Signature
Signature or initials is a mark identifying the author of a document, a work or cause of a phenomenon: an author signs his writings, but we can also say that a symptom is the signature illness in that it identifies clearly. A signature is therefore to enable identification.
Summary |
Conceptually, the signature of an object (a person or entity) is a "product" derived from or generated by that object to this object and clean, allowing their identification.
Insofar as the signature being singled out, it is a form of representation and summary plots of this object.
The essential characteristics of a genuine signature are threefold:
- singularity: She must single out the object that is to say remove any risk of confusion with an object, even similar. According to this criterion, the handwritten signature for individuals, although greater than the mere writing of the name , remains as fallible as the biometric signatures.
- derivative: It must be derived from or created by this object. In this, the signature is different from the identifier , the latter is often assigned arbitrarily, and is obtained via a lookup table. For example, while the biometric signatures or handwritten are products of a person, the social security number is a form of identification issued.
- invariance: The object must produce the same signature regardless of its condition, representation, or appearance. Distinguish several cases:
- a mathematical object, the signature must be an invariant of the object regardless of its representation, ie d. the form that takes the object (the search for signatures in knot theory is a case of figure).
- for one person, it means that his signature should remain the same regardless of age, mood or physical condition. Thus, the genetic code is a great signing because it remains one of the design and beyond death, and is resistant to amputation or other impairment of the person.
- for sensitive property (an automobile, for example), this implies a certain robustness to the makeup or forgery. The signature may be a microchip, a magnetic marking or hidden.
Finally the non-essential characteristics of a good signature are:
- brevity: The signature must be as short as possible, in particular the comparison of signatures must be simpler than the objects themselves. According to this criterion, the complete genome sequence is a signature of very poor person. In reality, only tiny fragments of DNA are used as signature (called DNA fingerprinting ).
- easy production: Generate the signature of the object must be an operation the least expensive alternative. This point is especially important in mathematics especially for graphs , nodes , groups , etc..
sign action
The act of sign permits:
- to sponsor a candidate to allow him to get the number of signatures required to stand for election. La Cicciolina has thus not been able to stand for election to represent Hungary in Budapest in 2002 due to lack of signatures. In France, the law requires a candidate to obtain 500 signatures from mayors to participate in a presidential election.
- an autograph is a signature of a celebrity at one of his fans.
- to give official status to a document as a declaration of independence, an armistice ...
handwritten signature
In cultures where the systems of writing are based on a script , the signature of a person usually presents as a personalized form of the handwriting of his own surname and name (not necessarily in that order). This form can be simplified, calligraphy , drawn in various ways, and associated style effects (lines, curves, points, etc..) that are developed by individuals to customize the signature and make it both unique and possibly difficult to reproduce by others than himself. However, be advised that for the same individual, and despite all the care it can make to the reproduction of his signature once on the other, each signature is different from the previous signatures.
The initials are the trademark visual shorthand for the full signature.
In the Middle Ages , artists ( sculptors and painters ) did not sign their works. It was not until the Renaissance to see the first work signed. This is La Pieta by Michelangelo that bears the inscription "facebat Michelangelo (" Michelangelo did it "in Latin).
A writer sign the coins or bank notes, in whole, in short, in initial or a symbol. The signature appears only in the seventeenth century on coins.
There are now systems ( machines sign ) to mechanically reproduce the signature of a person. They are used by people who have to sign large quantities of documents, such as celebrities, heads of state or CEOs.
Signatures with seal
Several crops using non-alphabetic writing systems do not share the Western notion of the handwritten signature: in these cultures, the action of signing his name is no different from the normal writing of his name. Indeed, in those writing systems, write or sign his name is the same as the characters used are the same. The Chinese , the Japanese or Korean are examples of languages placed in this case. In practice, in Asian culture, people use inkan (a form of seal nominative) where their name is written with a spelling tensho called (literally, a spelling of character) instead of a handwritten signature.
Signature blind
Called blind signature carried a signature on a document that was hidden before being signed.
Email, Usenet, web
In the e-mail and newsgroups , it is customary to add at the end of his messages a short custom text or a picture in lieu of signature, without showing, however, guarantee the identity of the sender.
Signature in an administrative domain
In government and big business, the signatures are done via a card signature book and more recently via an electronic signature. This signature book defines the circuit signatures and approvals required for the document to be validated.
Signed in music
- The time signature indicates the type and length of time in a musical score.
Signature in a technical field
Signature Computer
- Signature , inputs and outputs of a function in programming,
- Signature file , a file containing a trace of a computer virus code used to run a virus scanner.
Digital Signature
Also called electronic signatures, it is a type of signature designed to ensure the authenticity of a message or an electronic document. These signatures are not designed to be read directly by humans, and are as arbitrary sequences of alphanumeric characters or bits.
Signature mathematics
Signature Sheet
In printing, all the leaves of a book should be printed signatures of the specifications set taxation. If the signatures typographically interfere, they can be placed in the cups.
It is an aid for the jobber to achieve the correct assembly of notebooks in the normal order of reading. For books published in several languages, they must complete the signing of an index language example: Sheet 3 - French.
Apostolic Signatura
The Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura is one of the courts of the Roman Catholic Church, located in the palace of the Apostolic Chancery, at the Vatican.
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