The Romance languages share a common set of features that give a good consistency for this family of languages , among which the most important are:

• a lexicon mainly derived from Vulgar Latin ;
• a reorganization of the vowel system latin (by diphthongization , apophonie and syncope mainly) ^{List of Romance languages}

  Romance languages are classified into several groups, each of which may include several "dialects", the choice of one of these dialects as official language is purely political and, above all, relatively new in many countries (except France , by the edict Villers-Cotterets ). Anyway, the Romance languages form a continuum between which the differences are sometimes minimal, it is always possible to distinguish among a set that we will appoint one or several "dialects". The following list shows brackets: name in the proposed language, the date of the first known statement.

  Examples

  Lexical and grammatical similarities of the Romance languages, and between Latin and each of them can be identified using the following examples:

  Latin	(Ilia) Claude semper fenestram antequam CENAT.
  Aragon	Ella tranca siempre antes de cenar the finestra.
  Asturian	Ella siempre la ventana pieslla / feniestra primero of cenar.
  Extremnien	Ella siempre la ventana afecha uring e recenal.
  Bergamo (Eastern Lombard)	(Lev) is the semper So la prima finestra of Sena.
  Burgundy-Morvan	All dairy farme tjor window aivan worthy.
  Catalan	Ella Tanca semper finestra the abandoned SOPAR.
  Corsica	Ella chjudi semper u purtellu Primm di cena.
  Spanish	(Ella) cierra siempre la ventana antes de cenar.
  French	She always closes the window before dinner / supper.
  Franche-Comte	Lee Chiou toedge vant lou lai f'ntre of Denai.
  Francoprovenal Valais	(Ye) hlou totin a window Danta than cena.
  Friulian	I e Siare simpre the premium Fenesta di cena.
  Galician	Ela pecha semper a xanela antes Cear.
  Italian	(Lei) CHIUDE the semper finestra prima di cenar.
  Leone	Eilla pecha siempre la ventana primeiru of cenar.
  Milanese (Western Lombard)	(Lee) the sara semper knew of the finestra dined Primm.
  Mirandese	Cerra siempre Eilha the bentana / jinelle atrs of jantar.
  Neapolitan	Chella semper chiudi 'has Fenesta prima e Mangia.
  Norman	Ol froum trjouos al crousie dvaunt ke dina.
  Occitan	Barra totjorn fenestration SOPAR abandoned.
  Piedmont	Chila has the sara semper fnestra DNAN Ed fe sin-a.
  Portuguese	(Ela) semper fecha janela antes de jantar has.
  Romanesco	(Quella) CHIUDE semper has prima finestra magnesium
  Romanian	Others nchide totdeauna fereastra utilizri cina.
  Romansch	Ella clauda / adina pressed before the fanestra ch'ella tschainia.
  Sardinian	Issa serrat semper its bentana Chenar antes.
  Sicilian	Idda semper chiudi has finestra avanti Pistia ca.
  Venetian	Ela is the prima semper fenestration of cenar.
  Walloon	Ele li sere todi di soper finiesse sofa.

  Group Gallo-Roman

  Main article: History of the French language.
  This section does not cite any sources. Please add a note references verifiable or template {{}} reference desired .

  For details of the composition of this group, see section Gallo-Roman.

