Senegal
14 43'N 17 28'W / 14,717, 17,467
| Republic of Senegal (en) | |||||
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| National motto : One People, One Goal, One Faith | |||||
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| Official Languages | French National languages Hab. 66.58 inhabitants / km 2 | ||||
| Independence - Decolonization | From France 4 April 1960 | ||||
| Demonym | Senegalese | ||||
| HDI ( 2008 ) | 0502 (average) ( 153rd out of 177 countries ranked ? UNIQ39b08d53f2cede3-nowiki-00000008-QINU? 3? UNIQ39b08d53f2cede3-nowiki-00000009-QINU? ) | ||||
| Currency | CFA franc ( XOF ) | ||||
| Time Zone | UTC 0 | ||||
| National anthem | Red Lion | ||||
| Internet domain | . Sn | ||||
| Indicative Telephone | +221 | ||||
Senegal, as long as the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa belonging to the SSA. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north and east, Mali to the east and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south. The Gambia forms a virtual enclave within Senegal, penetrating more than 300 miles inland. The islands of Cape Verde is located 560 km from the coast of Senegal.
The country is named after the river that borders the east and north, which rises in the Fouta Djallon in Guinea. The climate is tropical and dry with two seasons: the dry season and rainy season.
During the colonial period, several desks belonging to different colonial empires settled along the coast. The city of St. Louis became the capital of French West Africa and this will be the city of Dakar in 1902 which later became the capital of the Republic of Senegal at the time of independence in 1960.
The country is part of the ECOWAS. Since 2000 , the country's president is Abdoulaye Wade. Integrated with the main bodies of the international community, Senegal is also part of the African Union (AU) and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States.
Summary |
Etymology
The name Senegal remains controversial. From 1850 Abbe David Boilat in his Sketches Senegalese saw a distorted expression Wolof sunu gaal, that is to say "our canoe." Very popular is the version most often reported by the media. It is however contested since the 1960's and several other etymologies have been suggested, for example one that connects the place name to a tribe Berbers of the Sahara , the Zenaga. But the scientific debate would lean more in favor of or Zenaga Sanhadja this day.
History
Prehistory
Most often the prehistory and early history of Senegal evoke the foremost stone circles of Senegambia or artificial shell middens, such as those on the island of Fadiouth.
In prehistoric times, the presence of a rather old population is estimated very pre-Christian era. Bifaces of almond Paleolithic below were discovered in the peninsula of Cape Verde , as well as other stone objects more elaborate (cleavers, scrapers) in the region of Rufisque and beside rivers in eastern Senegal.
Neolithic tools and pottery diversifies appeared. Excavations in the coastal regions have uncovered the remains of cooking that show a large population of fishermen and traders (Khant backwater in the delta mouth of the Saloum ).
The metallurgy is developing at the time proto (first millennium BC), where there are tombs shaped mound. In the center of the country, extending into the current Gambia , there is a set of circles of megaliths on an area of 100 km and 250 km. We find this type of alignment in the northeast of the Central African Republic.
Early kingdoms
The stands were gradually consolidated, leading to the creation of the first kingdoms that form the seventh century , the Tekrur , the Kingdom of Namandirou , then Djolof , with some remote kinship with the Empire of Ghana. Among the various kingdoms, the most powerful in the fourteenth century was the empire that included the Djolof Cayor the Baol , kingdoms Serer of Sine and Saloum , the Waalo the Futa Toro and Bambouk. In the south, State Kaabu , then Fouladou.
The Djolof was an empire founded by Ndiadiane N'diaye first lees (King) Djolof. He was elected as leader in what would become the kingdom of Walo , north-west of present Senegal, in the river region. He had collected all the populations of ethnic Wolof to found empire in the thirteenth century. The empire collapsed in 1549 , with the death of the last emperor of Djolof, Lele Fouli Fak, killed by Amari Ngone Fall Sobel, leader of the region of Cayor.
The Djolof remained a vassal of the Mali empire for a century. From there, other states would, in turn, take their independence to reduce the great empire of Djolof the dimensions of a royalty in the central part of the country. In the second half of the nineteenth century , French settlers gradually annexed all the kingdoms of Senegal. The Djolof was the last kingdom annexed with the departure into exile of Alboury Ndiaye, under the leadership of Louis Faidherbe.
