Running Leer in Germany

Running is, with the march , one of two modes of locomotion bipedal of the man. Characterized by a suspension phase during which neither foot touches the ground, it can move more efficient energy than walking for speeds ranging from about 6 km / h ( Ultramarathon ) - 10 km / h ( jogging ) more than 30 km / h ( sprinting ). In addition to its locomotor function, it is mainly practiced as sport as part of athletics and as an exercise.

Unlike walking, and trotting and galloping in quadrupeds , it presents a little energy efficiency depends on the speed (about 200 mL of oxygen per kilogram per kilometer) which permits a wide range of speeds of locomotion. The human race is a poor sprinter compared to mammalian quadrupeds but gives great stamina , but not in other primates and rare among mammals. These abilities are linked to an evolution in the genus appeared anatomically homo , the question of whether the appearance of the endurance race is a line of evolution or a side effect of it remains open. ^{Running the meaning of athletics}

Running is a sport consisting of running distances longer or shorter. Competitions can be practiced on an athletics track , on road or on various natural lands. In France, the competitors must be licensed or provide a medical certificate to the organizers for insurance reasons.

Depending on the distance traveled and speed, the type of effort is different, there are:

• Races in aerobic , oxygen (by ATP ) to working muscles is provided by cellular respiration (eg, a slow run for 10km).
• Races in anaerobic , oxygen (by ATP) to working muscles can not in sufficient quantity, VO2 max (maximum volume of oxygen an individual can inspire) is reached. Enough to feed the muscle energy glycogen (converted glucose stored in the liver and muscles) occurs in addition. After using it oxidizes via pyruvic acid and turns into lactic acid, which also produces energy (in part) by fermentation, but prevents some point to continue the anaerobic activity, the rate lactic acid in muscles become too high. (Eg a fast race over 200m).

The track events range from 60 m to 10,000 m races cross country , 4 to 12 km. Road races can be any distance, but the current distances are 5 km, 10 km, half marathon (21.1 km) and the marathon (42.195 kilometers). The race is a 100 km running race belonging to the family of large-distance. The most legendary of French 100 km, enough discipline confidential (less than 2000 runners), is the Millau.

Competitions running races, track or road is subject to France, the rules of the French Athletics Federation and internationally by the IAAF. They are open to disabled sports. Other federations are involved in multi-discipline events, such as the triathlon , the modern pentathlon , the raid nature and orienteering (running and map reading).

Sprint Race

Middle Distance Races

Racing background

Competition, Tech, Bio-mechanics

Competition

• The competition is the culmination of training, the confrontation with the other or its antecedent performance for the amateur. This is the place where reputation plays, salary and contract professional (see professional sports , sports economy ).
• Before the competition, it is recommended not to eat 3 hours preceding it, and drink a sip of water every 15 minutes to avoid dehydration.
• The rider appears initially provided his number. The latter is secured by safety pins on the back for the races to 400m on the chest above the 400m races. This is to encourage reading for judges, because the riders sprint once past the finish line come back to the judges (racing in lanes). By cons, distance runners and middle-distance track pass the finish line several times in the face and are thus seen from afar by the judges of the classification (race pack ).
• After the competition, it is advisable to rehydrate.

Training

• The race takes place mostly outdoors. Except in municipalities with the stage covered the rider depends on the weather , but a suitable outfit can run in any weather. A hat, gloves and a sweatshirt or a windbreaker, enough to sustain freezing temperatures. A cap and a bottle of water in a small bag with enough heat below 30 degrees.
• The sessions are varied. A meeting may be conducted at least three steps: heating at low speed, then meeting specific stretching and recovery at low speed. Many types of sessions exist and can be practiced alternately: fartlek , split into identical blocks or pyramid, PPG (general physical preparedness), ribs, anaerobic threshold , endurance, slagging (endurance slow) sitting in anaerobic lactic , bodybuilding.
• In club , coaching is done by sports graduates or not. For runners unlicensed journals offer training plans according to the objectives (level athlete, distance covered, number of weekly sessions).

