-Hatshepsut-Khnemet! May she live forever! It does so as a monument to her father that she loved, God, Lord of the Two Lands, akhperkar, the son of Re, Tuthmosis the justified . "

Toutmsis however, was not intended to rest alongside her daughter after the death of Hatshepsut. Thutmose III, Hatshepsut's successor, decided to bury his grandfather in a much more beautiful tomb, the tomb KV38 , which included another yellow sarcophagus dedicated to Thutmose ^I and inscribed with texts proclaiming the love of the pharaoh for his late grandfather . However, the remains of Thutmose ^I. were still upset at the end of the ^twentieth dynasty when the tomb KV38 was sacked, the lid of the sarcophagus broken and precious jewels of the king and his funerary Stolen .

His mummy was finally discovered in 1881 in the "royal cache" of Deir el-Bahari (tomb DB 320 ), located in the hills above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut. He was buried with the mummies of pharaohs other ^seventeenth , ^eighteenth and ^twenty-first dynasty , Amenhotep ^I , Thutmose II , Thutmose III , Ramses ^I , Seti ^I , Ramesses II and Ramesses IX , Pinudjem ^I. , Pinudjem II and Siamon.

The original coffin of Thutmose ^I, has been recovered and reused by a later pharaoh of the ^twenty-first dynasty. The mummy of Thutmose was considered lost, but the Egyptologist Gaston Maspero , based largely on strong family resemblances between the mummies of Thutmose II and Thutmose III, seems to have discovered the mummy in one referenced under the number 5283 . This identification was supported by subsequent investigations, revealing that the embalming technique used is that of Thutmose period, almost certainly later than that of Ahmose ^I. and built during the ^eighteenth dynasty .

Gaston Maspero described the mummy as follows:

"The king was already advanced in age at the time of his death, more than fifty years, judging by its incisor teeth, which are worn and corroded by the impurities Egyptian bread was full. The body, though small and thin, shows an unusual strength: his head is bald, the features are refined, and the mouth still bears an expression characteristic of shrewdness and cunning . "

The mummy regarded as that of Thutmose ^I. is exposed to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. However, in 2007 , Dr. Zahi Hawass announced that the mummy which was previously regarded as that of Thutmose ^I. is a man of thirty, died after an arrow wound to the chest. Because the young age of the mummy and the cause of death, it was determined that the mummy is probably not the king Thutmose himself .

Notes

Notes

References

(In) This article is partially or entirely from the article in English entitled " Thutmosis I "(see the list of authors )