Rune
| |
| Features | |
|---|---|
| Type | Alphabet |
| Language (s) | Germanic languages |
| History | |
| Time | From the second century |
| System (s) parent (s) | Protocananen |
| Encoding | |
| ISO 15924 | Runr |
The runic alphabet or - a term formed from the name of the first six letters of the alphabet - was the alphabet used by ancient peoples of Germanic languages , such as Anglo-Saxon (to write Old English ) or the Scandinavian (to write the old Norse ).
Unlike the letters of the alphabet latin , runes have names with an intrinsic meaning. The fact is, however, that the Latin alphabet is the result of a long and slow evolution, the legacy of the Etruscans , whose alphabet was itself derived from the legacy of the Phoenicians , all with alphabet itself originates the pictograms , which were, themselves, a symbolic meaning. It is quite unlikely that the Germanic peoples were able to invent an alphabet from scratch a few millennia after the birth of the first alphabets. Etruscan coin representing the attributes of Athena found in the Valais in Switzerland traces fairly well the path that had to go through the alphabet to the north before the Germanic peoples did not adapt to their own languages.
The Indo-European root of the word "rune", * run, meaning "mystery" or "secret" and this is most visible in one of the derivatives raunen meaning "whisper" or "speak in secret."
Other writing systems related to the runes exist: Hungarian runes and said the Turkish alphabet alphabet of the Orkhon River.
Summary |
The runic alphabet was created by speakers of dialects of Germanic languages to write their languages. Although some scholars argue that the runes are entirely derived from the Greek alphabet (in Morris Odenstedt 359) or Latin (Odenstedt 362) Most experts consider that this alphabet is a mixture of different origins. Seebold 5, Krause 3, Jensen (571) and Coulmas (1996: 444 ff.) Believe that the runic alphabet is a mixture of alphabets italics Nordic / Alpine with a Latin influence, which was the alphabet of Heruli a Germanic tribe living in the Alps Different Futhark
Note: The following transliterations model traditional.
Original System
The original alphabet Nordic runes, the Futhark to 24 letters or old Futhark, representing the 24 constellations of the ancient Scandinavians, including the Vikings, is often called the "line rune" and was organized into three groups of eight runes each, called ttir (families): the ttir of Freyr (or Frey) Hagal and Tyr , respectively, the first rune in each group giving its name to the group.
Names Proto-Germanic runes are the old Futhark: Fehu , Uruz , Thurisaz , Ansuz , Raido , Kaunan , Gebo , Wunjo , Hagalaz , Naudiz , Isaz , Jera , Eihwaz , Pertho , Algiz , Sowilo , Tiwaz , Berkanan , Ehwaz , Mannaz , Laguz , Ingwaz , Dagaz and thalan.
Here are the original 24 runes:
 f |  u |  |  has |  r |  k |  g |  w |
 h |  n |  i |  j |  |  p |  z |  s |
 t |  b |  e |  m |  l |  |  d |  o |
The rune that value u can also have the phonetic value v. The latter value was also assigned phonetic-8 rune whose phonetic value remains the most common w. These differences are explained by the large geographical extent of use of the runic system, which included Iceland, England, Scotland and particularly the current Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Germany. Pronunciations then fluctuated with culture different from one region to another. This broad geographical distribution of the runes also explains the multiple names that each of them is depending on the region in which it is located, for example, the first rune, f, is known as Fehu that Feoh, Fe, or Faihu.
Th is the English pronunciation deaf ( . The various hypotheses raised to explain this order, usually based on religious and mystical, are far from unanimous and not based on concrete facts.
Subsequent Systems
The initial Futhark runes with 24 more without a rune glyph representing "Odin" was later shortened to 16 runes around the year 800 and is generally seen as an adaptation used to simplify the work of the writer. Most runes Scandinavia postdate 800 and use the 16 letters:
fu rk
hnias
tbml
Later, the runes varied from one country to another. The range of Futhark was reduced to 16 or 18 runes in Norway and Sweden , where the vast majority of recent runes are found. In England the Futhark runes increased to about 28 (plus a few regionally or used only for foreign names).
This variant is the Norwegian / Swedish, also called short-twig runes. The Danish variant is very similar. You can read an example of Danish runes in the inscription of the Big Stone Jelling.
The latest Nordic Futhark runes to 16:
Other Nordic Futhark include a form without branch (probably for a sculpture faster) and the ancient Futhark (which includes runes representing the entire Latin alphabet).
Variant Hlsingland in Sweden without twig
The runes thorn () and Wynn () were adopted in the alphabet of the Old English (in the form and ). Thorn is still used in the alphabet Icelandic.
The runes seem to have fallen into disuse around one thousand except in Scandinavia where they continued to be used for several centuries. Some more remote areas of Scandinavia continued to use the runes to modern times.