Equipment

• The race requires very little equipment: shorts (prefer equipment close enough to the body to avoid any risk of irritation due to sweat), a T-shirt and a pair of shoes , sports, and for track racing spikes of variable length depending on the land, not to mention the socks are also very important in terms of hygiene and health of the foot (avoid cotton socks and prefer socks with materials cut transpiring to allow the evacuation of perspiration, but also compression stockings to facilitate recovery). The time is far from the riders in trousers, a handkerchief on his head (see Michel THEATO in 1900). These are the shoes road race which grew strongly in technical terms since the 1970s (jogging boom). The shoes have become specific anatomical point of view (heavier rider, pronator, supinator, several foot widths, half-size) or point of view of use (but lighter competition so fragile, then notched all-terrain and heavier amounts for orienteering). Anonymous riders pay the rather expensive equipment, while the riders the best known are sponsored by these brands. The glasses have appeared in equipment for protection against wind and insects, the psychological isolation against opponents (concentration). For top runners, it is also an accessory display sponsor, as the temporary tattoo. At the same time as shoes, textiles has evolved, the traditional cotton giving way to light and breathable material such as Gore-Tex , and to cut more and more technical.
• See sporting goods company , Adidas , Asics , Brooks , Decathlon , Diadora , Mizuno , New Balance , Nike , Puma , Saucony ,

Hardware

• The rider often adopts a heart , or a watch indicating the time of passage through the beep. The heart rate is estimated fairly well the expenditure calories , heart rate average, minimum and maximum damage. ^{Speed, Timing and Testing}
  • Speed is distance divided by time. It depends on two main factors, the amplitude and frequency of stride. The amplitude varies from less than 1m (7 km / h) to over 2.20 m (25 km / h). The frequency varies from March to May strides per second. The average speed on a test depends on the style (energy efficiency), the tactic (respect for the train), the physiological capabilities acquired during training (neuromuscular efficiency) and motivation (transcendence, recognition, encouragement supporters). The race is mainly a translation movement, gesture asset is sought as possible in the axis of displacement. The deflections, rotations of the body are avoided for this technical work is done and a good sheath. See also article Movement (anatomy).
  • Here are a few orders of magnitude in terms of speed

  Speed min / km	Speed in km / h	Time to 10000m	Time in the marathon
  3	20	30 '	2:06 '
  4	15	40 '	2:48 '
  5	12	50 '	3:31 '
  6	10	1:00	4:14

  • The timing is manual (at 10 s) or electric (100 s). The difference between the manual time and time power is to compare records of 24/100 of s. Road racers are equipped with an electronic chip, the clock goes off when crossing the start line and stops at the finish line.
  • Test for riders and non riders:
    • For top runners or older, a stress test or electrocardiogram is useful in screening for birth defects.
    • For candidates to contest the race is often used to test the overall fitness: see Cooper test.

  distance, and gender categories

  • All distances are changing for reasons of physiology, or standard mode. For physiological reasons (lactic acid tests) for example is banned in the 400m under 16, and 600 was deleted. The 25km disappeared in the 1990s, he, in favor of the half marathon, 10km and developed. There is an age floor to participate in road races. Children under 14 must not participate in those over 5 km for reasons of bone growth.
  • Proofs yard or mile were gradually replaced by close distances in meters or kilometers , now the international standard.
  • Road racing is one of the few sports that practice mixed gender (female and male). The ranking is determined in three categories: the scratch (overall), the ranking of men and women rank. Cons by the Endowments are often lower for women than for podiums male.

  The gesture and breath of the runner

  • The gesture of the rider is different depending on the pace. Propulsion is provided by the installation of the foot. In sprinting, the ground contact is quick, impulsive, forefoot flat, moving from scratches. In substance, the ground contact is long, soft, place the heel to the tip.