The Islam was introduced in Senegal for the first time between the eighth century and the ninth century through Arab-Berber traders. They broadcast this peaceful religion and convert Toucouleurs and Sarakholls , which propagate throughout Senegal. Later, in the eleventh century , the Almoravids , aided Toucouleurs trying to Islamize groups of traditional religion by the Jihad. This is one reason that causes the migration of the Serer to the Sine-Saloum, Wolof, and Fula and Mandingo , who were all concentrated in Tekrur. A popular legend, sung by griots and illustrated by the poet-president Senghor, also relates the descent of the first Bourba Djolof Ndiadiane N'Diaye to the dynasty of the Almoravids (founder of Marrakesh and responsible for the attack repelled by the famous "El Cid"). Islam spread very early in the empire Djolof. But it was the nineteenth century he actually wins the whole population, peacefully, thanks to the marabout and their brotherhoods such as El Hadji Malick Sy for Tidjaniya or Amadou Bamba, founder of the Murid brotherhood, that amaze people by their erudition and their miracles. It is also a way for people to unite and protect themselves against the ravages experienced by kingdoms nineteenth century ( jihads repeated forced colonization).
The nineteenth century was indeed marked by the fall of kingdoms, the advance of European settlers and by the anti-colonial resistance, illustrated by figures such as Lat Dior , Sidya ndata Yalla Diop , El Hadj Oumar Tall , Mamadou Lamine Drame , Bouna Ndiaye Alboury , Alpha Molo Balde , Maba Ba , Ndeti Yalla Mbodj , Musa Molo Balde , Sitoe Diatta ... Religion Catholic spreads with European missionaries from the nineteenth century , especially at Sine and Casamance.
Colonization
Colonial conquest begins the discovery of these lands in 1442 by the Venetian navigator Cadamosto on behalf of Portugal. The Portuguese then rush quickly into the slave trade , but will soon face competition from slave ships by British, French and Dutch through the Triangular Trade.
The Dutch founded a trading post on the island of Gore , the France established in 1659 that of St. Louis will become the first capital of Senegal. In 1677 , the French occupied in turn the island of Goree (a major center of trade in slaves with St. Louis and the fort of the James Island in Gambia ).
The Second Republic of 1848 created an office of Member for St. Louis. The colonial order is required with Faidherbe , governor of Senegal from 1854 to 1861 and from 1863 to 1865 , which laid the groundwork for future French West Africa (AOF). Respectful of local customs, the French influence extends far beyond Senegal, working to develop the local economy and created the port of Dakar. The Third Republic granted the status of four municipalities in St. Louis, Gore, Dakar and Rufisque, then under the influence of black deputy Blaise Diagne citizenship to the inhabitants of these municipalities in 1916 sending conscripts during the two world wars (the Senegalese riflemen ). In 1919 some stir unrest Dakar. The rifleman Cheikou Cisse , born in French Sudan and wounded during the war, was condemned to perpetual punishment of deportation and sent to prison in New Caledonia. Death in 1933, he has been a struggle from the anti-colonial French community (including the International Red Aid and KIS communist).
After Saint-Louis, Dakar became, in 1902 , the capital of French West Africa , one of the French colonies.
In January 1959 , the French Sudan (now Mali ) and Senegal merge to form the Mali Federation , which became fully independent on 20 June 1960. This independence is the result of transfers of power in the Agreement signed in France on 4 April 1960. This date is considered the official date of accession by Senegal to independence.
Independence
On 20 August 1960 , Senegal withdrew from the Federation of Mali and proclaims its independence.
Senegal and Gambia united in 1982 to form the Confederation of Senegambia , but it was only theoretical and was never implemented. It was finally disbanded in 1989.
The clashes are taking place intermittently since 1982 between separatists installed in the southern Casamance and government forces. After several unsuccessful attempts, a new agreement was signed in Ziguinchor on 30 December 2004 between the Interior Minister Ousmane Ngom and Abbe Augustin Diamacoune Senghor , leader of the rebel Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC ).
Another outbreak of conflict between Casamance and Guinea-Bissau was developed in April 2007 .
In 1989, Mauritania and Senegal respectively and violently rejected the neighboring communities while most were born long ago in their newly adopted country and were well established in the social and economic fabric. According to UNHCR, refugees are still living along the Senegal River . In 2007, the president of Mauritania has said during his campaign in favor of the return of his countrymen living in Senegal and Mali against their will .
Politics
Senegal is one of the most stable countries in Africa as there has never been a coup , and "Senegalese model" was often highlighted in the past, although Amnesty International denounces few political arrests , .
Senegal is a democratic republic (presence of several political parties). The presidential system is because the independence, Senegal has adapted the 1958 French political model as other African countries that were members of the FWA. The Constitution of Senegal in 1959, was revised in 1960 by Leopold Sedar Senghor, following a referendum. Several revisions will succeed in particular that of 1963 which introduced the presidential system (at the time: removal of the Prime Minister) and the 2001 which reduces the presidential term from seven years to five years (the Senate will be abolished and then reinstated in 2007).
