Geography

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Satellite image of Rome

Rome is located in the region of Lazio in the center of Italy , at the confluence of the Aniene and the Tiber. The center is located about 25 kilometers from the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea , but the city extends to the latter with its XIII arrondissement Ostia. The altitude varies from 13 meters above sea level (in Piazza del Popolo) to 120 meters.

The historic center of Rome is dominated by the Seven Hills : Aventine , Caelius , Capitoline , Esquiline , Palatine , Quirinal and Viminal. The Tiber runs through the town towards the south. It includes the Tiber Island. The ancient city was surrounded by walls which Aurelian Wall , an enclosure built by Emperor Aurelian in 270 to protect neighborhoods that had developed outside the Servian wall. This part of Rome covers about 4% of the area of the present municipality that extends well beyond the urban area itself and especially to the south-west to the Tyrrhenian Sea ( Ostia ). The old city remains one of the greatest historic cities of the world is divided into 22 Rioni and includes about 300 hotels, more than 2000 palaces, 300 churches, 200 monumental fountains, several archaeological sites, eight parks, the main monuments of the city, government institutions and thousands of shops, offices, bars and restaurants.

The rest of the city is divided into urban Quatier which contain the majority of modern buildings. The whole is surrounded by the GRA (GRA), the Roman ring road. In addition to developing new neighborhoods comprising the tertiary sectors, and new residential areas far beyond the peripheral ( Torrenova , Acilia ), and self-belted by the device from the motorway A1 Milan - Naples.

Climate

Rome enjoys a Mediterranean climate characteristic of the Mediterranean coasts of Italy. Winters are mild, although a cold snap from the Apennines can not be excluded. Snow is rare, however. Summers are hot and dry, but influenced by the proximity of the sea An absolute record heat was measured July 16, 2010 reaching 43 C in central Rome. Rainfall reaches its peak during autumn rainstorms.

Hamlets

View of Rome from the Gianicolo

Ostia , Ostia Antica, Acilia, Vitinia, Infernetto, Trigoria, Piana del Sole, Casal Palocco, Castel di Leva, Villaggio Prenestino, Castelverde, Corcolle La Storta-Olgiata, Massimina, Valle Santa.

Common Boundary

Albano Laziale , Anguillara Sabazia , Ardea , Campagnano di Roma , Castel Gandolfo , Castel San Pietro Romano , Ciampino , Colonna , Fiumicino , Fonte Nuova , Formello , Frascati , Gallicano nel Lazio , Grottaferrata , Guidonia Montecelio , Marino , Mentana , Monte Porzio Catone , Monte Compatri , Monterotondo , Palestrina , Poli , Pomezia , Riano , Sacrofano , San Gregorio da Sassoli , Tivoli , Trevignano Romano , Zagarolo , Lanuvio.

Etymology

The name of the city is due to the legend of twins Romulus and Remus , where the first killed the second, thereby earning the right to give his name to the city he built. Another hypothesis suggests that the name comes from the word Rome Rumon, name Etruscan of the Tiber , which would thus become "The River City" ^, .

Rome also has several nicknames, including the Urbs, Caput Mundi (capital of the world), The Eternal City, The City of Seven Hills and Limen Apostolorum ("threshold of the apostles").

History

Panorama of Rome from the dome of St. Peter's Basilica.

Legendary origin

According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus, who killed his twin brother Remus when creating the city. Both brothers are descendants of the god in March and Rhea Silvia , daughter of Numitor. The genealogy of legendary Romulus can give a divine origin in Rome: the City would have been created because the gods wanted it that way.

According to Archaeology

According to archaeological sources, the first occupants of the site to ^the eighth century BC. AD were shepherds living in shacks installed on the Palatine Hill , a hill overlooking the River Tiber.
At the same time, the Italian peninsula was occupied by several nations: the Greeks in the south, the Carthaginians in Sardinia and Corsica, the Etruscans to the north.

It is the latter which, in ^the fifth century BC. AD meets the villages in the plain of Latium and create a city which is protected by seven hills and its ramparts.

