Romanticism
Romanticism is an artistic movement of Western Europe emerged during the eighteenth century in Britain and Germany , and in the early nineteenth century in France , in Italy and Spain. It grows in France under the Restoration and July Monarchy in response to regular classical deemed too rigid and rationalist philosophy of earlier centuries.
The romance is sketched by the claim that the poets of "I" and "me" who want to share their personal experiences and stop this aspect attributed to fictional novels and poems. Romanticism is characterized by a willingness to explore all possibilities of art to express the ecstasies and the torments of the heart and the soul : it is thus a reaction of feeling against the reason , exciting mystery and fantastic and looking for escape and delight in the dream, the morbid and the sublime, exotic and past. Ideal or nightmare sensitivity passionate and melancholy , values aesthetic and moral , ideas and new themes soon began to influence other areas, especially painting and music. The romance may be present in the novels of the nineteenth century as in Hugo , Chateaubriand , Stendhal , and the Germans also eighteenth century as Eichendorff , Goethe , Hoffmann ...
Definition
Romanticism emerges in Germany in the late eighteenth century. Novalis defines the program as early as 1798: "The world must be romanticized. Thus we find the original meaning. .
The word romance has taken this precise sense that late. The romantic crisis of French literature is only one aspect of a late movement more generally, which was felt in the Europe. Like France , the UK , the German , the Russian had their romantic, and on behalf of Victor Hugo meet those of Byron , of Novalis and Alexander Pushkin. The pictorial art is no less concerned with literature as Delacroix , David d'Angers , and music with Berlioz , Wagner.
Baudelaire proposed his definition of Romanticism in the Salon of 1846: "Romanticism is precisely either in the choice of subjects nor in exact truth, but in the way of feeling. They looked outside, and inside it that it was only possible to find it. For me, romance is the latest expression, the most beautiful present. There are as many beauties as there are habitual ways of seeking happiness. The philosophy of progress explains this clearly, so as there were so many ideals that there were ways for people to understand morality, love, religion, etc.., Romance does not consist in a perfect performance, but in a similar design to the morality of the century. That's because some have placed in the perfection of art that we had the rococo romanticism, the most intolerable of all unquestionably. Therefore, above all, about aspects of the nature and circumstances of man, that artists of the past were despised or not known. Who said romance told modern art - that is to say, intimacy, spirituality, color, aspiration towards the infinite, expressed by every means which include the arts. "
Second direction (adopted by literary history)
The methodical imitation of ancient literature, which opened in France in the sixteenth century with Clement Marot and the Pleiades , reached its apogee in the seventeenth century, and one can say that the French writers created a literature which then became the mark "French spirit", rather than the literature of the Middle Ages they had forgotten and denied. In turn, other nations imitated French literature of the seventeenth century, and this imitation of a second hand, did not weaken their own genius for a period shorter or longer. French literature had become, compared to other European literature, a literature extending the ancient classic. Indeed, French and Italian minds are the only ones in the Europe to which the modern spirit of antiquity is no stranger: for them, in imitation of Greek and Roman models was not servility or fashion, it was a sort of family tradition found The break with classicism: the English Romanticism in the late eighteenth century (the Graveyard Poets and the Gothic novel) It is first in poetry in the 1760s that occurs the break with the classicism of the pact, first with the Graveyard Poets (poets of the cemetery "), particularly Blair and his Elegy for a cemetery campaign.'' Therein lies broken for the first time the pact's literary classic based on the triumph of reason over emotion unbecoming of subjectivity, and aesthetics eternal defy the ravages of time. Indeed, for the first time since the end of Shakespeare and the Renaissance, after 150 years of classicism, the feelings related to grief, loss and frustration, even the horror of putrefaction of the body, emotions are unbecoming of new right of citizenship in English literature, probing the depths of human suffering in violation of the Aristotelian principle of frontal as classicism imposed. Then the rupture front of literary dogma was taken by English novelists (especially Horace Walpole with his novel The Castle of Otranto in 1764), which created a new genre: The Gothic Novel (the Gothic novel ). This kind takes the theme of the downfall of the human being and his works that he believed the eternal face of nature and time that wither and destroy until the annihilation of the old virtues of the finest youth does not meet even the monuments of the past the most sublime, ancient ruins and medieval (especially Gothic), in which powerful trees rooted destructive without the slightest regard for what was masterpieces and the glory of a time missing. The themes developed in the Gothic novel frontally address the problems and perversities of the human soul, to the cruelty and madness up, among players who have gone beyond the bounds of the permit and which already prefigure the romantic hero and Promethean quest impossible, the romantic hero as Goethe will define a few decades later in Germany with the Sturm und Drang. Thus, romanticism, at least in its archaic form, was born in England in the 1760s, as an affront denying radically, and with a cynical realism also thought that the whole rational aesthetic and spiritual power that the honest man of classicism believed to have shaped him and shape the world for eternity. Denial is scathing: man is driven by passions he does not understand and does not control, and his fate is primarily subject to the destructive forces of nature and time. Moreover, when attempting to defy the limits of nature or God to soften his fate or that of humanity, his Promethean quest trigger cataclysms measuring force that has challenged until its annihilation in these cataclysms German Romanticism The first romance, Frhromantik called, was born in Germany in Jena. The circle of Jena is very cosmopolitan. It is composed of figures such as Novalis , Tieck , Schlegel who claimed close to the thinking of Fichte. They are the ones who will develop the romantic doctrine and political romanticism. After 1804, German Romanticism takes a new direction, the Hochromantik School of Heidelberg with names such as Brentano , Eichendorff , Arnim and the brothers Grimm. They are leaning toward less thinking than to reality and finally turned to cultural nationalism. The last time the Sptromantik extends from 1815 to 1848. From Germany, the romantic movement passed to the United Kingdom. But there was less marked because the British literature had retained more independence. While the German Romanticism was mainly a reactionary movement against French influence, - movement resulting in the creation of a national art wiser, - the United Kingdom, it was mainly characterized by the return to the Middle Ages and antiques Celtic. If romance was in Germany in part a return to primitive and indigenous funds in France , it was instead a reaction against the national literature. English and German literature had not only temporarily subservient to the discipline of classicism under the predominant influence of this great century, and what is properly called romanticism Overseas Channel and across the Rhine is the literary period in which Northern Engineering, regaining consciousness of himself, repudiated the French imitation. In France, however, country of culture and tradition of Greco-Latin literature was from the classical Renaissance , and is called the Romantic writers who, in the early nineteenth century, were enfranchised rules of thought, opposition to classicism and realism of the philosophers of the eighteenth century. Not more than in Germany, this revolution was accomplished in one fell swoop in France. Because of his character to break with national tradition, and not with transient habits, foreign import, it was later and had more trouble to come true. Started in reality to 1750 , she has reached her term until a century later. Prepared in the eighteenth century contained even repressed during the Revolution and the Empire , she is mature than in the Restoration and his triumph was not asserted to 1830 after battles fiery and passionate. British Romanticism
The French Romanticism
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