The president is the head of state, elected by universal suffrage for a live five years, renewable once. He appoints the Prime Minister who in turn chooses the ministers of his cabinet and offers of appointment to the President of the Republic.
The first president was Leopold Sedar Senghor , poet and charismatic leader of renown. In 1981 the Prime Minister Abdou Diouf succeeded him, but in 2000 the Senegalese Democratic Party won with Abdoulaye Wade , reelected in 2007. The current head of government is Souleymane Ndiaye Ndn , appointed in April 2009.
The Parliament of Senegal has two chambers: the National Assembly and the Senate.
Established August 20, 1960, the National Assembly welcomes 150 deputies elected by direct universal suffrage for a term of five years. The poll has a majority in one round at the departmental level to a maximum of 90 deputies and proportional representation on a national list of up to 60 MPs. The Assembly is currently chaired by Mamadou Seck. The Senegalese elections of 2007 ended in a landslide victory in the presidential coalition, but nearly two-thirds of voters had not voted, especially because of a slogan of boycott by opposition parties.
The Parliament of Senegal was unicameral for a period, the Senate , abolished in 2001 following a constitutional referendum , was reinstated in May 2007. The senators will number 100. 35 have already been indirectly elected in the departments, the 65 others will be appointed by the Head of State. The Senate is now chaired by Pape Diop , former mayor of the city of Dakar.
The law on decentralization, implemented in January 1997 , gives significant powers to regional assemblies.
Abolished in 1992, the Supreme Court of Senegal had been replaced by three specialized organs, the Court of Cassation , the Council of State and the Constitutional Council , not unlike their French counterparts.
In August 2008 an organic law recreates a Supreme Court by the merger of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State .
The Constitutional Council consists of five members appointed by decree for six years non renewable, including a chairman and a vice-president. It is partially renewed every two years, with two members at most. Its role is to monitor the parliamentary elections and the constitutionality of laws and international commitments.
Senegal has abolished the death penalty on 10 December 2004 . Reports homosexuals are still punishable by imprisonment .
Geography and climate
Senegal has a large coastline to the west with the Atlantic Ocean (530 km of coastline) . The Senegal River is a northern border with Mauritania and east with Mali. South-eastern border with Guinea is crossed by the foothills of the mountain of Fouta Djallon and south-west by Guinea-Bissau by a rainforest. The Gambia forms an enclave and separates the region of Casamance from the rest of the country.
p> The Senegalese territory is between 8 and 12 16 41 north latitude and 11 21 and 17 32 west longitude. Its western tip (the peninsula of Cape Verde is the westernmost part of the entire continental Africa. The country covers 196 722 km Geological Overview Sedimentary Basin is a segment Senegal Senegal-Mauritanian Basin Guinea, a large coastal basin of passive continental margin. This sedimentary basin is bounded on the east and southeast by the chain of Mauritanides and south by the Bove Basin. Along 1300 km in its maximum extension (Mauritania, Guinea Bissau), the basin reaches a maximum width of about 550 km at the latitude of Dakar. Leaning on the West African Craton, the coastal basin accumulates a powerful series sediment of mainly marine origin, which begins in the Triassic-Liassic and ends in the Miocene. From the east basin, near Bakel, deposits thicken westward, first gradually, then from a flexure located between 15 30'W and 16 30'W (Spengler et al. 1966 ; Latil-Brun and Flicoteaux, 1986 ), their power increases rapidly, reaching Dakar, powers of more than six to seven thousand meters (Castelain, 1965 ; Spengler et al. , 1966). In Casamance, the depths estimated to exceed eight thousand meters. Despite the subhorizontal layers, oil data indicate a strong structure and an important compartmentalization of deposits, including Horst Diass outlines. In Senegal, the Meso-Cenozoic series flush stratigraphic terms is limited to the most senior, intercepting the Campanian only marginally while the Maastrichtian is best exposed in the Diass Horst, despite the presence of a powerful lateritic. Cenozoic series are more widely represented in the outcrop exposed in the cliffs of the peninsula of Cape Verde and also in the cliff to the west and south of Thies and marginally in the Sine, where they are best known as well. The best outcrops are located in the Atlantic margin. At the heart of a sedimentary basin is obscured by the finite-Tertiary lateritic and north-west by Quaternary eolian deposits. In the central and eastern regions, the only known Tertiary outcrops are limited to the shores of Lake Guier and the upper valley of the Senegal River, in the Matam region, the sandstones of the "Continental Terminal" (renamed Education Saloum in 2009) largely from seal and hide the Paleogene marine series. In Casamance, it is known, drilling, marine series that goes into the Miocene. Miocene volcanism appears regionally dispersed in the peninsula of Cape Verde and the Thies region and is represented by lavas and tuffs capped by ferruginous cuirass finite-Pliocene (Crvola, 1984 ). Quaternary