The first fortress of the Louvre, under Philip Augustus , was built on a locality named Lupara , whose etymology is unknown. But a common assumption is the approximation with the Latin lupus, which suggests that the locality was inhabited by wolves.

Another hypothesis traces the origin of the name Louvre in the former French lauer or lower which means "watchtower." - A direct result of the occupation of the Salian Franks (or Sicambri : Meroveus , Childeric , Clovis ...), whose language is Germanic, not Latin - that Henri Sauval (French historian from 1623 to 1676) inferred the origin of the word " Louvre. " In this language, which has already provided the etymology of place names in the country of Parisis ( Stains -> Stein, Castle Mail: Mahler, which means "meeting" in a lingua franca, Ermenonville : Ermenoldi Villa .. .), the word "leovar, Lovari, lover, Leow or lower" means castle or fortified camp.

In the fifth ^century, the Anglo-Saxon, with the explicit agreement of the Roman Empire 's "possession of it" North Western Europe. There they are loaded into communities by the Empire to defend a possible foreign attack. It was in 463 that Childeric I and gidius pushed the Visigoths at Orleans.

Then the integration is "roots". The inevitable decay of the Empire accelerates the process. And when new Sicambri down with Meroveus into the plains of Parisis , Franks fraternize with those of their nation who are already there. They then form a group powerful enough to push up Lutece. If they fail to seize it, they build walls at least in the same solid institution that we speak: a "lower", a fortified camp. This "lower" should already exist on the right bank of the Seine Meroveus time and had to represent a constant threat during the ten years of siege that gripped the capital of the time St. Genevieve.

Lutece , armed and defended, was the first serious obstacle encountered by Clovis as it was for him the key to the rest of the territory. The seat, lack of money for a major attack, was finally a blockade, which ended with the conversion of Clovis to Christianity.

Presumably the importance for the Merovingians as a fortified camp. The famous "lower" allowed them, even leaving some troops there to hold the city in respect of let our guard down and make a point of support when they wanted to attempt a serious attack.

There were, as a result of this continued occupation, both cities face to face: the city Gallo-Roman one hand and the installation Frankish constantly reinforced the other.

So it's very likely the same name "fortified camp" that the Franks, leowar or lower (Anglo-Saxon form) did evolve luver, Luvrs and finally "Louvre", the current word already found in a Charter of 1198. The mix was done later because of its resemblance to "Louvre", a word derived from the Vulgar Latin lupara, wolf or louvers. Indeed, the forest then extended to the peripheral districts of the current capital and the presence of said canine in its doors is confirmed by numerous sources.

Subsequently, Clovis and his successors did not forget that their rule was first put on the north bank of the Seine. While they neglect developing the Paris of the "Other Shore" which had so long resisted, they created on the right bank of a rival city: a new Paris. Professor Nicolas Taranne Rudolph (1795-1857), curator of the Mazarin Library and member of the Company's history of France, in his notes to the poem translation of Abbo , From War to Paris, but better known as History under the siege of Paris by the Normans in remarked: "Paris, Gallo-Roman city, had increased considerably in the south, Paris, Frankish city, spread further north."

The city was growing so every day in this northern part where it was under the threat of another conquest where there was to it in ruins and desolation. The Normans , who were unimpeded up the Seine, made in Paris for at least fifty years their main destination of conquest. To give a point to support their attacks - and taking advantage of what the Parisians had not returned to defend the place which had been utilized for the attack - it is on the site of the Clovis former camp (and around Saint-Germain-le-Rond, now Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois ), the Normans settled. Its walls were a solid shelter. It was a fortress defended by large fences, a rampart of stones and large ditches. In October 886 , the arrival of the emperor with an army major changes nothing. And that rather than cowardice military impotence: instead of ending with a decisive attack, Charles the Fat treated with the Normans. They paid tribute immeasurably in exchange for ... their departure! A ransom so to speak. But for twenty years they returned again, until either sold to Rollo , their leader, the territory now known as Normandy (911 - Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte ).

Later, near the spot where Clovis had camped, was one of the most famous kilns in Paris: "Furnus of Lovre," as he is called in the "Black Book" on the date of 1203. He was on a main road parallel to the Seine, which crossed the whole of Paris right bank, extending west to the new town, where she took the name of Rue Saint Honore.