  1. Language (s) d'oil ( 842 : perhaps the Oaths of Strasbourg who are in a Romance language composite). Found in many dialects of this family belonging to the group of languages d'oil. A more traditional Romance linguistics considers that the French (broadly defined) and the langue d'oil (singular) refers to a single language that is primarily a set of traits d'oil from various dialects historically divided around Paris (in fact, the French language now is very mixed and owes much to a literary language interregional). Another view, considers that the languages of oil (plural) are a group of languages and that French (in the narrow sense) is just one of these languages (coming of Francian ), among others.
     • French (881: first text in Old French : Cantilena of Santa Eulalia ): Official language of France, Belgium (with the German and Dutch ) of Switzerland (with German, Italian and Romansh ) of Canada (with English ), the Val d'Aosta (with Italian) of Luxembourg (the Luxembourg and German), the Channel Islands (with English ).
     • Franche-Comte (frainc-comtou): spoken in France in the north of Franche-Comte , south of Alsace and Switzerland in the Canton of Jura.
     • Mayenne : spoken in France in Mayenne.
     • Gallo : spoken in France in Upper Brittany , Anjou and in Maine.
     • Norman (nourmaund): spoken in Normandy and the Channel Islands : Jersey (Jrriais), Guernsey (Guernsey) and sercquiais (serkyee).
     • Picard (to the ^XII - XIII ^century ): first literary text Cantilena of Saint Eulalia , ^the ninth century in the Picard-Walloon, spoken in France in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy , and in the west provincial Belgian of Hainaut , in Belgium , it has the status of regional language, while in France it is considered a language of France.
     • Poitou-Saintonge (consisting of two varieties : the Poitevin : spoken in France in Upper and Lower Poitou Poitou ( Vienne , Deux-Svres and Vende ) and Saintonge : spoken in France in the former provinces of Aunis , Saintonge and Angoumois and Country Gabay ( Charente and Charente-Maritime and northern Gironde ) is a langue d'oil with a substrate Occitan.
     • Walloon (Walon; to ^XII - XIII ^century ): first literary text Cantilena of St. Eulalia, XI ^century in the Picard-Walloon, spoken mainly in Belgium in the Walloon Region , where he has the status of regional language.
  2. Francoprovenal ( XIII ^century : Meditations of Margaret Oingt ): language divided between Italy ( Valle d'Aosta , Piedmont ), the Swiss (in Fribourg and Valais mainly), the France (Dauphin, Lyonnais, Savoie ); the Francoprovenal seems to be at the crossroads between oil and Occitan languages but also has its own characteristics. It is threatened with extinction, but is defended, especially in the Val d'Aosta.

  Group Occitano-novel or Occitan-Catalan

  The Occitan and Catalan are linguistically close and allow mutual understanding, they are part of the same diasystem . This very compact group is, as the linguist Pierre Bec, intermediate between the Gallo-Roman (including French, Franco-Provencal, Romansh, Ladin, Friulian and Italian North) and the Ibero-Romance ( including the Aragonese, Spanish, ASTURO Leone and the Galaico-Portuguese), but also has specific characteristics. The Catalan and Occitan are often known or named in France under the name of derogatory dialect , as in other regional languages and dialects of the country. Some linguists consider the Occitan and the Catalan language as one which would come from the Catalan "with development" .

  

  

  Geography supra-dialect of Occitan.
  • Occitan or langue d'oc (Occitan Occitan, Lenga d'Oc; first text may be 842 : The Oaths of Strasbourg in a Romance language composite ^ninth century traces of Occitan vulgarisms in Latin texts; end of X ^century: legal documents; 1102: first full text) This is a set consisting of dialects:
    1. of Gascony , the more specific group of dialects in the west. It is sometimes considered a separate language.
    2. the Limousin , the Auvergne and Vivaro-Alpine forming the north-Occitan.
    3. of Languedoc , the Provencal (including Nice )
       

       

       Geography supra-dialect of Catalan.
       forming the average or South Occitan Occitan.

  The Occitan , as the Limousin or Provencal at the time, was the language used in literature and poetry of the troubadours from all over Europe. He then had two literary revivals, one with the Flibrige and Frederic Mistral in the middle of the nineteenth ^century, the other with the Occitan in the second half of the twentieth ^century.

  • Catalan (catal; late ninth ^century: vulgarisms traces of Catalan texts in Latin, between 1080 and 1095, the Homilies Organy, one of the oldest literary documents in Catalan; late ^twelfth century: first text complete in a legal document; ^thirteenth century under the leadership of Ramon Llull , Catalan achieves the status of literary language and thought acknowledged): one of the official languages of Catalonia ( Spain ) and is spoken mainly in this autonomous community and a fringe of Aragon , and in the southern Valencia (where he is also called Valencian ), and the Balearic Islands , in Andorra (where it is the only official language) in Roussillon (France), known in Catalan as the northern Catalonia (Catalunya Nord), and in the town of Alghero (in Sardinia ). The use of Catalan was particularly repressed under Franco.
  • the Aragonese is intermediate with the Ibero-Romance strict sense.