Symbolism
"Each rune has a symbolic
- Fehu: livestock, money, wealth: the god of fertility. It also symbolizes the primordial fire, and is the source of all things. (Letter F)
- Uruz: bison, beef, the life force first. (Letter U)
- Thurisaz: giants, the torture of women. (Letter in English TH)
- Ansuz God, beam or pile of sacred ancestors. It symbolizes above all, inspiration, consciousness. (Letter A)
- Raido: the ride, the road, the journey into the darkness. (Letter R)
- Kaunan: torch, canoeing, boating. (Letter K)
- Gebo: donations and gifts, the Sacrifice and offerings. (Letter G)
- Wunjo: delight, splendor and comfort. (Letter W)
- Hagalaz: hail, storm, bad Magic Time. (Letter H or CH)
- Naudiz: bondage, distress, stress, torment, necessity. (Letter N)
- Isaz: ice, cold and misery. (Letter I)
- Jeran: years, fruitful seasons, harvests and the blessing of the field. (Letter J)
- Eihwaz: Yew, death, the proscription of Magic and other hazards. (Letter or EI)
- Pertho: divination, luck. (Letter P)
- Elhaz: man, fork, ambivalence. (Letter Z)
- Sowilo: sun, light, warmth and fertility. (Letter S)
- Tiwaz: arrow, faithfulness, God of War Ziu. (Letter T)
- Berkanan: birch branch, marriage and the goddess Frigga. (Letter B)
- Ehwaz the horse, the companion of the chariot of the sun. (Letter E)
- Mannaz: man, mankind. (Letter M)
- Laguz: water, sea, lakes and springs. (The Letter)
- Ingwaz: God or Hero Ingwi strain. (Digraph NG)
- Dagaz: day and brightness, the source of the sacred fire. (Letter D)
- Othalaz: land ownership. The opposite of Fehu. (Letter O)
Note that the rune system, when used as a magical system, has a great adaptability. The symbolic data above are valid but not as dogma rather than as opportunities among others. Researchers generally do not consider rune runes in one day purely objective, but try to be recaptured as their meaning can be multiple and varying interpretations. " Using runes The runes were usually used for inscriptions in wood, metal, leather or stone. The runes consisted mainly of vertical and diagonal marks, brands with less horizontal or curved (some versions of runes have none). Drawing runes helped their sculpture in wood. The words were written along the wood grain, meaning that all brands were cut across the grain. This is because the cuts along the grain would have caused cracks in the wood, or would have closed if the wood absorbed moisture. Although the runes were used for paperwork such as Bible , they were more usually for short inscriptions rather than a complete text. In Norse mythology the god Odin is suspended in the world-tree Yggdrasil for nine days in personal sacrifice to bring the gift of the runes to mankind. According to Tacitus , the ancient Germanic peoples were used to dig marks on sheets of wood product and select them as prizes for divination. Additionally, each rune is associated with a god, and thus has a special magical significance, which can associate with other runes to form a spell, a charm or a blessing. The runes have been used in literature to create an effect of "authenticity" and also give guidance "historical" in the book. Here is an example of four writers who used the runes in their books: JRR Tolkien , Jules Verne , JK Rowling , and Erik L'Homme. The runes were used extensively by JRR Tolkien, especially in The Hobbit (for map drawn during the Adventures of Bilbo), and also The Lord of the Rings , depicting the tomb of Balin in Moria, and receiving an explanation detailed in the appendices of the novel. JRR Tolkien uses runes, but the language used is English. On Jules Verne, the use of runes is also very present in his book adventure Journey to the Center of the Earth. Jules Verne used the runes (the starting point of the book lies in Hamburg in Germany by the discovery of an ancient runic script lets out a secret message leading to the subsequent discovery of mysterious passages in Iceland.) Jules Verne also uses the runic alphabet, but in this case the language is Latin, in the book. Whether or JRR Tolkien Jules Verne, the alphabet of runes is identical, but the languages are different. Hermione Granger , one of the main characters in the book series Harry Potter , is studying the runes from his third year at Hogwarts , and it is only stated that this matter is difficult. In the seventh book , the late Professor Dumbledore bequeathed to Hermione a copy of the runes Tales of Beedle the Bard, which contains the "Tale of Three Brothers" on the Deathly Hallows (giving them title to this volume) and help protagonists to reconstruct part of the plot. After completing four years as an optional course of study of Runes, Hermione is indeed able to decipher and translate them, contrary to Harry that it is stated that "he had never learned to read" . The writer Erik The man also used the runes, called "graphemes" in his trilogy The Book of the stars by giving them magical powers. As symbols Germanic runes were used by the Nazis. Some symbols such as the Odal rune is used on the flags in place of the neo-Nazi swastika. The runes divination was practiced by the Vikings , the Germanic peoples and the Anglo-Saxons . Computer encoding The standard Unicode has a character block named Runic which contains 81 characters. This block exists since version 3.0.0 of Unicode in September 1999. A small number of font supports those characters, we find mostly medieval fonts as Cardo , Junicode. Contemporary Usage
Runes and Literature
Runes and nationalism
Runes and Divination
References
See also
Related articles
Bibliography
In French
In other languages
External Links
Runes See also: Rune poems Runestones runologists Divination Rune v d e Old Futhark : Fuorc : o c eo x has y Others Futhark recent : has Transliteration : f u has r k g w h n i j p z s t b e m l d o
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