After the devastating passage of the Normans, he had to rebuild. And by the parish of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois we began. This building is currently located in front of the colonnade of the Louvre. It is symmetrically opposite the town hall of the first district which adjoins with the center, a late Gothic campanile, images of many of the "pastiche" of the ^nineteenth century.

The King Robert rebuilt the basilica, which had been badly repaired the ruins. The area in which St. Germain was the center had become a sort of Paris again attached to the sides of the old.

It is up to his departure for the Crusades alongside Richard the Lion Heart , that Philip Augustus began in 1190 to protect his city from external attacks - including those of his parents and yet rival claimants to the throne of France: Plantagenet. The new stadium, whose construction lasted almost twenty years, came to surround the ancient and modern Paris and then extends to the location of the camp which Clovis and the Normans had already made their stronghold. The sounding of the word remained in the memories and the place became the former "luver" or "Luvrs" defined above. So naturally at the edge of this wall that Philip Augustus decided to build what will become the ultimate Parisian fortress, and later one of the most prestigious palaces in the world.

According to Genevieve Bresc-Bautier (The Louvre, a story of palace, Louvre edition), Louvre could be labeled "Celtic hydronym ara. Louvre then designate the name of a river.

History

The Middle Ages

Situation

The Middle Ages, of Philippe Auguste in Henry IV , occupied a quarter of the current area of the square. If we divide the square by four square court and one enters it by the flag of Sully (or the flag of the clock ), the medieval Louvre was in the first square (or fourth) on the right.

Fortress

The Louvre in the fifteenth ^century in miniatures of Tres Riches Heures of the Duc de Berry

Remains of medieval foundations can still be seen in the basement of the museum.

So it is wanting to strengthen the defense of the city of Paris to make the political and religious center of the kingdom, as Philippe Auguste built a large wall surrounding the city. The Louvre, located west of the wall, then a heavily fortified tower, 31 meters high and 19 meters wide which has a strictly defensive role. It is included in the center of a square enclosure about 70 to 80 meters wide, reinforced ten defense towers that are crossed by two gates with drawbridges located respectively south and east. Two buildings are attached to the wall, west and south of the central courtyard. Work finish in 1202.

The royal residence

Under Louis IX , the castle has a significant expansion of new rooms being built without a real defensive purpose, as the Salle Saint-Louis (1230-1240). It also transfers the royal treasury, giving new character to the fortress.

However, it was under Charles V , in the second half of the fourteenth ^century, the palace became a royal residence. After suppressing the revolt of the provost tienne Marcel , he is completing a new shield to protect the city that has so greatly expanded extramural. The Louvre, formerly located outside the wall of Philippe-Auguste, is included in this new defensive system. The castle takes on a dual function: in addition to its protective role, he became one of the residences of the king and the court, with the castle of Vincennes , the hotel Saint-Pol in the Marais and the palace of the Ile de la Cit , whose function is more "administrative" and particularly with the installation of judicial Parliament of Paris.
Architecturally, new releases appear, including a large spiral staircase, due to Raymond du Temple : engaged in the wall of the dungeon, said "the big screw, it is decorated with effigies of the royal family. Dammartin Drouet , later responsible the site of the Charterhouse Champmol , makes his debut here as a sculptor and architect.

Library

The Louvre opens to the city at that time becomes an important center of luxury, and Charles V, a great lover of art, it transfers part of its library. According to an inventory of 1373, it contained no fewer than nine hundred manuscripts and was divided into three parts: one devoted to the treaties of governments, other novels, and the last to religious books. Another section of the library of Charles V was at Vincennes.

Charles V was the first monarch who thought to be a royal library. He did file for this purpose all the books he could muster in a tower of the Louvre, which was called the Library Tower. The books are occupied three floors, and were arranged as carefully as clean. For treasure, Charles V wished we should close with iron bars, wire brass and glass painted all the windows of his library, and so that we could work at any hour, was hanged by his order to vault thirty small chandeliers and a silver lamp, which were lit every night. The paneling of the walls were of wood in Ireland, the ceiling was paneled with cypress wood, and all these panels were adorned with sculptures in low relief. That Gilles Mallet , for at valet and butler of the king who was entrusted with the custody of the library or bookstore. There were books of all kinds. The most significant were French or Latin Bibles. There was also a lot of church books like missals, Breviaries, Psalters, and books of hours and special offices. Most of these books were covered with rich fabrics and illuminated with great care. Among secular books were found treated of astrology, geomancy, palmistry in .

