See also: List of centuries , Roman numerals

The ^thirteenth century begins on ¹ January 1201 and ends on 31 December 1300.

• Brief ice push attested in the Alps by the bog Glacier Fernau ( Tyrol ), between 1200 (maybe 1150 ) and 1300 (maybe 1350 ).

Africa

The Africa in the thirteenth ^century:
Mamluk , Persia , Arabs , Yemen .
Hafsid caliphate ; Kanem , Touareg , 1 - Merinids ; 2 - Abdalwadides ; Mali Empire. Ethiopia ; Aloa ( * ) Toundjour .
Arab counters ; Zanzibar ; Kitara ( * ) Great Zimbabwe ; Feti ; Khoi , San ( * ).

• The Shorfa Alawite (descendants of Ali , son of Muhammad ), settled in the oases of Tafilalet in southern Morocco.
• The kingdom of Kanem ( Chad ) to establish its domination Fezzan.
• In Dahomey , to the ^twelfth or ^thirteenth century, Adja live on the shores of Mono , from Tado and Athim. Part of this tribe would later move to a neighboring territory and founded the city of Allada ( Ardra or Ardes ). Following quarrels for power, some of Adja Allada founded an independent chiefdom in the vicinity of Abomey. Shortly after, another fraction of Adja also leaves Allada and founded on the coast of the Kingdom Djakin (or Porto-Novo ).
• Of immigrants from Mali convert Hausa to Islam.
• Probable time of the founding of the empire Djolof by Ndiadiane Ndiaye.
• Towards the ^thirteenth or ^fourteenth century, pastors Tutsi began to settle in Rwanda East where growers are already established Hutu fighters and pygmy Toua. Over the following centuries, the Tutsi assert their superiority over their Hutu renting a portion of their stock on terms that are transforming the Hutus into serfs.
• Apogee Countertop Persian Kilwa and Comoros in the thirteenth ^century.
• 1270 : Eighth Crusade to Tunis led by Louis IX leading to the latter's death.

Madagascar

• Many Indonesians still live on the east coast of Madagascar to the XIII ^century. The migration of Africans continue to this day to the western coast.
• The Arabs of Kilwa founded institutions to Comoros , but do not occupy the large island. Cons by many Mtis, Antalaotes , from the Comoros, implanted on the northern coast. From a blend of Arabs , of Malagasy and Africans, they speak a language derived from Swahili.
• On the north-eastern settle the Iharaniens , people are very mixed but predominantly African.
• On the southeast coast are to strain the ^thirteenth century Zafi (descendants) Ramiria , which are the ancestors of Antambahoaka and Antanosy.
• The Antemoro settled on the southeast coast between the ^thirteenth and ^sixteenth century. Originating in the Comoros , they have lived in the area of Iharana before taking root in the south.
• Shipwrecked Members of any origin (Indian, Indonesian, Arabized, and Portuguese) were also founded, between the ^thirteenth and the ^sixteenth century, cities on the coast of Madagascar. They are quickly assimilated and lose their original character.
• Part of the coastal peoples slowly penetrates into the interior of the island. In the southeast, the Zafi-Manara founded the dynasty Antandroy and Zafi-Ndravola that of Masikoro. In the east, Prince antemoro Rambo is the origin of the Tanala of Ikongo. On the central plateau, in the late ^fourteenth and early ^fifteenth century come the Hova chiefs and Andriana , Indonesian type with very marked.

America

• The culture of the Anasazi , from the north, prevails throughout Pueblo West (1200 - 1400 ). Tops and solid adobe walls were built to protect villages from looters, perhaps nomadic Apaches.

Asia

• Reign of Angrok king semi legendary Singosari ( Java ). His story is told in the Pararaton or Book of Kings. Farmer's son, he is perhaps the symbol of the Javanese reaction against Indian influence. He came to power by murdering the king of Kadiri he married the widow.
• Foundation in northern Sumatra 's Pasai sultanate , first attested Indonesian Muslim kingdom.
• The shogun of Japan establishes contact with the Ainu on the island of Yezo ( Hokkaido ). Organized in chiefdoms, the Ainu have an autonomous culture, expressed in Yucar, the epic poem of the nation.
• Expansion, especially at the beginning of the century with Genghis Khan , and height of the Mongol Empire , the largest empire that ever existed continuously.
• Founding of the Yuan Dynasty by the Mongols in China (First Full Spectrum Dominance non- Han China) by Kublai Khan , grand son of Genghis Khan.

