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The 1980

The 1980 covers the period from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1989. They are marked initially by the political liberal of Ronald Reagan to the United States and Margaret Thatcher in England , the arrival in power of the left in France with Franois Mitterrand and end with the fall of communism in the countries of the Est.

Years: One thousand nine hundred eighty - one thousand nine hundred and eighty-one - in 1982 - 1 983 - 1984 1985 - in 1986 - 1,987 - 1988 - 1989
Decades: 1,960 1970 - 1,980 Years - one thousand nine hundred ninety 2000
Centuries: ^Nineteenth century - the ^twentieth century - XXI ^century
Millennium: ^First millennium - ^the second millennium - ^the third millennium

Summary

1 Events
2 By region
3 By themes
4 Significant Figures
5 See also
- 5.1 Link external
- 5.2 Bibliography
6 Notes and references

/ / Events

The bow of the sunken Titanic.

Creation of the union " Solidarity "in Poland (1980)
First Kabyle protests on behalf of the recognition of Berber identity in Algeria best known as the Berber Spring (1980)
Awareness of the emergence of AIDS as a health problem worldwide
Falklands War (1982)
Discovery of the wreck of the Titanic (1985)
Iran-Iraq war ( 1,980 - 1 988 )
Explosion of the space shuttle Challenger ( 1986 )
Chernobyl disaster ( 1986 )
Publication of the Brundtland report , Our Common Future ( 1987 )
Tiananmen Square protests ( 1989 )
Collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe ; symbolic fall of the Berlin Wall ( 1989 )
End of the Cold War , a consequence of the fall of communist regimes and the policy of glasnost of Gorbachev ( 1989 )
First exploration of Uranus (1986) and Neptune (1989)

By region

Africa

Between 1980 and 2000 , the foreign direct investment in Africa accounted for 2% of world total (30% for Asia).
In Egypt , the social gaps are widening: 5% of urban households hold 55% of national income in the early 1980s.
440 million people in Africa in 1980 (12.1% of the world population). The birth rate remains at a high rate (47 per thousand on average in 1965 as in 1980), mortality decreased (from 23 per thousand on average in 1965 to 17 per thousand in 1980), life expectancy at birth increased (49 years on average in 1980, seven years older than in 1965). 26% of the population lives in cities.
53.2% of the South African population lives in the city in 1980.

Asia

The Chinese industry is still in the 1980s at the hands of state enterprises, bloated staff, subject to central planning. The price system fixed by the state hinders management decisions, limiting the competition limits the productivity. The plants are small, low-skilled, low cost, and are maintained through the protection of local and state subsidies, which wants to avoid the privatization arrival of a mass of unemployed dangerous for the stability of the regime. Next to these behemoths public away from bankruptcy, to encourage the creation of cooperatives and private firms may use foreign capital. Of " special economic zones "are open, especially in southern China, a capitalist -style archaic ^nineteenth century. The China attracted by its low wages, its social and political stability, the quality of its workforce. It produces cheap manufactured goods that are exported to the United States , the Europe and Japan. This growth allows it to maintain growth rates of around 10% per year. This strong economic growth increases, however, regional disparities, social inequality, the corruption , the pollution , the inflation ...
Grain production in North Korea , increasing until 1985 , which has ensured food self-sufficiency in the country, capped, and then declines, primarily due to internal structural crisis.