Symbol of royal authority

The castle was also crucial as a symbol of royal authority. Until the Revolution , all the fiefs directly under the king are called up to the great tower of the Louvre, even after the destruction of it in the sixteenth ^century, under ^Francis I.. The Louvre is seen as the seat of the feudal authority of the king, while the royal palace in the city, now the courthouse is the seat of the sovereign aspect of his authority, in its most prominent feature: the justice.

The Louvre in the Renaissance

The Louvre of Francis I.

Wing Pierre Lescot in 1579 by the Hoop Androuet

Upon his return from captivity in Spain , Francis ^I ordered the sheriffs of the Louvre to restore the ruined palace of Charles V during the Hundred Years War. This request, which is part of a strong will from the king to strengthen the power, will, however, followed by concrete acts as a long term. Francis ^I, who is looking for recreational residences first along the Loire, moving closer to the capital by erecting the castle of Madrid and that of Fontainebleau. The renovation of the Louvre is a new step taken in this approximation to Paris.

We begin by first adapt the surroundings of the Louvre on the Pont au Change , to open the capital to the west. In 1528 occurs the destruction of the central tower, which brings the old medieval castle in the Renaissance. However, the redevelopment of the wings will take time. In 1539 , during the passage of Charles V in Paris, it can be housed in the Louvre, which gives Francis ^I more motivated to actually build a modern palace.

It was in 1546 that the project of the architect Pierre Lescot , less ambitious but more concrete than those presented by other candidates, was adopted. The plan consists of a quadrangular court the contours of the medieval walls (the southwest quarter of the current square yard ) around which is projected a U-shaped assembly to obtain a large body open to the is with two wings. The main wing located to the west should therefore be separated into two by a staircase in the center, while the two wings to the north and south should have only one floor. From December 1546 to March 1549 has held the demolition of the western part of the walls of Philippe Auguste. However, the death of Francis ^I (in 1547 ) was suspended.

The Louvre of Henri II

Current west wing of the courtyard of the Louvre built by Lescot

The advent of Henry II saw the plan change somewhat: Pierre Lescot is maintained at the head of construction, but the stairs (now Henry II staircase) is pushed to the north wing, allowing a large design room on the ground floor that can accommodate the annals of the court (room Caryatids). In 1553 ordered the demolition of the south wing and the corner tower southwest of the fortress, in order to build the pavilion of the king. On the death of Henri II in 1559 , the area around the Louvre has substantially densified, but the castle is still very medieval, having only Renaissance wing.

Catherine de Medici and the construction of the Tuileries

Catherine de Medici then taken in hand the restoration of the palace, allowing the creation of large gardens and palace of the Tuileries. It was begun in 1564 , outside the walls of Charles V, a year after the acquisition of land for tile makers who occupied it, hence its name. The architect Philibert Delorme starts the project and is replaced after his death in 1570 by Jean Bullant , who also designed the couen Castle , north of Paris. This creates a large pavilion angle (the current flag of Flora) and the small gallery.

During the wars of religion that marked the last third of the ^sixteenth century, the palace is the residence of the royal family when it comes to Paris, especially at the wedding of Marguerite de Valois (that led to the massacre of St. Bartholomew ) in 1572. From the reign of Henry III , which begins in 1574, he became the principal residence of the king of France and will remain so until the installation of Louis XIV at Versailles in 1682.

Henry IV and the Louvre: the birth of the Grand Design

Merian card: the Louvre, the Tuileries and the Gallery of the waterfront in 1615. One can see the gate of St. Honore and the Hospice of the Three Hundred (left) and the Tour du Bois (right). The door and the tower forming part of the wall of Charles V. These fortifications will be filled and destroyed under Louis XIII.

Arriving at the head of a ruined country in 1589, Henry IV , aided by his minister Sully , took immediate action to appease the religious conflict that shook France. By taking over the affairs policies, the new sovereign at the same time give a new impetus to the construction of the Louvre, in its desire for economic recovery by leading dilitaires work. This will expand the Louvre, which was renamed Grand Design comes also a sanitation of the surroundings.

The Grand Design has several objectives:

• the removal of the remains of the medieval Louvre
• the construction of a courtyard on the basis of already built Lescot wing (area multiplied by four compared to that of the medieval court)
• the meeting of the Louvre to the Tuileries
• the expropriation of districts between the two palaces.