Middle East

• Crusades : the fifth ( 1215 - one thousand two hundred and twenty-one ), sixth ( in 1227 - 1229 ), Crusade of 1239 , Seventh Crusade ( 1245 - 1254 ) and ninth crusade ( 1270 - 1271 ).

Europe

• Fourth Crusade ( in 1198 - 1,204 ) and founded the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
• Albigensian Crusade ( 1209 - 1229 ) conquest of Languedoc by the barons of northern France. It is supported initially by Pope Innocent III to eliminate the heretical Cathars.
• Reconquest of Andalusia Betic ( 1224 - 1 248 ): Muslim conquest of the kingdoms of Cordoba , Jaen and Seville by the troops of Ferdinand III , king of Castile and Leon. Submission by the covenant of vassalage kingdom of Granada.

Oceania

• The Samoa gained independence from the Empire Tu'i Tonga. Foundation of the Malietoa dynasty in Samoa.

Art & Culture

Education

• Birth of the universities in Western Europe: Salamanca , Oxford , Cambridge , Montpellier ...
• Introduction of Arabic learning and Greek ( Aristotle , Euclid , Ptolemy , ...) in universities ( Albertus Magnus , Roger Bacon ).

Architecture

Great Mosque of Kairouan Bab Lalla Rihana (late ^thirteenth century).

• In Europe , the cathedrals of Gothic multiply: Paris, Beauvais, Amiens ...
• In Cuzco , in Peru the Incas built their capital in the temple of Koricancha.
• In Tunisia , the Great Mosque of Kairouan , which is one of the most outstanding works of medieval Islamic architecture (building dating mainly from the ^ninth century), known in the ^thirteenth century of extensive restoration and embellishment made by the rulers of the dynasty Hafsid (who reigned from 1228) and such works include, among others, adding to the walls of the mosque, the most monumental porches majestic Bab Lalla Rihana is dated around of 1293 .

Painting

• Italian Painters : Giotto.

Literature

• The oldest written texts of Madagascar are the Sorbs , and Malagasy language texts in Arabic, written on paper with Antemoro held the secret.

Theatre

India

• Theatrical style danced in religious Bharata-Natyam , originating in Tamilnadu , in India , South from the ^twelfth century. Three types of shows are inspired by, kuravamchi the bhgavatamela and Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh.

Economy and Society

Europe

• Between 72 and 75 million people in Europe and between 20 and 22 million in France in the late thirteenth century.
• Around 1200 , the peasantry in France is mostly composed of serfs , enlisted under the lordship and consistently compelled to three specific charges: the chevage the formariage and Mortmain. During the ^thirteenth century, economic progress led teachers to provide individual or collective enfranchisement, so that the bondage became the lot of poor people.
• Appearance of forest villages (Waldhufendorf) in alpine areas from 1200. They extend along a road with fields perpendicular to it. The labor is provided by serfs who charters settlement offer more favorable terms.
• The ^thirteenth century is marked in Bohemia by a net increase in population. Hitherto concentrated in the basin of the Elbe (Polab), very favorable to agriculture, it clears the quadrilateral's mountains of Bohemia. It is mainly the work of German settlers came to Thuringia , of Swabia , of Saxony or Austria. Villages are created by written contracts between lords and settlers, guaranteeing them the right to their hereditary lands. Led by the settler's richest (or Rychter Sule), they develop in the plain of crop rotation practiced by the Germans , but mining is the basic wealth.
• Fair Skanr ( Skne ), from the early thirteenth ^century. It comes as huge shoals of herring migrate from one sea to another. The Lbeck make and sell the salt Lneburg for conservation of fish, which are exported in the South. They are joined by other German merchants, then by British and Dutch who began to double the tip of Skagen (Umlandsfahrer "cirumnavigatores") from the middle of the century. Besides the herring and salt, the fair allows the exchange of other products: iron Stockholm , beer Lubeck , packaging items, ropes, barrels, shells of the Netherlands and other manufactured goods.