volcanism, polyphase, is restricted to the tip of the peninsula of Cape Verde. Recent geological maps of Senegal (2009) have recently been developed within the framework of the Cooperation Senegal - European Union, following the procedures of the ninth European Development Fund (EDF) on behalf of the Department of Mines and Geology ( DMG) and exist at scales of 1 / 500 000 for the three quarters of the territory and 1 / 200 000 along the Senegal River. These maps and explanatory notes are available from the Documentation Centre and the Mining Cadastre of DMG, 72 Boulevard de la Rpublique Dakar, Senegal (Phone / fax: +221 338 220 408). The climate is desert-like north and south of the type tropical with: Temperatures the following seasons: On the coast, the sea (with the cold Canary Current) brings freshness, temperatures are around 16 C to 30 C but the central and eastern Senegal can have temperatures up to 46 C. During the winter in Europe, Senegal became a popular destination for developing a tourism activity. In general, western countries, represented by the coast, with temperatures cooler than in the east by the ocean. Central and eastern countries are experiencing very warm continental temperatures during the day and cool at night. From north to south, there are 5 types of domains belonging to the climate tropical climate : In 1960 the first administrative division from independence had created a disparity between the seven regions of origin - that of Senegal Oriental then being eleven times larger than that of Cape Verde . This imbalance was corrected by several successive reforms and in particular by a decree of 1996 , as part of the decentralization policy that transferred some powers to local authorities initially detained by the central government. The territorial organization established in 1996 has undergone several alterations in the meantime, through the creation of the Matam region in 2001 , that the department Koungheul in 2006 or in 2008 , the election departments Kaffrine , Kdougou and Sdhiou regions in its own right, one of 10 locations in departments, and the creation of new rural communities and many municipalities. In 2009 , Senegal has 14 regions , 45 departments , 46 county boroughs , 113 communes of town and 370 rural communities. Headed by a chief, the villages are the basic cells of this organization. They numbered 13,544 at the census of 1988 . Parks and nature reserves make up 8% of the country . They play a major role in preserving the environment and contribute significantly to the tourism boom. In these protected areas there are a total of 169 species of mammals and 540 species of birds. Senegal has six national parks: the Niokolo-Koba in the east, the National Park Bird Sanctuary , the National Park Langue de Barbarie in the region of St. Louis and the Islands National Park de la Madeleine off Dakar, the National Park of the Saloum delta in the south, and the National Park of Lower Casamance , closed in recent years because of unrest in the region. The country also has about thirty nature reserves smaller, such as Forest Park and Zoological Hann in Dakar, the Guembeul Reserve , the Reserve Bandia the Popenguine Nature Reserve or the Marine Protected Area Bamboung. Most demographic studies conducted in Senegal based on the three censuses taken in 1976 , 1988 and especially 2002. In 2004 , the Directorate of Forecasting and Statistics, now National Agency of Statistics and Demography (ANSD) since 2006, also published in "Projections of Population of Senegal from the 2002 census" anticipating changes probable population of the country until 2015 . According to these sources, the population of Senegal - which had about 1 million inhabitants in 1900 and 2.8 million at the time of independence in 1960 - now stands at 11,343,328 persons (estimated at 31/12 / 2007 ) and could reach 13,709,845 end of 2015. This population is growing very rapidly, with a fertility rate above 4 children per woman. There is a great ethnic diversity: Wolof (43.3%), Fulani (23.8%), Serer (14.7%), Jola (3.7%), Malinke (3.0%), Soninke (2 , 1%) Manjaques (2%) and some other ethnic fewer and more localized, not counting the Lebanese , the Europeans and Chinese , fairly present in urban areas , . In late 2007, 16,966 were enrolled in French consular registers (including bi) . For a long time the population was rather concentrated on the Atlantic seaboard, but the rural exodus has increased the inequality of the distribution. Now one in four Senegalese live in the peninsula of Cape Verde and the capital is on the verge of asphyxiation. Besides that of Dakar , the most urbanized areas are Ziguinchor , Thies and St. Louis. The least urbanized are those of Kolda , Matam and Fatick. It's in the Tambacounda region found the lowest density (11 inhabitants per km ). According to 2007 estimates, regional urban centers of more than 100 000 inhabitants are Touba (529 176) - which has grown dramatically - Thies (263 493), Kaolack (185 976) Mbour (181 825), St. Louis (171 263), Ziguinchor (158 370) and Diourbel (100 445) . In 2007, Senegal was home to about 23.800 refugees and asylum seekers, including more than 20,000 Mauritanians were fleeing ethnic persecution, as well as some of Liberia, Sierra Leone and other countries . If Senegal is also home to migrants, many, seasonal or otherwise, of neighboring countries or far , a strong community Senegalese living abroad. This diaspora represents an essential resource for the