An ambitious project was then put in place between 1594 and 1610 and this past year saw the completion of the main gallery or Gallery waterfront that makes the junction between the Louvre and the Tuileries. 450 meters long and 13 wide, this achievement is on two levels and is the work of several architects, such as Jacques II Androuet Hoop. If structural work is completed as early as 1600, this is not true of the decor, which combines around effigies of the kings of France since Pharamond until Henry IV, as a program of Antoine de Laval. On the ground floor, shops open to the north, while the units are located on the mezzanine, a passage on the first floor. Also under the reign of Henry IV over what the small gallery. However, the death of the latter is a halt to the work, while the district still has densified. The northern and eastern parts of the medieval Louvre still in place.

The reign of Louis XIII (1610-1643)

The courtyard of the Louvre at the end of the reign of Louis XIII - 1642

The absence of work under the regency of Marie de Medici of 1610 to 1617 allows installation in the neighborhood of large mansions in the kingdom, on streets lined structured, each including a street entrance and a garden. So when Louis XIII takes up the idea of the Grand Design, it seems difficult to pursue exactly the idea of Henry IV. He still demolish the northern part of the medieval walls to extend the Lescot wing in that direction in perfect symmetry with the same details of decor.

The architect Jacques Lemercier , which is then responsible for the modernization of the old Louvre. He first pursue the courtyard, while respecting the original style of Lescot and giving an important role to flags. Thus, in the north wing Lescot, Lemercier built the Pavillon de l'Horloge, it extends another wing same as Lescot to maintain a harmonious symmetry. The sculptors Jacques Sarazin , Gilles Guerin , Philip Brister execute the decoration of new building parts. As for the decor of the gallery's waterfront is to Chick that is used to run a fairly traditional program designed by Lemercier, around the towns of France. However, the painter returned to Rome in 1642, one year after beginning his work, he left largely unfinished. Louis XIII died a year later without any further decision was taken.

West wing of the quadrangle: the Lescot wing is reinforced by the flag of the clock and a wing that mimics

The Louvre of Louis XIV

Colonnade of the Louvre

With Anne of Austria and Mazarin , many artists coming from Italy, and give the French capital a new style of Italian influence. Two new architects are beginning to emerge: Louis Le Vau and Gurin , but no major construction company is in the Louvre. Simply point at the ground floor of the small gallery installation of summer apartments of Anne of Austria, who redecorated between 1655 and 1658.

It was not until a royal decree of 31 October 1660 for a new time, the grand design is incorporated, with principal architect Louis Le Vau. Not only is the interior project is taken to the courtyard, but a southward extension is planned (bridge and College des Quatre-Nations ), giving a new political dimension to the case, the College des Quatre Nations for recruitment of the royal administration. However, between 1660 and 1664, only the beginning of the bridge of peace is really achieved.

In 1664, Colbert took over as superintendent of the royal buildings: the Louvre and the arts must now play a role in the attempt to establish a centralized government around the person of the king. The project is stopped by Le Vau, and from 1664, it must engage the extension of the Tuileries, while French gardens are laid out by Andr Le Ntre. Colbert also seeks to provide access reflecting the importance of the urban project, with a large east access from the Place Royale.

The Apollo Gallery , rebuilt in 1661-1663 by Le Vau

Several projects of French architects and Italian are offered, including three by Bernini himself came particularly from Italy. He laid the first stone in 1665, but quickly fled, the victim of conspiracies. Colbert writes about his projects: " The Louvre of Louis XIV to the Revolution

Abandoned by Louis XIV for the benefit of Versailles , the Louvre is quickly deserted, occupied only occasionally during royal visits or advice. The Grand Design and the work of Colbert are abandoned while the courtyard is not completed, the Colonnade has no roof and a dense neighborhood is located between the Louvre and the Tuileries. Aristocracy deserting the place, a new population poorest settles.

From 1692 , the Louvre is invested by the Academies: the painting and sculpture moved to this date in the living room and adjacent rooms and the architecture, still this year, invaded the apartments of the queen. The year 1697 marks the arrival of the Academy policy, which includes its relief maps in the large gallery, and in 1699 the Academy of Sciences. The Royal Printing also takes up residence in the palace.