  The stride may be grazing or air, but the thrust is transmitted at the time of ground contact, so the suspension is a non-driving time. However, it is necessary to continuously coordinate the movement of arms in opposition to the movement of the legs. The supporting leg creates the movement cycle rear leg creates free movement of the cycle before. The ideal position of the body is angled very slightly forward of vertical, non-curved extension. Fluidity is the compromise between the vertical thrust, close to the reciprocating rotation (arms and legs) and the general movement in forward motion. So there are two different phases in the wake:

  • • Propulsion: The back foot is resting on the ground, ankle, knee and hip are requested, the opposite arm is forward. This phase is powerful muscles are in tension, the force drives thigh, back rest wrapped. The front foot is in the air.
    • Suspension: The front leg is in the air, the knee goes, then the foot prepares for ground contact, the opposite arm is angled back.
  • The rider's breathing is an important element in the supply of energy , since oxygen is needed to convert glycogen into ATP is the energy of the muscle. Only 100 meters can be run in apnea without warranty also a profitable outcome. Knowing that the pathway anaerobic lactic lasts up to three minutes, the rider must lock its proper breathing ( inspiration , expiration ) from the beginning of the race. The larger lung capacity is 7 liters, but the performance in the race depends more of VO2Max.
  

  

  1500m race track in 2007

  Medical, injury, overtraining, muscle

  • At reasonable dose, jogging is beneficial to physical and psychic. Regular practice improves fitness, cardiovascular health, vitality, boosts the immune system, increases the mass bone , thereby protecting the risk of osteoporosis , especially older women, hormonal fluctuations stabilizes, improves the mood (ie: the fight against depression) and improves confidence, reduces anxiety , helps with weight loss and refines the silhouette.
  • The regular practice of running only begets little muscle growth by itself. The muscles are more stressed than buttocks during a simple walk and mostly to the twin internal and solar , but the main objective of this activity, when considered in sport is the performance improvement cardiovascular. The heart rate adjusts to be most stressed. The main benefit of sports is running in a row: it improves cardiac performance of medium and long duration (endurance) allowing to work in other types of sports, and thus to make further efforts muscle , which in turn, increase muscle mass.
  • On the physical level, to overdose, numerous ground shock caused disorder. Indeed even followed medically body suffers, he receives more than 40,000 hits per week for a rider who performs 3 sessions of 2 hours at 10km / h. This causes minor disturbances ( cramp , stitch , spasm ) or larger ( tendinitis , groin, stress fracture ). For women too much practice adds the risk of amenorrhea and anorexia.
  • On a psychological level, in most cases the distance running involves a strong and healthy self talk, but the vast repetition of this gesture tilting in extreme cases lead to anesthesia hypnotic. The rider of his unconscious state can undergo a dehydration , a heat stroke , see a faint or worse a coma. The requirement to run well beyond the conscious will of the athlete is a behavior of dependence (toxicology) and overtraining. Here is a quote from Frank Shorter , Olympic medalist in 1972, graduated from Yale in psychology and specialize in medicine: "Psychologists have found that when running, the athletes usually placed in a particular state: the association or dissociation. Dissociation in an athlete lets his mind wander and the race tends to pass very quickly. Running with a Walkman is a good example of dissociation. The association, she favors the task. The athlete is "present" and focuses on mental performance, as in a sprint. .
  • It has long been conveyed that the run increased the osteoarthritis of the knee. The ground impact, significant and repeated, sweet products lesions on the cartilage that eventually become irreversible. The reality is quite different. Indeed, several recent studies have shown that the racers do not have more osteoarthritis than non-runners (2008-Chakravarty, 2008-Krampla, 2008-Stah, 2007-Hanna, 2006-Schmitt, 2006-O'Kane , 2006-Cymet, 2006-Weidekamm, 2005-Weidekamm, 2005-Hohmann, 2005-Lamontagne, 2002-Conaghan). Blaise Dubois, an expert on injury prevention in running, Clubs Running