country, both economic and identity. The ICT help maintain family ties and traditional networks. They are mainly young men who settle in Europe, especially France or North America, particularly in Quebec with a project to return to the country after a few years. The growth of illegal immigration in the worst conditions, particularly towards the Canary Islands is a major concern for Senegal and the host country. The most desperate wish to ignore the risks, sensitive to the success of some, including personalities from the diaspora - born in Senegal or Senegalese parents - particularly in the artistic or sports. First country of emigration and rural hal Pulaar Soninke of Senegal River Valley flights to France, then in the sub-region, Senegal has experienced emigration more diverse, originating from both the center-west of countries and cities, which are contained in places of transit and transit to international markets. The political and economic instability in neighboring countries and the closure of European borders has been to alter the migration system rotating (or waterwheel) in a facility more sustainable. Control increasingly strict French borders, originally destination, migration has led to redeploy to new destinations: priority Italy, Spain, the United States, Canada, and more recently China . On April 15, 2010, Human Rights Watch issued a report urging the Senegalese authorities to regulate all Koranic schools attended by tens of thousands of children. These children talibs, estimated at 50 000 boys are being abused that encourage them to exile . Originally, the colonies were not only produce the raw materials and free labor. It was forbidden to develop an industrial activity. "Not even a nail" by Colbert , . Senegal has the third largest economy in the sub-region of West Africa after Nigeria and Cte d'Ivoire. Given its location and its political stability, Senegal is one of Africa's most industrialized with the presence of multinationals that are mostly of French origin and to a lesser extent America. Its economy is mainly oriented towards Europe and India. Its main trading partners are France , the India , the Italy. However, for several years, China is a partner more and more as evidenced by the growing China-Africa summit. Compared to other African countries, Senegal is very poor in natural resources, its main revenue from the fishing and tourism : Senegal is a member of the Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa. In 1994, the currency is devalued and a policy of liberalization has been actively conducted. Senegal is trying to return to the conditions required by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in order to benefit from debt relief for developing countries. Since 2006, Senegal is in the list of eligible countries . The economic difficulties due to the weight of debt led to a strengthening of trade unionism: The international airport of Dakar-Leopold Sedar Senghor is the main entry point for air to Senegal. On 25 May 1971, the supersonic jet Concorde is a first demonstration flight Paris-Dakar 2h52mn (including 2:07 in supersonic flight) and January 21, 1976 opens its first commercial line Paris-Dakar- Rio. President Senghor attended his arrival at Dakar airport and the first supersonic passenger aviation history. On 1 April 1982 is the end of the Paris-Rio. Founded in 2000, the airline Air Senegal International , a subsidiary of Royal Air Morocco , offered since 23 February 2001 destinations to Europe and Africa. Member of IATA since May 28, 2002 , it was voted best African airline in 2003. Following financial difficulties and disputes between its major shareholders, Royal Air Morocco and the Senegalese state, but it stopped all its flights on 24 April 2009 . A new company dubbed Airlines Senegal, Senegalese whose state is a minority shareholder, was established in October 2009. This new company is expected to serve from Dakar and as of early 2010, twenty African and European destinations. Senegal Airlines announced in November 2009 on the occasion of the exhibition in Dubai have ordered two Airbus A330s and four Airbus A320s. The road network is good in the west, but degrades in going further and deeper into the country. The transportation network is well developed in major cities with taxis, buses or "fast cars" more or less in good condition (in suburban and secondary cities, these are groups or clandestine taxis carts). Inside the country, these are large white vans Ndiaga Ndiaye and bush taxis. The station of Dakar is the oldest in Senegal. It offers only one destination for travelers, Bamako in Mali - the connection with St. Louis is now reserved for the transport of goods. Shipping is made either from boats to reach the island of Goree from Dakar, from boats for cruises on the river Senegal, from large vessels to transport goods that benefit from one of three water ports Deep Africa and a terminal for containers. The networks are denser in the west along the coast but the movement of goods and people is particularly difficult to Dakar and the peninsula of Cape Verde. Infrastructure is increasingly rare in eastern Senegal and the opening of these regions is also a challenge because the means of transport are often traditional in the country. Great efforts are made to the equipment level. Many projects are underway: There is a great linguistic diversity through the language of Senegal. The Constitution of 2001 recognized in French the official language in six