The suburbs of Tunis

Commonly refers to the suburban area urbanized a city which is located in the continuity of the frame of its central city and which is administratively separate. Today in some countries (including France), this word means poor neighborhoods and therefore often difficult (problem suburbs). The word does not merely an administrative division. Indeed one can find problems in the city suburbs, such as in the 19th arrondissement of Paris or 20th arrondissement of Paris.

Suburb of Carrires-sous-Poissy construction on the outskirts of Paris.

The outskirts of Yerevan in Armenia.

Residential suburb in the Yvelines

Attested from the late ^twelfth century , the word has its root in the suburbs of " bank ", a term originally feudal Frankish designating the law lord, then the calling of their suzerain and vassal by there, the territory under the jurisdiction of a lord, where his decisions were the subject of proclamations. Apply to a city, the suburbs began term to designate the tract, a mile or more leagues - and the league varied from one region to another - under government command of a lord, and, increasingly often of a municipality . This meaning is still in the eighteenth ^century. The word takes care of derogatory meaning and connotations in the July Monarchy and the peripheral annulus of large cities becomes a virtual synonym for "province" in common parlance on the occasion of a political controversy between politicians and elected the Paris suburbs, the former accusing the latter of being rural, backward and reactionary, the " Commuters' . The term has rapidly lost its pejorative charge to come designate the assets - mainly employees and workers - living in the suburbs and from work every day in Paris by the railways, boats and trams. The so-called "commuter" or "commuting" are already important in Paris before 1914. "Commuter" kept that way until today .

It was after a long evolution, beginning in the early ^nineteenth century , the word suburb itself has come, in the singular or plural, to designate the neighborhood in the outskirts of major cities , especially the sets built after 1950 - the " big sets "or" cities "- and focus now deemed a population of nationality or by parents of foreign origin, especially from North Africa or More recently, black Africa. The term of appointment is convenient in the press and in everyday language, for the people "immigrant" whose integration with the rest of the population is difficult, either because of unemployment mass appeared at the end of year 1970 or various forms of discrimination which is usually the subject, specifically related to its origins and, more importantly, their social status. Various synonyms near the euphemism , also from the administrative language, have recently emerged as "neighborhoods" or even "neighborhoods" for short.

Territories that correspond to what are, historically, geographically and administratively, the suburbs of major French cities, diversity, both in origin and social status of their inhabitants, infinitely greater than the use of the word implies. The "cities" themselves are not confined to images that the word suburban gradually forged in the consciousness. The opposition often made between the French suburbs, famous and popular land exclusion, and suburban Anglo-Saxon, famous and populated suburban middle class or rich, is largely false. In Paris , the suburbs that was first developed in the first half of the ^nineteenth century , is the middle-class suburb ( Maisons-Laffitte , The Vsinet ...) and serve it to the railroad appeared ( Paris - Saint-Germain-en-Laye ), the pavilion has played a significant role in the construction and settlement of many suburban areas from the late ^nineteenth century , and in the inter-war The phenomenon of subdivisions in the suburbs has even represented the main housing supply, popular or bourgeois. Development called "peri-urban" today is a continuation of these movements. Remarks along the same direction could be made about other French cities.

One could therefore hypothesize a history and a parallel evolution of the phenomenon of urban fringe in Europe and North America, but current knowledge, too disparate and too specialized, make it difficult to approach, which will cons clichs. The phenomenon does not in any case be understood without an analysis - either individually or in a comparative study of optics - the whole urban area including the suburbs is still involved: evolution of the population of inner cities , development of means of communication, role of public policies (see the article in English " "), Etc.. It should also always be clear and precise definition of administrative or customary, which also may vary over time, we are talking about the suburbs, so as to avoid the blurring that governs many speeches in which mixed suburbs, outskirts and suburbs (s).

Diversity of suburbs on the national and regional

The term refers both to the suburbs "singularities French" than "global realities" . It is ultimately impossible to fully translate the term "suburb" but similar spatial realities exist in the peripheries of large cities worldwide.