United States

Under Reagan , the U.S. reconnect with economic liberalism. Deregulation of oil prices. Record increase in interest rates. Tax reform. The highest marginal rate of federal income tax on household income, which reached 90% at the time of Kennedy falls to 31%.
Economic recovery after 1983. Unemployment falls (15 million jobs were created between 1982 and 1988). The index Dow Jones industrial action, after having stagnated in the 1970s , takes off after 1983. The trade deficit is skyrocketing.
In 1980 , the automaker Chrysler is saved from bankruptcy by financial assistance from the federal government. Hundreds of thousands of workers are laid off (1979-1980). After a slow decline, U.S. auto production regains its vitality by adapting to modern manufacturing methods and organization and a more open competition in the full range of vehicles. Labour productivity increases. Chrysler will double between 1980 and 1992. Innovations multiply, quality improves, cars adapt to public constraints on pollution, safety and fuel consumption.
The Winter Olympics 1980 held at Lake Placid. Thirty-seven nations are participating in this competition. The overwhelming dominance of the GDR on the bobsled will end with the appearance of the Swiss. A terrible accident bob to 6 will make helmet use mandatory. But these games will once again triumph over the U.S. in ice hockey.

Latin America

Debt crisis of Latin American countries, due to rising interest rates practiced by the administration Reagan in the United States and around the world and the recession of 1981-1982, which has significantly reduced demand commodities from the industrialized countries. Between 1982 and 1988 , the Latin American currencies depreciate by 23% on average.
Between 1983 and 1995 , nearly 1,000 SOEs are auctioned Mexico (87% of public companies), earning more than 38 billion to the state, including banks Bancomer and Banamex sold respectively 2.5 and 2 3 billion.
In the mid-1970s, rapidly rising foreign debt and falling oil prices plunge on Mexico in serious financial trouble.

Western Europe

The implementation of the economic program Thatcherite plunges the first UK in its first recession since 1929 ( 1980 - 1982 ).
748 dead in attacks in Ulster in 1980-1990 of which 75% are attributable to the Provisional IRA ^{Eastern Europe}