languages and that of national languages, Wolof - language spoken by the largest number of people even belonging to other ethnic groups - the Serer , the Fula The Mandingo , the Soninke and Diola. Five other vernacular languages were promoted shortly after ( Hassaniyya , Balanta , mancagne , noon and manjaque ), additions and other languages are being codified. In total, nearly two dozen languages that could benefit from the status of national language in Senegal. The Senegalese literature has long been known throughout the world primarily through Leopold Sedar Senghor , a poet and statesman, poet of negritude and emblematic figure of the Francophonie. Other now-classic authors are particularly novelists Cheikh Hamidou Kane , Birago Diop , Boubacar Boris Diop , but Ousmane Sembene who will screen some of his own novels. On their side, women are particularly active or incisors. In 1980 , Mariama B describes with great sensitivity polygamous society in "So Long a Letter." Aminata Sow Fall , in "The Strike beaten" ( 1986 ) shows that the common people was not without resources. In 1996, the poet Alioune Badara Coulibaly , close to the poet Leopold Sedar Senghor , publishes "Happy Birthday, Sedar," paying homage to the poet of Negritude to 90 years. This poet is his fifth book of poetry with the latest titled "Sunshine of Saint-Louis" (2009), in 1997, novelist Fama Diagne Sene won the Grand Prize of Literature in Senegal with his novel "The Song of darkness ". More recently, Fatou Diome found success with "The Belly of the Atlantic" ( 2004 ), a novel that depicts, often with humor, dreams of escape of young Senegalese. Tradition and modernity, marking the architecture of Senegal. The traditional housing, sober and functional, but more ephemeral, uses local materials (stone, earth, wood, straw), as the boxes Fulani or boxes impluvium Casamance . The colonial period has left its traces as to Gore and Saint-Louis, and these sites now on the World Heritage List of UNESCO. Today, the architect Pierre Goudiaby Atepa designed several contemporary works, such as the Third Millennium Gate in Dakar. Note also new constructions such as the cornice of the tunnel and the monument west of the African Renaissance, which opened in 2010. The toll highway is running. The visual arts were supported during the period when President LS Senghor poet was in power through the patronage of state. Subsequently, his successor had difficulty in pursuing this policy because of the economic crisis. Private initiatives have developed to support the artists . These arts are featured throughout the sculptor Ousmane Sow of international renown. The series of stamps issued under the title " Elegance Senegal celebrates these women beautiful and seductive already impressed observers of the past and inspired poets: Women Fulani his proud gait , Linguere of royal blood, signares fortunate in Senegal or Goree . Even with modest budgets, concern for appearance rarely loses its rights in Senegal: tunics, headdresses and jewelry are carefully chosen and frequently renewed. They wear the traditional dress or costume, men also are attentive to their outfits. In counterpoint, some of the casual tourists sometimes disconcerting. As an extension of the old activities of weaving and dyeing , industry user has naturally flourished in the country, with some prominent figures such as Colle Sow Ardo , Claire Kane and especially Oumou Sy , both costume designer , stylist , designer and businesswoman with an international . The Senegalese cinema is one of the oldest in Africa. His best-known representatives are the filmmakers Ousmane Sembene - also a novelist - and Djibril Diop Mambety , which must be added Tidiane Aw, or Safi Faye / A>, a documentary filmmaker. These productions are often better appreciated abroad than in Senegal, where many rooms have closed, more competition from the booming market of video. We also note that many films of various origins were shot in this country in climate and landscape of the most photogenic. The biggest names in Senegalese music is contemporary: Youssou N'Dour , songwriter, musician and performer of international renown. Baba Maal is a singer / songwriter who happens internationally and Ismael Lo songwriter, singer Omar Pene singer-songwriter and Zandi Gawlo Seck, songwriter. Djembe , sabar , kora , xalam , talking drum and balafon are traditional instruments , novelist Aminata Sow Fall depicts the essential place occupied by the Senegalese cuisine in the culture and daily life of the country. The "teranga, this sense of hospitality dear to the heart of Senegal, speaking often about a single dish involving family and friends. Relatively unknown abroad outside of immigrant communities and a few restaurants in large cities, the Senegalese cuisine has attracted media attention with the publication of the book of Youssou N'Dour , "The kitchen of my mother " , tribute to family values as the spicy dishes and slow-simmered. This cuisine has some similarities with those of the countries of West Africa , but welcomes other influences, came from North Africa , of Lebanon , to France or Portugal. It makes extensive use of fish and cereals ( rice and millet ) in the national dishes, such as Thieboudienne , the Yassa chicken, Thiers, MAFF, soup kandia or preparation that is more sophisticated mullet stuffed the Saint-Louis. In a country predominantly Muslim , the tea , the tea kinkeliba and hibiscus prevail on alcohol, but local beers - Flag and