Demographics

Pyramid of Caius Cestius and Porta San Paolo

Specialists believe that Rome was at the imperial period (that is, during the period between the beginning of the Christian era and the ^sixth century ), the largest city in the world, with between 1 and 2 million inhabitants . For the Augustan period, the figure may be withheld is between 800,000 and 1 million inhabitants. This figure would reach 1.2 million people in 260 JCIl until the early ^nineteenth century and the Industrial Revolution to capitals like London or Paris exceed this figure. The city of Rome itself find the demographics in the 1930s.

Today, the city has about 2.7 million inhabitants and its urban area roughly 4 million over 5352 sq. km. This is the third city of Italy after Milan and Naples , but the town itself is the most populous country.

The latest postponement of Caritas , the residents of the municipality of foreign nationalities represent 10% of the total population. The Romanian community is the most numerous with no less than 100,000 residents. The first Mosque in Rome was inaugurated in 1995 (it is the largest mosque in Europe).

Religion

Christian Rome

St. Peter's Basilica

The Christian religion was quickly established in the capital of the empire through the presence of the Jewish community. Christianity became a legal religion in 313 ( Edict of Milan ), before becoming the official religion of the empire in 380 ( Edict of Thessaloniki ).
The importance of the Christian community in the city and the tradition that St. Peter and St. Paul were martyred there, made Rome the capital of the mainly Christian and Catholic Church.

The Bishop of Rome, successor of the apostle Peter, was soon regarded as the Pope of Christendom. From 753 to 1870 , Rome is the capital of the Papal States that extend from the sea to the Adriatic Sea Tyrhnnienne. The foundation of the Kingdom of Italy under the aegis of the House of Savoy ended their existence. The Pope Pius IX took refuge in the Vatican Palace is considering de facto prisoner.

It was not until 1929 that an agreement is reached on the representation of time the Holy See by the Lateran Treaty creating the Vatican , a state enclave that includes St. Peter's Basilica and other buildings Roman thereby benefiting from the status of extraterritoriality. This city is the smallest sovereign state in the world.

Rome has hundreds of churches and places of worship whose main ones are the object of pilgrimage to Rome which, together with those of the Holy Land ( Jerusalem in particular) and Compostela , one of three major pilgrimages Christians. We arrive in the "holy city" by the Francigena ; pilgrimage generally includes four " basilicas major "which are: Saint-Pierre (which contains the tomb of St. Peter), St. Paul Outside the Walls ( where the tomb of St. Paul), St. John Lateran (the cathedral of Rome and the world) and St. Mary Major (containing a relic of the Nativity). Ces quatre basiliques majeures tant souvent associes trois basiliques mineures , constituant ainsi le " Tour des sept glises " : la Basilique Sainte-Croix-de-Jrusalem (qui garde les reliques de la Passion), la basilique Saint-Laurent-hors the Walls and the Basilica of St Sebastian's Outside the Walls on the Appian Way, above the catacombs.

Rome is also the headquarters of the Order of Malta , a Catholic organization humanitarian sovereign, sovereignty , however relative, because no territory.

Other religions

The city is very cosmopolitan, other religions are represented, including Judaism , which was confined to the Ghetto of Rome under the popes.

In recent years the Islamic community has grown in importance, largely because of immigration from the North Africa and the Middle East. Rome hosts the largest mosque of Europe , a work of architect Paolo Portoghesi inaugurated on 21 June 1995.

The construction of the Mormon Temple in Rome (commonly called the Temple of Rome) was announced October 4, 2008 by Thomas S. Monson , president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints during a General Conference of the Church. The temple will serve the members of the Church of Greece , Cyprus , Albania , Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia , as well as 22,000 members of the Church in Italy.

Administration

The 19 municipality of Rome since 1992

If Milan is the economic capital, Rome is the administrative capital of Italy and, as such, the seat of the country's main institutions: the Presidency of the Republic (at the Quirinal Palace ), the Italian Parliament and all ministries.

Administrative Subdivisions

The territory of the commune is divided into 19 Municipal Survey (in 1992, the "Municipio XIV" was abolished and became the town of Fiumicino ).