Significant Figures

Political Leaders

• Louis IX ( 1226 - one thousand two hundred seventy ), king of France.
• Genghis Khan ( 1,162 - one thousand two hundred and twenty-seven ), leader of Mongolia and conqueror of Asia.
• Ferdinand III of Castile ( 1217 - in 1252 ), the unifier of Castile and Leon , the conqueror of Andalusia.
• Alfonso X of Castile , the Wise ( 1,221 - one thousand two hundred eighty-four ), King scholar, supervises numerous scientific, literary, legal and historical, which are drawn from many written works.

Writers

• Dante Alighieri ( 1 265 - 1321 ), Florentine writer.

Show:

• French writers born in the thirteenth ^century.
• Italian writers born in the thirteenth ^century.

Men of Science

• Ibn Nafis ( in 1210 - 1288 ), Arab physician.
• Albertus Magnus (between 1193 and 1206 - 1280 ), theologian , German zoologist , introduced the Greek and Arab science in the universities of the West.
• Roger Bacon ( in 1214 - 1294 ), Franciscan , English philosopher and scientist.

Philosophers and theologians

• St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225 - 1274 ), philosopher and theologian Italian.
• John Duns Scotus ( one thousand two hundred and sixty-six - 1308 ), theologian Scottish founder of the school scholastic Scotus said.
• Bonaventure Bagnorea ( 1217 / 18/21- 1274 ), Franciscan theologian.

Show: Philosophers and theologians of the ^thirteenth century.

Explorers

• Marco Polo ( Venice , 1254 - id., 1324 ), explorer.
• Explorations in the thirteenth ^century.

Religious

• Saint Francis of Assisi ( Assisi , c. 1182 - id., 1226 ), founder of the Catholic and a href = "Franciscain" alt = "Franciscan" class = "mw-redirect"> Franciscans.
• St. Thomas Aquinas.

Painters

• Italian painters of the thirteenth ^century.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• In the West, following the Crusades , Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon incorporate the representation of the world of ancient Greece ( Plato , Aristotle , Eratosthenes , Ptolemy ) that the earth is spherical.

Education

• Encyclopaedia of Vincent of Beauvais.
• Development of the first universities , school scholastic.
• Albert the Great introduced Greek philosophy and science (Aristotle, Euclid) and Arab in European universities.

Technology in the service of art

• Development of the technique of stained glass.

Exploration

• Explorations in the thirteenth ^century.

Technical navigation

• Appearance of large ships to trade Atlantic.
• Using the stern rudder and weathervane.
• First portolans , giving a representation of the coastline.

Medicine

• Discovery of blood circulation by Ibn al-Nafis in 1242 ^{Other Techniques}
  • Introduction of windmills from the East.
  • Through contacts with Arabs , the Normans introduced the Compass in the West and use it in the Mediterranean (ca. 1200 ).
  • Through contacts with Al-Andalus , dissemination of technology in the manufacture of paper.
  • Introduction of gunpowder in the West, known in China for fireworks since the ^sixth century or so.
  • Appearance of the wheelbarrow in the West.
  • The stopper is replaced in many parts of the West by the spinning wheel operated by a crank to spin the textile.
  • The Watermark (1282).
  • The glasses for presbyopia (1280) .

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  References

  1. (en) Fragment of decorated wooden arches of vintage Hafsid (Qantara)
  2. Paul Sebag, The Great Mosque of Kairouan, ed. Delpire, Paris, 1963, p. 85
  3. (en) Franois Clarac, Pierre Buser, Dominique Wolton and Jean-Pierre Ternaux, Historical Encyclopedia of Neuroscience: From neuron to the emergence of Thought, ed. Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 461
  4. (en) Sivry Gerard, The Economy of the Kingdom of France in the century of St. Louis, ed. Presses Univ. North, 1984 13
  • Portal History
  • Portal of the Central Middle Ages

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