Gazelle - and palm wine in Casamance have their followers. The education in Senegal is one of the most advanced on the continent. Senegal can boast a quality education with equivalency diplomas from foreign universities as the most prestigious in France than the United States. This also allows interaction with students coming to study in Senegal as part of specific studies on the country or Senegalese students who go abroad to diversify their knowledge through research. The population is very young, the demand for training is very strong not to mention the youth of other poorer African countries trying to complete their studies in Dakar. Senegal is a member of the organization of the Francophonie (currently headed by former President Abdou Diouf re-elected in 2010 at the head of this international organization) and became an observer in the community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) . Senegal plans to become a full member of the CPLP Sport Football is a sport popular among the Senegalese. The Senegal football team , whose players are nicknamed the Lions of Teranga , is affiliated to the Senegalese Football Federation and FIFA since 1962. In 2002, Mali, it narrowly missed the Africa Cup against Cameroon in the final and semi finalist in the 2006 edition. She qualifies for the same year (2002) for the final phase of World Cup FIFA, held in Korea and Japan. The team of Senegal beat France (World Champion and European Champion) in the opening game of the World Cup. Among the great Senegalese footballers include El-Hadji Diouf , Henri Camara , Khalilou Fadiga , Habib Beye , Tony Sylva , Mamadou Niang , Omar Daf , or in the past, Jules Bocand , but the manager Pape Diouf , former president the OM. The Senegalese wrestling is a practice steeped in tradition. The Senegalese wrestling has lost none of its popularity through the fighting as brief as spectacular. This sport is played by impressive champions like Yekini , who in 2005 beat out Tyson , a formidable opponent who had kept the title for almost 5 years but will be beaten twice by another weight Heavy Senegal, Serigne Dia, "said Bombardier. Important economic issues are now linked to the sport. And seals put in play can achieve today nearly 350 million CFA francs, or 750 000. Boxing has had its glory with letters of Battling Siki (1897-1925), world champion at 25 years and first African to win a world title boxing , remains in our memories. More recently, the Franco-Senegalese Souleymane Mbaye became champion of France WBC light-heavyweight. Basketball is less popular than football, however, is a popular sport, spurred by the success of its national team of basketball , the Lions of Senegal and players like DeSagana Diop , Boniface N'dong , El Kabir Pene or Maleye N'Doye. Not to mention the brave lionesses ( Aya Traore , Fatou Dieng , Mame Marie Sy , Ndeye Sene , Aminata Dieye , Fatoumata Django , Fatou Thiam Binetou , Bineta Diouf , Mame Diouf Diodio , Awa Gueye , Aminata Diop Nar and Zandi Sarr ) which, after silver medal in Lebanon to 6th Francophone Games in September 2009, won in October 2009 the 21 th African Cup of Nations (CAN) played in Madagascar. Other sports are also well represented: the Senegalese team sport fishing (Mbengue Moussa Abdoulaye Kebe, Cyril Calendini Dominique Dussaut) became world champion in 2002 and 2003. Attracted by the weather often mild and coastal resources, visitors will come to practice water sports such as scuba diving or surfing , and the reputation of Almadies or wave Ouakam is second to none. For its part, the recreational aviation - including the microlight - a novel approach allows the landscape in a country devoid of real mountains. Skirring Cape and the Sine-Saloum then constitute destinations. Even if the media in Senegal enjoy a relatively favorable position compared to other African countries, their dependence on power remains strong and occasional incidents occur, as was the case in the crackdown a demonstration against high prices in March 2008 . The Senegalese Press Agency (APS), an autonomous body established in 1959 , holds a monopoly on the dissemination of information distributed in Senegal by the world news agencies. In the world ranking of press freedom compiled each year by Reporters Without Borders from multiple criteria, Senegal is in decline in 2008, occupying the 86th place of 173 , preceded by several African countries West. The Senegalese press has started in the twentieth century during the colonial period: Today the main headlines are: Economic and maneuverable, the radio is now the only real mass media and means of communication most egalitarian in Senegal . The television made its debut in Senegal in 1963 with the assistance of the UNESCO regular broadcasts but not really begin in 1965. Thanks to satellites, the wealthy can receive international private channels, but the use of television is often collective and popular. According to the Observatory on Information Systems, Networks and Information Highways in Senegal (OSIRIS) , the number of users of the Internet was 650 000 in September 2007. On September 30, 2007, there were 34,907 subscribers, including 33,584 with a connection ADSL. It is currently estimated at more than 800 the number of access points to the Internet in the country. In April 2007, 1921 domains ". Sn" were reported and 540 sites were actually online. In a country where friendliness and the parley at the heart of the family and social life, the mobile telephony