In Germany

With high density, one can find regions where many cities are touching each other without creating a true center. This is the case of the Ruhr.

For the United States and Canada

American suburb in Connecticut

The closest translation of "suburb" in English is "suburb". The prefix captures the peripheral aspect of the phenomenon. The United States uses the term metropolitan area ( metropolitan area ), whose definition has changed over the last census, to designate the area that includes an urban and suburban areas that are related in terms of professional and commercial. These are ubiquitous in the U.S., being one of the causes of the importance of the U.S. automotive sector. In Canada, we speak of census metropolitan area for statistical purposes, but there are also government supramunicipal bearing different names in different provinces, for example, in Quebec, there are communities of Metropolitan Montreal and Quebec.

Small communities (suburbs in English) surrounding large cities can be incorporated cities , that is to say, " municipalities "with their own governments, or they may be unregistered, with, United States, the government authority given to the county. Communities are incorporated ( cities , (in) towns and villages ), while the unincorporated communities, that is to say not having the status of "municipality" are the Census Designated Places (CDP).

In North America , the suburbs are often seen as desirable places to live for those in the middle class and wealthy, United States, central cities often contain the poorer classes, for example in the case of Chicago.

In France

Illustration of the terms of central city , suburban, urban periphery , urban unit and urban area from the INSEE

In France, since the establishment of the Third Republic in the early 1870s, municipalities have largely ceased to grow according to the extension of their city. The city, which is in France at the notion of urban unit , and did not necessarily unique administrative correspondence, other municipalities from binding to central cities and form the suburbs. Since the annexation of the suburbs of major French cities under the Second Empire ( Lyon in 1852, Lille in 1858, Paris in 1860, Bordeaux in 1865), the delineation of French municipalities has in fact changed little and did not follow the evolution of urban settlements after 1870 so that almost all major towns and cities in France have seen a suburban town ring. In both cases they are divided into many independent operators.

Suburban Paris

Affluent households live mainly in the west of the city while the north-east concentrates the poorest populations and immigrant origin.

The suburbs means the residential area located around the central city, it also includes many suburban districts as districts increasingly popular. The concept is socially neutral and corresponds to a physical reality. Thus, in the greater Paris, Neuilly-sur-Seine , for example, belongs to the suburbs as well as La Courneuve. To distinguish them, we speak in Paris suburb of Neuilly and easy to disadvantaged suburb in La Courneuve.

We can cut the Paris region in several areas. In the Northeast, many have focused "cities, a legacy of old industrial areas and workers. This is the case of the Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne. In the West, the population is generally easier, there is also the business center of La Defense. Southeast suburb less homogeneous. Near Paris, there are many municipalities that are considered "sensitive" ( Bagneux , Malakoff , Cachan , Fresno , Massy ...), interspersed with residential areas better reputation ( Verrieres-le-Buisson , Chatenay-Malabry , Antony , Fontenay -aux-Roses , Sceaux ...).

The further away the more we can cut off the southern suburbs of Paris in two areas. On one side are the banks of the Seine where workers congregate populations, and where we observe the great cities in Yvelines ( Chanteloup-les-Vignes , Sartrouville , Les Mureaux , Mantes-la-Jolie , Poissy , Achres , Limay , Trappes , Aubergenville ) and Essonne ( Evry , Courcouronnes , Grigny , Corbeil-Essonnes , Fleury-Merogis ...). On the other hand, there are residential areas where people congregate easy ( Valley of the Bievre and Chevreuse ).

The suburbs of large cities, particularly Paris suburb (8 million), are severely criticized and forgotten by the Land Management. Since the Commune (1871), they were and still are often ostracized, treated as "places of lawlessness," "outlaws," "outside the Republic," in contrast with the "deep France", the "real France" campaign . However, it is in the suburbs that will house the young families who work, have children, pay taxes but starved of public facilities (transportation, education, sports, and also jobs, etc. .).

The new suburbs

In France, the new suburbs appear since the 2000s, a style completely different from the towers of the 1960s or of suburbia from 1980-1990.