Besides the academies who sat, the Louvre was the home of artists who move freely, and it decreed rights resulting in the gradual deterioration of the premises. The Louvre deteriorate so gradually, soon reactions resulting from the contemporary thinkers. The most famous is probably that of Voltaire , through this famous quatrain:

Louvre, pompous palaces which France is honored,

Be worthy of Louis, your master and your support

Get out of the shameful state in which the universe t'abhorre

And in all your splendor watch you: like him

However, other scholars are quick to publish pamphlets challenging the state palace, and beyond the policy of Louis XV in construction. Thus, in 1752 , Lafont de Saint-Yenne publishes a small book entitled The Shadow of the great Colbert, dialogue between the Louvre and Paris will make a great noise.

Do not believe however that the superintendent of the royal buildings, the Marquis de Marigny, brother of the Marquise de Pompadour , remains inactive. Despite a more limited budget, he managed to complete the quadrangle, by Jacques-Germain Soufflot and Gabriel, although he is no longer a question of the Grand Design.

In 1779 , with the assumption of the Superintendency of D'Angivillers, the Louvre found some fortune. The idea to build a museum from the royal collections, already advanced by Marigny , was resumed by the new superintendent who would make appropriate arrangements within the palace. Then arose the problem of the Grand Hall, about which a reflection was commissioned Soufflot. It leads to several ideas:

• striking decor unfinished Chick
• the construction of a brick vault to improve protection against fires
• building floors
• improving the lighting by the digging of windows and oculi at birth vaults.

These however had no time to be implemented.

The Louvre under the Revolution: The Birth of the Museum

The Louvre had gradually lost its symbolic dimension. He is saved by the hatred of revolutionary crowds. If the operation was no longer the rite of monarchy, it was not even the people. This will soon be the case through the museum it will become.

In 1789 , D'Angivillers already issued a proposed museum in the Louvre. Forced to resign, he entrusts to the States-General, who on June 21 , adopted the idea, especially as the national collections soon suddenly enriched by the confiscation of Church property ( 2 November 1789 ) and property emigrants ( 8 August 1792 ) and suppression of the academies ( 8 August 1792 ). From 1790 , the National Assembly is really aware of the need to preserve the works, and stop the destruction, as she creates the ^1stDecember 1790 a commission to inventory the monuments and works of art nationalized.

Deposits are collected in former convents, gathering bronze statues for casting, and other parts for sale. On 6 June 1791 , Alexandre Lenoir , a painter, was appointed director of the Petits-Augustins. He is one of the characters who contribute to the birth of the concept of heritage. He is the Medieval Museum in the ancient Baths of Cluny.

In 1794 , the Abb Grgoire publishes a paper on vandalism, condemning the destruction, and encouraging the establishment of a "collective memory". Other pressure groups, at the instigation of artists come together, pushing the bodies to the decision to create a museum. But where, where?

Responses had been made in recent years: and had there been published a few months apart Considerations on the arts of design (January 26, 1791) and Second thoughts on the art of drawing (May 18, 1791). Their author, Quincy , requesting that the combination of antiquity, the possibility that all access to works (although the painter Jacques-Louis David is to have a place reserved for artists), advocated the use of the Louvre as a place of reunion and exposure and developed an encyclopedic vision of art inherited from the eighteenth ^century. These works led to the Constituent Assembly voted to install a museum at the Louvre in line with the project proposed two years earlier by D'Angivillers on 26 May 1791. On 19 September 1792 , an official decree placed the national collections under the protection of the Louvre and October 1 of that year, a "committee of the museum" featuring six individuals was established.

The revolutionary design of the idea of the museum included a pedagogically and the idea of a place open to everyone, but the commission was to achieve these ideals while respecting the influential artists like David, who insisted on having only access collections in order to study them at leisure. New characters, such as merchant Jean-Baptiste Pierre Lebrun, entered the discussion. Thus, in his Reflections on the national museum, called it a specialist art historian to head the museum, and asked for a ranking school, initiating a reflection of the largest on the professionalization of the museum. After a first opening for a few weeks, November 19th 1793 , many critics engaged against officials of the museum, considered incapable. A catalog items contained in the galleries of the French museum had been drafted.

The reopening took place in February 1794 , while an influx of works from the revolutionary seizures thronged the museum. A conservatory, led by Jacques-Louis David , was established with the mission to protect, select, display, writing a descriptive catalog and marking works. However, David was caught in the fall of Robespierre, and the academy had to continue at five.