The Berlin Wall at the site of passage of the S-Bahn. This photo, taken in 1980 , appears in the context of the 1980s curiously anachronistic, referring to events that founded the wall two decades ago. It was not until November 1989 that begins the process of German reunification.
- In 1981 , the defense budget mobilizes 25 to 35% of GNP Soviet. The country will prove unable to sustain an effort also extended. Despite the enormous sums spent on nuclear power, the Soviet Union will never be able to have a superiority sufficient to destroy a first strike by the U.S. arsenal, without fear of massive retaliation.
- The death of Leonid Brezhnev (1982) marks the end of an era. In 1985, the new Secretary General of the CPSU , Mikhail Gorbachev , noting the economic impasse in which committed the country, launches, timidly at first, policy reform, perestroika (the word means in Russian "reconstruction" ). On the economic perestroika is a failure, the socialist economic model developed in the USSR being out of breath. But politically, it gives a space for freedom of expression and national demands of the peoples of the USSR to be fatal to a fossilized regime whose ideology was more long the engine. In 1989 the USSR abandoned its European satellites and begins its withdrawal from Afghanistan , while the first disturbances broke out in its territory between Armenians and Azeris about the Nagorno-Karabakh.
- Austerity plan in Yugoslavia. They have little effect on the economy, which is staggering under the weight of external debt exceeding 15 billion dollars. With the growth of inflation and unemployment, the standard of living continues to decline during the 1980s. In this context resurface or exacerbated old national antagonisms, culminating in the arrival in power of the nationalists in Serbia, with Slobodan Milosevic and Croatia with Franjo Tudjman. The decor of the civil war that will tear the country in the 1990s is planted.
- Inflation is rising in the early 1980s in Hungary , forcing Jnos Kdr to publicly express its concern and to make some changes at the head of the economy. In 1985 , foreign debt of Hungary reached 7 billion. It tripled in recent years to reach 20.390 billion in 1990. From 1980 to 1990, real income of employees fell 10%, the peasants 20%. Borrowings used to finance the public deficit and slow the fall of the purchasing power of households, but are not used for investment, which fell within ten years 18%.
- The deteriorating economy is evident throughout the 1980s in socialist states. In Poland the trade union Solidarity was born strikes by workers in the Gdansk shipyards feeds a challenge which will rise throughout the decade, forcing the General Jaruzelski to martial law (1981) before negotiating with the opposition after the coming to power of Gorbachev in the Soviet Union. In Romania , the Conducator Nicolae Ceausescu regime completes its national communism closed world and impoverishes the people by focusing economic policy on repayment of foreign debt. Well kept in hand by regimes headed by aging apparatchiks, the GDR and Czechoslovakia also see their economies deteriorate. Perestroika in Moscow being accelerated by the reforms (Hungary) or causes in turn a greater closure of the country (Romania), but it undermines all of the plans that will eventually fall one after the other in 1989. The liberal Hungary followed the rebellious Poland lead the way, followed by East Germany and Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria and Romania. With the exception of Romania, these transitions happen in the calm has been called velvet revolution in Prague in 1989. Fifty years after its inception, the Cold War ended with the fall of the Iron Curtain.
By topic
Economy and Society
- Cons- oil shock ( 1982 - 1986 ). Demand for oil is slowing. The economic crisis triggered by high interest rates needed to curb inflation reduces the purchasing power of the consumer countries. High crude oil prices make it profitable mining projects hitherto neglected. The desire to escape the domination of OPEC favors the exploitation of coal , the rise of natural gas and building nuclear power plants. The energy saving policies improve energy efficiency (reduced consumption of automobiles). OPEC must reduce its production. In 1983 , compelled to follow the market, it lowers the price of crude for the first time (34 to 29 dollars per barrel).
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Culture and Music
- The video-clip (including Thriller of Michael Jackson ).
- Free radio stations ( NRJ , RFM , Skyrock - which aired at the time of the rock, as its name suggests - Maxximum - radio pop / rock radio as before House and Techno - Fun Radio ... )
- The Figuration
- The World music with artists from the Caribbean like Kassav ' , The Long Winters , Kaoma , Zouk Machine.
- The Pop and variety with artists like Michael Jackson , Madonna , Prince , Phil Collins , Whitney Houston , Cyndi Lauper , Bonnie Tyler , George Michael , Lionel Richie , Paul McCartney , Elton John , Supertramp , the Bee Gees , Dire Straits ...
- The Reggae , always present, with artists like Jimmy Cliff , Peter Tosh , Burning Spear , Eddy Grant , UB40 , Alpha Blondy , Serge Gainsbourg , Bernard Lavilliers assume the legacy of Bob Marley.