Mayors of Rome

Heritage

Because of its ancient history, Rome is a city rich in monuments, museums and points of view. She is one of the top ten most visited cities in the world . The center has been listed since 1980 in the World Heritage of Humanity of the UNESCO.

Panorama of the Roman Forum

Antiquity

The Coliseum

Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire. It retains many ancient monuments including the Colosseum is one of the most famous. In this amphitheater that could seat up to 60,000 people were held, among other things, fighting gladiators and animals. Built between 70 and 80 is the work of the emperors Vespasian and Titus. Another example of monumentality, the Circus Maximus , which reached its apogee in the ^third century : while it measured 600 meters long and 200 meters at its widest, and around 250 000 spectators could attend the horse races.

The area of the Roman Forum and Colosseum, the heart of the ancient city, is dominated, among others, by the Arch of Constantine , erected in 315 to commemorate the victory of the Emperor a href = "Constantin_Ier_ (empereur_romain)" title = "Constantine I (Roman emperor)"> Constantine over Maxentius , the Arch of Titus , the Arch of Septimius Severus. The Imperial Forum , the Campidoglio and Capitoline museums , the Pantheon , the Baths of Diocletian and Caracalla and the eleven aqueducts of Rome , the catacombs are other famous monuments. The Roman Forum was at the time of antiquity, a great place where the Romans gathered to discuss business. It was there that was on the Curia (Senate). This place was the religious and economic center of the Roman Empire. Indeed, there were many temples including the temple of Jupiter, the Temple of Juno Moneta, where the treasure was kept in Rome, the Temple of Vesta, containing the sacred fire, in short, all the symbols of culture Roman. In the Middle Ages, the remains were buried underground. Today, the Forum is composed of rubble.

The Renaissance and Baroque Rome

Spanish Steps

Rome was a major center of the Renaissance , which profoundly affected the city. Among nombreaux monuments built during this period include the Place du Capitole of Michelangelo at the top of the Capitol , which includes the Palazzo Senatorio seat of government of the city. The period was also marked by the construction of large houses by the aristocratic families near the Quirinal , and palaces as the Palazzo Venezia, the Palazzo Farnese , Palazzo Barberini, the Palazzo Chigi (now the headquarters of Italian Government), the Palazzo Spada and the Villa Farnesina. Rome is the ^seventeenth century its main squares, often adorned with obelisks , the most representative and most famous is the Piazza Navona. Baroque art is also represented by the Trevi Fountain to Niccol Salvi. This artistic excitement meets the demands of the popes who use the most talented artists from Italy to decorate the city with a high point during the High Renaissance.

Contemporary Rome

Palazzo della Civilta Italiana, EUR

The monument to Victor Emmanuel II , also known as the "Altar of the Fatherland" and dubbed in the 1970s the "Typewriter" by some Romans, the building is neoclassical most famous of the city. The courthouse , designed by Guglielmo Calderini, located on the Place Cavour , is an example of eclecticism. It is known pejoratively Palazzaccio ("naughty palace") by the Romans.

The fascist architecture appears mainly in the area of EUR , built in the second half of 1930. The Esposizione Universale di Roma (Rome Universal Exhibition), which was to be held in 1942 gave its name to the district, but was canceled because of World War II. It remains to this day one of the chief witnesses to fascist architecture inspired by neoclassicism.

The center has particularly been profound renovations at the Jubilee of 2000 and saw the palaces ochres regain their original pastel colors in these renovation efforts. For the occasion, large arteries have been made to the example of pedestrian Corso that crosses the city from north to south and connects the Piazza del Popolo to the Via Nazionale.

Other monuments

Rome has several bridges and fountains famous, such as monumental Trevi , of Barcaccia and the Four Rivers fountain but also the charming Turtle near the Ghetto.