The work of the academy did not cease to be criticized, particularly by Lebrun, who began the ancestor of a working museum, calling the division into nine sections, the need for a catalog and more scientific work in the great gallery.

The Louvre, palace of kings, a great place in the past of France, became, by the will of the Revolution, a civics lesson open image, and the instigator of a new reflection on the concepts of history art and museum.

Napoleon III and the Louvre: the completion of the Grand Design

Editor architects Lefuel and Visconti were conducted major work completing the work of preceding centuries; wing of the Rue de Rivoli, drafted under Napoleon ^I , was built symmetrically from the gallery of the edge of water, itself changed and now houses the grand staircase, main access to the museum's galleries transformations of the late ^twentieth century century. Were also built houses enclosing the courtyard of the current pyramid and defining four courtyards.

The Third Republic and the destruction of the Tuileries

After the tragic events of the Commune , which led to the burning of the Tuileries, built by Catherine de Medici in the ^sixteenth century and the north wing of the Louvre, the new Republican government commissioned Lefuel rebuild the Pavillon de Marsan on the model of this he had already made at the Pavillon de Flore , and part of the wing Rohan. This work spread out from 1874 to 1880, but lack of money prevented Lefuel construct the counterpart of the Pavillon des Sessions , which was to house a theater, and large windows to the north, similar to those already built in the south.

The Tuileries in ruins remained for twelve years. But in 1874, in conjunction with the reconstruction of the Pavillon de Marsan, they had already razed the two side wings of the Tuileries. The central portion between the roof of the Chapel (former Pavilion Theatre) and flag Bullant remained in the state. Despite a well preserved ruins of the Third Republic preferred to destroy this symbol of the power of fallen regimes deliberately obscuring the role of the Tuileries in the history of the First Republic.

Of course, it was planned to reconstruct a building reminiscent of the proportions of the palace disappeared in order to install a museum of modern art, but political instability persists and postponed all decision. Indeed on these twelve years of indecision, it took no less than three presidencies and seventeen departments to destroy the national work.

It is no exaggeration to speak of destroying the spirit of the Grand Design: the very reason that it gave birth was the meeting of the old Louvre to the Tuileries Palace.

A National Committee for the reconstruction of the Tuileries offers to rebuild the Tuileries alike, to restore overall harmony while considering the benefit that would be an expansion of the Louvre that lack of space.

The palace today

Louvre seen from the dome of the Institut de France

De 1981 1999 , le palais fait l'objet d'importants travaux de modernisation dsigns sous le nom de et rentrant dans le cadre des Grands Travaux dfinis par le prsident de la Rpublique Franois Mitterrand. His arrangements of making the whole palace to its function as museum (until 1989 a part of it also housed the Ministry of Finance ), are characterized by the construction of the glass pyramid (inaugurated on 30 March 1989 ), located in the middle of the Cour Napoleon, the work of Chinese-American architect IM Pei and leading to a spacious foyer underground.

The palace now houses:

• the Louvre ,
• Central Union of Decorative Arts (UCAD) and collections (decorative arts, fashion and textiles, advertising) as well as his library and "workshops Carrousel"
• the Ecole du Louvre (Rohan sites and Flora)
• Centre for Research and Restoration of Museums of France (C2RMF): laboratory and workshops at the Carrousel de Flore
• commercial galleries of the Louvre Carrousel : 16,000 square meters, more than 50 shops,
• exhibition space "Carrousel du Louvre" Paris Expo: 7100 square meters, 4 rooms for hosting prestigious events.

The Louvre pyramid at the center of the Cour Napoleon

Architecture

The fortress of the Louvre form a quadrilateral of 78 meters of 72, surrounded by ditches. Circular towers protect the corners and center of the north and west sides. To the east and south, two access doors are framed with defensive towers. In the center of the tower 15 meters in diameter, dominates the area from a height of 30 meters, with a wall thickness of 4.20 meters at its base.

References

See also

Related articles

• Muse du Louvre
• Palais des Tuileries
• The video game Louvre: The Final Curse

External Links

• (En) History of the Louvre on the official website of the Muse du Louvre
• (En) A visit to the Louvre Ina TV Archive

• Portal History
• Portal architecture and urbanism
• Portal of the French Revolution
• Portal castles in France
• Portal de Paris
• Portal historic French
• Gate of the Louvre Museum

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