- The Ska is back in the first half of the 1980s through the British bands Madness , The Specials , The Selecter.
- The Disco and Soul progresses to Funk artists distinguished themselves as black Americans like James Brown , Barry White , Prince , Michael Jackson , Kool & The Gang , Earth, Wind and Fire , Imagination , The Whispers , Terence Trent D'Arby , The Pointer Sisters , Indeep.
- The New Wave , generic term (because of the multiple meanings of the word " new wave "and the number of sub-sub-genres or trends in this type of music: synthpop , Coldwave , EBM ...). Say that music, in its majority, was at the Electro-Pop (synthpop) or electronic pop / synthetic bands and artists with English as Duran Duran , Depeche Mode , A-ha , New Order , Simple Minds , Erasure , Eurythmics , Alphaville , Frankie Goes To Hollywood , Tears for Fears , Soft Cell , Pet Shop Boys , Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark , Modern Talking , Yazoo , Jimmy Somerville , Anne Clark , Kim Wilde. but also Francophone artists, such as Trisomy 21 , Indochine , Les Rita Mitsouko , Etienne Daho , Daniel Balavoine , Mylne Farmer. (The electronic sounds and drum strokes were very strong here in this new music pop 1980s). The Coldwave and the Bat Cave , precursors of the movement Gothic were represented by bands like Joy Division (with Ian Curtis ) who later became New Order , The Cure , Killing Joke , The Sisters of Mercy , Siouxsie and the Banshees.
- The Electronic body music ( EBM ), a variant of the Belgian New Wave , more aggressive, minimalist and free from the influences of black music, with bands like Front 242 , Vomito Negro, Klinik, The Neon Judgement.
- Emergence of house music with artists such as Marshall Jefferson , Larry Heard , Curtis Jones.
- Brief appearance of the Acid house and her cousin Belgian heavier rhythms, the New Beat , Electronic Music (House Type) for acute sounds, see psychedelic acid with groups such as Phuture (DJ Pierre), KLF , 808 State , One O One , Amnesia , S'Express , Confetti's before moving on to the psychedelic trance ( Trance-Goa or Psytrance ) the following decade.
- The rock artists or groups with old and new from various backgrounds: folk , country , blues , Rhythm and blues , hard rock , progressive rock , post-punk , pop and new wave British as Pink Floyd , The Rolling Stones , Status Quo , Yes , Supertramp , Queen , Dire Straits , The Police , U2 , Talk Talk , INXS , Midnight Oil , REM , Bruce Springsteen , Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins solo or with Genesis , Toto , Foreigner , ZZ Top , AC / DC , Scorpions , Van Halen , Kiss , Joan Jett , Aerosmith , Europe , Guns N 'Roses , Metallica , Iron Maiden , Telephone , Trust , Starshooter , Alain Bashung , Hubert-Felix Thifaine , Patrick Coutin , Jacques Higelin , Bernard Lavilliers , Daniel Balavoine , Renaud , Paul Personne ...
- The Alternative Rock with artists from the scene of punk rock as The Independent Brurier Black , La Mano Negra , The Negresses Vertes , Elmer Food Beat , Ludwig von 88 , Parabellum , Butchers Boys.
- Appearance of Freestyle and smurf (in 1982 with the song Break Machine), close to the electro music and movements of precursors hip-hop. The word "smurf" later became the name for the Break Dance ( Movies: Break Street 84 and Street Beat.
- Arrival and explosion of rap culture and hip-hop was born in the Bronx in New York around artists like Run-DMC , Dr. Dre , Ice-T , Public Enemy.
- Decade of Music Italo Disco (variant more commercial New Wave English) and dance with artists such as Ken Laszlo , Leo P. , Den Harrow , Valerie Dore , Silver Pozzoli , Baltimora , Ray Moon , Spagna , Sabrina , Black Box. ..
- Emissions: The Children of Rock, Sex Machine, Platinum 45, HIP HOP (or HIP-HOP, by Sidney ).
Music
Main article: List of female singers, singers and music groups of the 1980s.
See also category: music band of the 1980s , Category: singers of the 1980s and mainly music New Wave
Cinema
French Cinema
- a href = "% C3% Liste_des_films_fran A7ais_sortis_dans_les_ann% C3% A9es_1980" title = "List of French films released in the 1980"> List of French films released in the 1980s
American cinema
Television
Religion
July 3, 1981 , John Paul II appointed a commission to study the controversial Copernican ^{Ptolemeo-sixteenth} and ^seventeenth centuries, charged to review the case Galilee , to examine the errors committed by the Church at the Galileo affair. In 1992, John Paul II has publicly acknowledged the mistakes of most theologians in the seventeenth ^century (see repentance of the Church ).
Significant Figures
- Ronald Reagan , United States
- Mikhail Gorbachev , Soviet Union
- Margaret Thatcher , United Kingdom
- Helmut Kohl , Germany (FRG)
- Franois Mitterrand , France
- Ruhollah Khomeini , Iran
- Deng Xiaoping , China
- Lech Walesa , Poland
- The Pope John Paul II
- Michael Jackson , United States
- Pierre Elliott Trudeau , Canada
- Rene Levesque , Canada ( Quebec )
- Brian Mulroney , Canada
- Felix Houphouet-Boigny , Cte d'Ivoire
See also
External link
Bibliography
This section is empty, insufficiently detailed or incomplete. Your help is welcome!
References
- Portal 1980
- Portal of the contemporary world

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The 1980

Summary