New suburban neo-Haussmann, Val d'Europe.

Bussy-Saint-Georges, the city that goes from 456 in 1982 to 20 131 inhabitants in 2007.

Le Plessis-Robinson, a new model of suburban Paris.

In Italy

The municipalities of major cities like Rome have a commuter s'englobe in the town. Thus there are still Campaigns outskirts of the town of Rome.

In developing countries

The "poor neighborhoods"

Exodus rural and urban explosion

In all developing countries, cities are experiencing a growing appeal. This can be explained by the strong population growth experienced by most of these countries. In some areas, land can not support it and the rural exodus is required.

The phenomenon is complex: it is a push-pull. On the one hand, rural towns attract (pull) who believe, wrongly or rightly, to find better living conditions. This mechanism is still cited and generally deplored. But it also shows a violent rejection of the rural society (push): the weight of tradition, patriarchy in particular, religious constraints, arranged marriages, polygamy, attached to the misery, pushing many young people of both sexes escape the stifling environment. The rural exodus is as a way to "vote with their feet" if millions of rural people will live in cities, little is known examples of reverse movements back to the countryside. The policy of "return to earth", often authoritarian and brutal, have usually failed. This is something often overlooked by critics of this rural exodus View Cerisy International Symposium, June 2007).

The introduction of liberal policies by these countries is another significant determinant. Imposed by various international bodies like the IMF , the World Bank ] policies deconstruct rural areas and prevent them from adapting to population growth. As a result of these policies, many African countries formerly producers import their chickens, leading to the impoverishment of agricultural populations .

Thus Africa has seen its population triple between 1950 and 1995 while that of cities has increased ninefold. It now has twenty-five cities millionaires and could even reach their sixties in 2020. Housing in downtown is too expensive for these newcomers, they settled in the suburbs and were thus swelling the peripheries. The city of Cairo as an example of a city where many migrants arrived more than what the city provided they were forced to settle in places where development was not planned. In addition the natural increase was high in developing countries, increasing urban population becomes ever more evident. The 14 cities experiencing the largest population growth in the world are in developing countries.

The consequences of these population movements

The units are expected unfortunately not available in most cases, and migrants are forced to stay so precarious. This leads to the creation of slums also known favela in South America. These lands are generally occupied illegally, and are very unhealthy: they are devoid of all infrastructure (electricity, water, wastewater disposal, transport, education, health ...) and are often on marshy ground, steep or unsuitable for agriculture. The slum clearance has been to push even farther from downtown families and groups of inhabitants in these slums. And by dispersing individuals, support networks and survival, based on relationships between people are broken. It is even more difficult for these people to get out of this situation. In South Africa there is also the townships. They differ in slums because they are built tough and have a legal existence. Their construction are often planned by the architects of racial segregation (very high in South Africa despite the end of apartheid ). The townships of South Africa include people of color, mainly blacks and can count up to nearly two million people as in Soweto.

Also, some suburbs are the theaters of war and violence between different ethnic groups that make people's lives more difficult. In Flames poverty may even lead to the formation of gangs fighting for control of the city. Unemployment is very high and it remains difficult or impossible to get out of this situation without remuneration. The majority of jobs are located in the city center that is remote and where access is made difficult by the lack of transport. Moreover, the lack of education of people do not favor in finding a job. They are therefore often forced to make their children work or even sell

Thus we come to a vicious cycle: migrants are forced to live in slums, as they are in the slums, they did not work as they have no work, they did not money, as they have no money they can not afford education for their children who likewise can not therefore find work. According to UN estimates, the land has more than one billion people living in slums and has 1.4 billion in 2020 is as far as Chinese. This number increases very quickly as 27 million people each year join the slums. Although these figures cover the entire planet, they are mainly developing countries.