    Clubs affiliated to the French Athletics Federation are associations Act 1901, born in most of the time of the will of a group of athletes and enthusiasts to create a new associative structure on their city. The goal? It is simple: to enable people from different backgrounds and environments to run together, from leisure to competition. Facilitate meetings and feel thanks to a particularly unifying discipline, carries deep values: running

    It is practiced on the track, in parks, in kind or on the road, the race club may indeed be a factor in mixing of populations, social diversity, discovery and transcendence, at the same time that a school of respect.

    The operating principles of a club? They enter this framework, particularly by offering membership rates available to all budgets. Open to everyone, without distinction of age or financial means, enabling the beginner to work alongside a great champion of France, while being supervised by qualified and experienced coaches, affecting both those who just want to rediscover the form that athlete who hopes to break a record, running a club is a wonderful means of meetings and development of associative life. The officers and coaches are trying to prove every day, sharing their passion as the many friendly moments that punctuate the life of a club run.

    Each club affiliated to FFA depends on the regional league of its region (eg LIFA = Ile de France League athletics)

    Subject to the image of the running

    • Stamps: Many stamps are spent running include such
    • Tables and photographs

    Running the purposes of travel mode

    Main article: walking.
    • Running is generally an accelerated form of travel. The word walking is a tautology , while the term running the race differentiates human from all other forms:
      • Races vehicle: horse races, cycling, auto racing, kayak ...
      • Racing games: The race for children is primarily a game ( game of wolf ). Adults continue to play the race: see racing waiter, disguised race who are more of a parade and fun art, or marathons backwards. Often real sporting talent are needed for this (see the London Marathon , Medoc or joggling ).
    • Mechanically, the race is the mode of locomotion 's natural human being after the march. This movement is in support alternative on legs , standing and having more than one support point in contact with the ground. So there is an alternation of propulsion on the ground and suspended in the air, the slurry phase is absent from the march.

    Race (myth and fiction)

    • Just as the march by his repetitive mode may have a psychological dimension by creating a state of consciousness especially, the race also has its fans (see the people of tarahumaras ).
    • Men began to run for a cause in raising money. See Terry Fox.
    • Many heroes are running to escape (if the prey) or catch up (if the hunter). The hero can move from one role to another, sometimes evasive, sometimes catching something or someone. Among the films include: North by Northwest , Marathon Man , The Fugitive , 58 minutes to live , or Forrest Gump. The notion of continuing the movies then spread to chase scenes with means of transport the most diverse. The film City of Fear contains even a parody of a chase on foot because the shoes Foley is replaced by the sound of tires and a jogger "baffled" explodes like a car.
    • There are also films athletics whose hero is a rider: Chariots of Fire (film) , Ralph , Endurance and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner.

    References

    1. (en) Dennis M. Bramble and Daniel E. 1 Lieberman, Endurance running and The Evolution of Homo. Nature 432, 345-352 Notes

       Bibliography

       • Regulation of national events (ed. FFA)
       • Monthly Review Athlmagazine (ed. FFA)
       • Small encyclopedia of the Olympic Games, Gaston Meyer (ed. Ink)
       • Athletics, Fabrice Laigret (ed. Milan)
       • Running Roger Bambuck and Jean Marcellin (ed. Magnard)
       • Run! Jogging and running, Frank Shorter, collection practice Hachette, 2005 ( ISBN 2-01-234995-1 ), translated by Olivier Cechman, original title: Running, from DK Publishing, Inc..

       Related articles

       • Power sports
       • Dead Runners Society
       • Glossary of athletics
       • Jogging
       • proprioception
       • World records in athletics

       External Links

       • (En) French Athletics Federation
       • (En) Calendar of all foot races in France
       • (En) Endurance Athlete
       • (En) Running Stories
       • Athletics portal

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