Culture

Capitoline Museums

Museums

Rome has many museums, including the National Roman Museum , the Museum of Roman Civilization , the National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia , the Capitoline Museums , the Borghese Gallery , the Museum of Castel Sant'Angelo , the National Gallery of Modern Art , the MAXXI - National Museum of XXI ^Century Arts , the Museum of Contemporary Art (MACRO) and the famous Vatican Museums , visited by millions of visitors each year.

University La Sapienza

Universities

Rome is a national center for higher education. Its first university, La Sapienza , founded in 1303 , was the largest in Europe and second in the world in the number of students. Other public universities include Tor Vergata ( 1982 ) and Rome III ( 1992 ). Rome has several pontifical universities and institutes under the authority of the Holy See , this is the Pontifical Gregorian University , founded in 1551 , the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas , among others. Among private universities are "LUMSA", the Catholic University of Sacred Heart , "LUISS", the "Istituto Europeo di Design, the John Cabot University, the" Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motors ", American University of Rome, the "Campus of Malta", the "S. Pio V University of Rome" and the "Universit Campus Bio-Medico". It is also in Rome the Loyola University Chicago Rome Center of Loyola University Chicago.

Music

Rome hosts the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded 1585 ), which occurs, among others, in the recent Auditorium Parco della Musica , one of the largest complex musical world. Rome also has its opera house, Teatro dell'Opera di Roma.

The city has hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards 2004.

Cinema

Scenery of "Gangs of New York at Cinecitt

Rome has the largest complex of film studios, Cinecitt , the capital of Italian cinema , where films are shot at big budget. Recently, Martin Scorsese has chosen to film Gangs of New York. Series Rome in HBO / CBC has been turned and the book 6 of Kaamelott.

Media

Major city newspapers are La Repubblica (second newspaper in the country), L'Osservatore Romano , the local edition of Metro International , Il Messaggero , Il Manifesto and L'Unit.

The main radio stations are Capital Radio , RSS Radio , Radio DeeJay (center), Radio Dimensione Suono , Radio Dimensione Suono Roma , Radio Globo , Radio Italia , Radio Rock , Radical Radio , Radio Radio , Vatican Radio and Radio 24 (center).

Sport

Rome was the host city for the Summer Olympics of 1960. She is officially a candidate to receive the Summer Olympics of 2020. In 1998 , the city hosted the third World Equestrian Games.

Economy

Today, Rome has an economy dynamic and diversified in technology and communications. The service sector is thriving. It produces 6.7% of GDP National (more than any other city in Italy). The activity of Rome grew by 4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate than the rest of the country. Rome's economic growth began to outpace its rivals, including Milan. But a traditional competition continues with the Lombard city. The tourism is one of the key industries in Rome, with its many museums. Rome is also the center of the Italian film industry, thanks to the Cinecitt studios. Many head offices of enterprises, ministries, conference centers, stadiums and museums are located in business districts of Rome Esposizione Universale di Roma (EUR); Torrino (south of the EUR); Magliana ; De Medici Laurentina-Parco, "Tiburtina Valley", industrial zone along the ancient Via Tiburtina.

According to a study by property group Knight Frank and Citi Private Bank published in 2009, Rome is the eighth most expensive city in the world regarding the price of luxury real estate (13 500 euros per square meter) ^{Transportation}

Air

Rome is served by three airports, two major, the airport Leonardo da Vinci Rome Fiumicino and Ciampino airport , are administered by Aeroporti di Roma. Airport Leonardo da Vinci, located southwest of Rome to Fiumicino is the largest in the country. The airport of Ciampino, south-east of Rome, is used by both military and commercial transportation. As for the "Aeroporto dell'Urbe" is a dedicated small airport for private operations. To the east of Rome is the "Aeroporto di Centocelle" which is used by the Aeronautica Militare and is not open to the public, however it is currently retraining as a public park.

Railway

The central station Termini or Roma Termini, near the Esquiline is one of the largest stations in Europe. Opened in 1863 , completely rebuilt between 1939 and 1951 , is operated by Grandi Stazioni and served by Trenitalia. Tiburtina , the second station of the city, work is underway to accommodate high speed trains. The other major stations are Roma Ostiense, Roma Tiburtina, Roma Trastevere, Roma Tuscolana, Roma San Pietro, Roma and Roma Nomentana Casilina.