The "wealthy suburbs"

For some years the suburban affluent in developing countries. Indeed, wealthy families wishing to depart from the city center to prevent pollution without being closer to the poorer areas. These districts therefore lead to social segregation: the wealthy minority are totally unaware of them and other poorer sections. Some residential neighborhoods are strangely similar to American middle class: the suburbs. Indeed there are a large number of identical houses with Western architecture and leisure practice what Westerners. Some even millionaires choose to live in real ghettos. This isolation voluntary aim to defend their wealth because of insecurity in these countries requires people with more money than the average to protect themselves. However, they take advantage of this isolation to enjoy the luxuries of space and neighborhoods. For this space available, the poor are driven further away from the city and so the handful of rich businessmen can build houses on very large areas. For example, in Ouagadougou a surface of 1000 hectares was dedicated to a neighborhood consisting only of large villas and fine hotels. To further protect flights and contacts with the rest of the population, defensive systems are in place: high walls, barbed wire, alarms and intervention in case of intrusion. The city administration is therefore preferred to use a lot of room for a few rich with influence national or international level for a majority of the poor.

The industrial suburbs

It is very difficult to generalize the situation of the industrial suburbs of developing countries because there is great variability between different countries and between cities within a single state. Indeed, it may be noted that Brazil is among the 10 largest industrial countries in the field of automotive, armament and electronics as the industry of black Africa is very late and little diversified.

However, developing countries are trying in most cases to encourage the industries of developed countries to relocate by offering favorable customs tariffs, preferential investment, a favorable fiscal policy, more skilled workers than before and infrastructure development. One can also notice that the Asian industry, especially China and India is dynamic. Indeed, it benefits from lower prices of unskilled labor. Working conditions are not easy: for example the Chinese workers from the factory McDonald's worked up to 11 hours a day 6 days / week plus 70 hours overtime per month for a salary less than 75.

These workers are among society's most disadvantaged and therefore generally live in poor neighborhoods described above. Moreover, we note that industrial activity may have a direct impact on the population: pollution, lack of water ... For example, the 52 plants Coca-Cola and 38 Pepsi-Cola in India present pumping 1 million and 1 5 million liters of water per day thereafter polluting water courses. Groundwater pumping performed by these plants prevents the population to provide safe drinking water. It is both a threat to the environment and human health already poor neighborhoods.

Suburbs and Culture

The word suburb in the literature

The literature was also seized the theme of suburban Sakja Rashid , Jacques Reda, Hector Malet, Francois Coppe evokes well:

"I love the suburbs with his fields fallow

Peeling walls and old, where some old shows

I talk about neighborhoods long since demolished. "

Filmography of the suburbs

• Love exists , Maurice Pialat , 1961. Quote: "Boredom is the main agent of erosion landscapes poor. "
• 2 or 3 Things I Know About Her , Jean-Luc Godard , 1967
• She runs, she runs the suburbs , Gerard Pires , 1973
• Edward Scissorhands , Tim Burton , 1990
• La Haine , Mathieu Kassovitz , 1995
• Bye Bye , Karim Dridi , 1995
• 100% Arabica , Mahmoud Zemmouri , 1997
• Ma 6-T will crack-er , Jean-Francois Richet , 1997
• Hello cousin! , Merzak Allouache , 1997
• On the other side of the ring road , Bertrand Tavernier , 1997 ( documentary )
• American Beauty , Sam Mendes , 1999
• The Sky, Birds and ... your mother , Djamel Bensalah , 1999
• He was once in the wadi , Djamel Bensalah , 2004
• The Dodge , Abdellatif Kechiche , 2004
• District 13 , Pierre Morel , 2004
• Suburbs Project , documentary Quebec , 2005
• a href = "Le_Journal_de_Dominique" title = "The Journal of Dominica"> Dominica's Diary, a film by Cyril Mennegun for another look, 2006.
• Neuilly his mother , a film by Gabriel Julien-Laferrire , 2008.