has grown rapidly. The two operators share the market are the Sonatel (whose services have been marketed since 2006 under the brand Orange ) and Tigo. Together, they had 4,122,867 subscribers on 31 December 2007 . We did that counted 269,088 fixed-line telephony on the same date, but we must take into account the 17 000 telecentres throughout the entire territory . There are many religions and beliefs in Senegal. Senegal's population is overwhelmingly Muslim (90 to 94% depending on the source ), but the Christians (especially Catholics ) are also present (4-6%), and animism virtually nonexistent today officially is practiced primarily in the Southeast of the country. Moreover, it often coexists with other religions. The Health in Senegal has often been at the forefront through partnerships between France and Senegal, which started from the colonial period through the opening of the first schools of medicine. The Senegalese are healthier and live longer - the life expectancy at birth is 55.34 years for men and 58.09 years for females, from 56.69 years for the general population - and the rate of prevalence of AIDS is one of the lowest in Africa with 0.9% of the population HIV positive. However some endemics remain of concern, such as malaria or schistosomiasis , and large disparities in the country, if we consider for example that 70% of physicians and 80% of pharmacists and dentists are installed in the capital. Medicine with traditional healers is often the cheapest option for the poor. Many internationally renowned personalities who influenced or historical, cultural is of Senegalese origin or just born in Senegal. Among the best known: the Chevalier de St. George (eminent musician in the court of Louis XVI , the great swordsman and warrior engaged in the Revolution , of Senegalese mother), Muslim scholars Oumar Tall , Al Hajj Malik Sy and Ahmadou Bamba Mbacke and Baye Niass. the first member of Senegal in France Blaise Diagne , French or former member and president of Senegal and a member of the French Academy Leopold Sedar Senghor , the physicist historian and anthropologist Cheikh Anta Diop , the Diouf brothers (former members of the Quebec The Naughty ), or the singer Youssou N'Dour , without forgetting the famous dancer and choreographer Maurice Bejart , quadroon, and his father Mtis St. Louis , Gaston Berger , philosopher, creator of Foresight. The work of Maurice Bejart is being continued by his pupil Germaine Acogny in Dialaw. The French political figures Segolene Royal , Rama Yade and rappers Didier Awadi , Alioune Thiam said Badara Akon , and even two members of the Sexion Assault Lefa and Adama Diallo were born in Senegal. French rappers Booba and Sefyu is of Senegalese origin, like the football player Gomis Senegal has codes for: West African Development Central Bank of the West Africa West African Monetary Zone South Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Comoros Congo DR Congo Cte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Equatorial Guinea Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Uganda Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Chad Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe 
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Data Values Gross domestic product Of 23.16 billion dollars (2009) GDP per capita 1700 dollars (2009) Workforce by sector (2009) agriculture: 13.8%
industry: 23.3%
Services: 62.9% Urban unemployment rate 25.6% (2010) and 40% of urban youth External Debt 24% of GNP (2009) Human Development Index 156 th (2006) Population below poverty line 54% (2008) Gini coefficient 41,3 (1995) Sources: CIA World Factbook 
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The Dakar Rally (or "The Dakar", formerly Paris-Dakar rally) is a professional rally, which takes place every year in January, mainly on the African continent, arriving in the suburbs of Dakar on a beautiful sandy beach facing the Atlantic Ocean. But after the dead children of villagers, the protest became internationally through Cavada, Collective for Victims of anonymous Dakar gathers associations French, African, Portuguese, Spanish, Moroccan, Mali, Guinea and Senegal. 
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Member States Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cte d'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo 
Other area institutions ECOWAS Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa Existence awidely disputed in the international community, including Morocco , non-member African Union, which considers Western Sahara as part of its territory. Member Governments Albania Andorra Armenia Belgium (and the French Community of Belgium ) Benin Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada (and New Brunswick , Quebec ) Cape Verde Central African Republic Cyprus Comoros Republic Congo Republic of Congo Cte d'Ivoire Djibouti Dominique Egypt France Ghana Gabon Greece Guinea Guinea-Bissau Equatorial Guinea Haiti Laos Lebanon Luxembourg Macedonia (FYROM) Madagascar Mali Mauritania Maurice Morocco Moldova Monaco Niger Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Switzerland Chad Togo Tunisia Vanuatu Vietnam 
Government Observer Austria Bosnia-Herzegovina Croatia UAE Estonia Georgia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Montenegro Mozambique Poland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Dominican Republic Czech Republic Thailand Ukraine
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