Planning

The tram line 14

Rome is served by buses, trams and two lines of subway since 1955 and an urban underground rail system linking downtown to the suburbs.

The traffic jams caused by traffic during the 1970 and 1980 led to the creation of a Zona Traffico Limitato - limited traffic zone (ZTL) in center city. Despite the difficulty of performing works underground because of the many ruins found throughout the basement Roman, a third subway line is under construction and two more are approved and in progress. Several car parks are under construction in order to address the lack of parking places. The traffic remains a major problem for the city.

Twinning and Partnerships

Rome is paired with only one city:

• Paris ( France ) since 1956 "Solo Parigi Degn di Roma, Roma solo di Parigi Degn," which means "Only Paris is worthy of Rome, only Rome is worthy of Paris."

Rome has also signed agreements of friendship and cooperation with other cities worldwide:

• Achacachi ( Bolivia )
• Belgrade ( Serbia )
• Cincinnati ( USA )
• New York ( USA )
• Beijing ( China )
• Plovdiv ( Bulgaria )
• Seoul ( South Korea )
• Tokyo ( Japan )
• Casablanca ( Morocco )
• Tunis ( Tunisia )
• Seville ( Spain )

Famous People

Birth

Apart from the innumerable personalities Republic and the Roman Empire , born in Rome are also:

• Augusto Genina ( 1,892 - 1957 ), filmmaker (born and died in this city)
• Enrico Fermi ( 1 901 - one thousand nine hundred and fifty-two ), physicist
• Anna Magnani ( 1908 - one thousand nine hundred seventy-three ), actress (born and died in this city)
• Furio Scarpelli ( 1919 - 2 010 ), writer (born and died in this city)
• Alberto Sordi ( 1 920 - 2 003 ), actor (born and died in this city)
• Franco Sensi ( 1926 - 2 008 ), football manager (born and died in this city)
• Elio Petri ( in 1929 - in 1982 ), director and screenwriter
• Maurizio Mosca ( one thousand nine hundred and forty - 2 010 ), journalist and television presenter
• Elio de Angelis ( 1 958 - in 1986 ), Formula 1 driver
• Eros Ramazzotti ( 1963 -), singer
• Giorgia ( 1971 -), singer
• Giancarlo Fisichella ( 1973 -), driver of Formula 1
• Alessandro Nesta ( 1976 -), footballer (World Champion in 2006 with Italy)
• Francesco Totti ( 1976 -), footballer (World Champion in 2006 with Italy)
• Daniele De Rossi ( 1983 -), footballer (World Champion in 2006 with Italy)
• Caesar Ceribelli ( one thousand eight hundred forty-one - 1918 ), French sculptor
• The family members Borghese :
  • Camillo Borghese (1550-1621): Paul V (1605-1621)
  • Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese (1775-1832), Prince of Sulmona, second husband of Pauline Bonaparte
  • Francesco Borghese (1776-1839), prince Aldobrandini , brother of the previous general of the Empire
  • Junio Valerio Borghese (1906-1974): Italian soldier and politician

Deaths

• Lucius Accius , author tragic Latin ( -170 - -86 )
• Julius Caesar , politician ( -100 - -44 )
• Michelangelo , painter of the Sistine Chapel ( 1,475 - one thousand five hundred sixty-four )
• Guglielmo Marconi ( one thousand eight hundred and seventy-four - 1937 ), physicist, inventor
• Mischa Auer ( 1905 - in 1967 ), Russian actor
• Pietro Germi ( in 1914 - in 1974 ), actor, screenwriter, director and producer
• Luchino Visconti ( 1906 - one thousand nine hundred seventy-six ), filmmaker
• Elio Petri ( in 1929 - in 1982 ), director and screenwriter
• Renato Castellani ( one thousand nine hundred and thirteen - 1985 ), director
• Sandro Pertini ( one thousand eight hundred ninety-six - 1,990 ), Italian politician, President of the Republic of 1978 to 1985.