See also

Bibliography

• Herv Vieillard-Baron , The Suburbs, singularities French global realities, Paris, Hachette, 2001, 287 p.
• Adrien Fournier , The city maps , Cambourakis, 2009, 112 p.
• Jean-Luc Debry , All owners!, homnisphres, 2008, 170 p.
• David Lepore , Heart of the suburbs. Codes, rituals and languages, Odile Jacob, 2001, 460 p.
• Jean Pierre Paulet, the French suburbs, Ellipses, 2003.

Sociology and History of the suburbs

• Rachid Sakja , Chronicles of a city regular (2010), ed. Harmattan , July 2010, the life of a child in a suburban city of Le Havre.
• Adil Jazouli, A Season in the suburbs - Current and prospective income neighborhoods, Plon, 1995.
• Collective, At the edge of town, the heart of society: these neighborhoods are talking about, L'Aube, 1997 (publication coordinated by Anne Querrien ): report of a research program conducted at seven sites in the process of Social Development quarters or convention district ^Tenth Plan, and based on two approaches: first, the analysis of objective data on living conditions and, secondly, the study of collective representations and individual perceptions.
• Liane Mozer et al. Intelligence suburbs, Dawn, 1999: various contributions to analyze the practices of urban dwellers by differentiating themselves from traditional approaches that emphasize conflict, dysfunction, or the anomie supposed to reign unchallenged in neighborhoods said, as appropriate, disadvantaged, "sensitive" or "difficult."
• David Lepore , commuter Heart: codes, rites and languages, Odile Jacob, 2001.
• Jacques Donzelot , when the city comes undone: a policy response to the crisis of the suburbs, Seuil, 2006.
• Loc Wacquant , Urban Outcasts: ghetto, suburbs, state, La Dcouverte, 2006.
• Sylvie Tissot, The State and districts, Le Seuil, 2007.
• Yves Bodard , Suburbs, riot in the hope, Regain Reading, 2007 Related articles
  • Urban Sociology
  • Urban culture
  • City
  • Desakota (Indonesia)
  • Suburb (U.S.)
  • Urban area (France)
  • New Town
  • ANRU

  External Links

  • Seminar of the International College of Philosophy 2006-2007 "Becoming-suburban political subjectivity and metropolitan area networks"
  • Fourcaut Alain, Mathieu Flonneau, "A comparative history of Paris and its suburbs in modern times" , Seminar of Contemporary History, September 2005, Mairie de Paris.
  • Herv Vieillard-Baron, " The neighborhoods between disqualification visible and invisible networks ", Proceedings of the International Festival of Geography , Saint-Die, 2005.
  • Symposium of the International Center Cerisy-la-Salle in June 2007: The city unloved. References
    1. It is common today to challenge the etymology and attractive, but incorrect, which combines suburban exile. Commuter ban refers to two different concepts. The ban is another derivative of the word "ban" - "be stigmatized," or "being at odds - and not the word" suburb ". The ban was indeed a measure of general, so we can read in the Universal Dictionary of Antoine Furetiere (vol. 1, 1690): "It has been banned from the city and its suburbs, that is to say surroundings. "
    2. Thierry Paquot, "Suburbs, a singular plural ', in Herv Vieillard-Baron (edited by), Suburbia, an anthology, polytechnic and university presses in Western Switzerland, 2008, pp. 1-2
    3. Alain Rey Urban Institute
    4. Michel Grsillon, "Suburbs" article cited, p. 103.
    5. Senator Brigitte Gros, in a famous book, Four hours of travel per day in 1970 spoke of the daily suffering of its citizens: "The train was packed with commuters, tired from the workday." Le Monde headline, June 25, 2002, on "the daily tribulations of commuters."
    6. Herv Vieillard-Baron, The Suburbs, singularities French global realities, Paris, Hachette, 2001.
    7. Herv Vieillard-Baron, op. cit., 2001.
    8. Anne-Marie Thiesse (1997) They learned France, the exaltation of the regions in patriotic speech, MSH.
    9. The city unloved , Cerisy conference-la-Salle, June 2007.
    10. Sylvie Brunel , Feeding the world is not a challenge. Although ... on page 9. Article published in The Political Economy , No. 43, July 2009.
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