Trivia

• During its long history, and given its importance, Rome has always had a population characterized by significant migration flows and, by tradition, a "true" Roman is a person whose family has lived in Rome since at least seven generations.

Today we consider a person born of parents born in Rome in Rome is a "Roman of Rome," as the saying goes.

• SPQR ( Senatus Romanus Populusque ) was translated into Italian by Sono Pazzi Questi Romani ("These Romans are crazy") by jealous countrymen, taken in the adventures of Asterix and Obelix.

• 44 other cities around the world are named after Rome and there was at least one city from each continent of the same name.

• Rome is known for its public water network, and that, since ancient times. Today, a system of more than 2500 public fountains, Nasoni , provide fresh water for free to all Romans and tourists.

Bibliography

Books Francophone

• (En) Filippo Coarelli, Archaeological Guide to Rome, Paris, Hachette, Reed. 2001, 349 pages.

Documentation in Italian

• (It) Giggi Zanazzo, Proverbi Romaneschi, Perino edition, Rome, 1886.
• (It) Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli , Mario Torelli , L'arte classica dell'antichit, Etruria, Rome, UTET, Turin, 1976.
• (It) Armando Ravaglioli The great piazzas of Rome, 2a ed. Roma tascabile Economic Newton, 1995. ( ISBN 88-7983-777-X )
• (It) Alfonso Traina, Giorgio Bernardi Perini, al Propedeutica Latin universitario, 6a ed. Bologna, Patron editor, 1998. ( ISBN 978-88-555-2454-4 )
• (It) Emilio Gabba et al. Introduzione alla storia di Roma, Milano, LED, 1999. ( ISBN 88-7916-113-X )
• (It) AA.VV. , Il patrimonio dell'umanit, Touring Editore, Milan 2004. ( ISBN 978-88-365-2948-3 )
• (It) Augean Corrado, I segreti di Roma, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan, 2005. ( ISBN 88-04-54399-X )
• (It) Claudio Rendina, Enciclopedia di Roma, Newton Compton Editori, Rome, 2005. ( ISBN 88-541-0304-7 )
• (It) Massimiliano Liverotti, Il grande libro dei Misteri di Roma e risolti irrisolti, Newton Compton Editori, Rome, 2007. ( ISBN 978-88-541-0894-3 )
• (It) Claudio Rendina , Roma ieri, oggi e domani, Newton Compton Editori, Rome, 2007. ( ISBN 978-88-541-1025-0 )
• (It) Andrea Giardina, Roma Antica, Roma-Bari, Editori Laterza, 2008. ( ISBN 978-88-420-7658-2 )
• (It) Maria Antonietta Lozzi Bonaventura, Roma antica. Viaggio nel tempo alla scoperta della citt eterna, Subiaco Guide ITER, 2009. ( ISBN 978-88-8177-143-1 )
• (It) Vittorio Sgarbi , L'Italia delle meraviglie. Una Cartografia del cuore, Bompiani, Milan, 2009. ( ISBN 978-88-452-6381-1 )

Notes

References

• (In) This article is partially or entirely from the article in English entitled " Rome "(see the list of authors )
• Claude Nicolet, Robert and Jean-Charles Ilbert Depaule, Collaborator Claude Nicolet, Robert Ilbert, Jean-Charles Depaule "Mediterranean Megacities: Urban Geography retrospective, Proceedings of the symposium organized by the French School of Rome and the Mediterranean Science Rights, Rome, 8-11 May 1996, Maisonneuve & Larose, 2000, 1071 pages. ISBN 2-7068-1377-6 and ISBN 978-2-7068-1377-1

See also

Related articles

• Ancient Rome
• Late Antiquity
• History of Rome
• History of the Roman Republic
• Chronology of Rome
• Rioni of Rome
• List of Italian cities over 25,000 inhabitants
• List of major Italian cities ranked by number of inhabitants
• List of monuments of ancient Rome
• List of churches in Rome
• List of bridges in Rome
• Summer Olympics of 1960

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• (It) Official site of the City of Rome
• (It) (en) (de) Romeguide

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