  Group Ibero-Romance

  Main article: History of the Spanish language.
  • The Aragonese (Aragones) is spoken in some areas of Aragon , without official recognition. The Aragon is increasingly seen as a bridge between the Occitan-Romance and Ibero-Romance language as this has a very old literary tradition, independent of Spanish, with some original features and shared with other Catalan and Occitan ^, . The same term is used to refer to the dialect Castilianising "mentioned also in this region.
  • The Asturian (Asturianu in Asturian, known under the names of ASTURO Leone Leone Asturian or Bable), is spoken in Asturias , and in some parts of the provinces of Len , Zamora and Salamanca (where it is called the Leone). In the past the ASTURO Leone was the language of a much larger territory lying south of the Iberian Peninsula. In Asturias, although not recognized as co-official status by the Principality, it is protected by legislation. In the Portuguese region of Miranda do Douro , we speak Mirandese variant of Asturian, Mirandese has the status of second official language of Portugal since 1999 for the part of the territory where it is spoken.
  • The Spanish or Castilian (castellano or espaol): official language in Spain , in twenty-one countries of Latin America and Equatorial Guinea.
    • The Judeo-Spanish , from the Castilian spoken by Jews expelled from Spain in 1492, is still spoken by tens of thousands of people (mainly in Israel , in Turkey and the Mediterranean). This includes Latin loanwords in the Hebrew , in Turkish and even in Greek , to Italian or some dialects Slavic.
  • The Galaico-Portuguese mother language is written in Portuguese and Galician. It is the literary language of the entire west coast of the Iberian Peninsula until the ^twelfth century and early fourteenth ^century, a period during which the Portuguese had differentiated from the Galician . Language of culture for seven centuries, including outside of Galicia and Portugal , so the King of Castile Alfonso X the Wise had written his Cantigas de Santa Maria in that language. Language of the troubadours her account of famous poets such as Martin Codax , Bernal of Bonaval , Arias Nunes , etc..
    • Portuguese (Portugus), the official language of Portugal , of Brazil , from Cape Verde , from Guinea-Bissau , of Angola , from Mozambique , from East Timor , of Macao and the archipelago of Sao Tome and Principe .
    • Galician (Galego) language co-official in Galicia (Spain) and spoken in some adjacent areas of Galicia as Bierzo ). Galician experienced a "dark period" called Sculos Escuros in Galician, a revival in the ^nineteenth century and was suppressed under the Franco regime.
    • The fala , Galaico language after the Portuguese-speaking and in some towns of Extremadura (Spain) , on the border of Portugal. Although unofficial, the fala has been declared of cultural interest by the Junta of Extremadura (government of the Autonomous Community) March 20, 2001.

  Group Italo-Romance

  

  

  The language map of Italy ^{, , ,}

  Italian (italiano; ^tenth century : legal documents; ^eleventh century : full text); many dialects (more than two cents). There are two clearly differentiated groups, separated by a large beam isoglosses , the Massa-Senigallia Line (known as a less accurate " La Spezia-Rimini line ), which corresponds to the cut of the Romance languages into two main groups: Western Romania (including northern Italy) and eastern Romania (including the Italian southern-central and extreme south) .

  1. Northern Italian (or more recently Padan, a term proposed by the linguist Geoffrey Hull since 1982, sometimes north-Italian), a group of dialects spoken in northern Italy , intermediate between Italo-Romance and Gallo-Roman (at Like the Rhaeto-Romanic):
     • Subgroup Gallo-Italic , Celtic with a substrate ( Lombard (lumbaart), Liguria (Liguria) with its variant intmlienne , Piedmont (Piemonteisa), the Emilia Romagna. The Piedmont has developed a standard variety.
     • Subgroup Venice (Veneto).
       • The dialect istriote , spoken on the southern coast of Istria ( Croatia ), is very difficult to classify, it is considered either as a particular type of Venetian or as a distinct dialect of the Venetian, or even as a liaison between the idiom Venetian and Dalmatian.
  2. Central-southern Italy:
     • Tuscan , multi-communal dialects of Tuscany . It sometimes includes the Corsican language and its variants.
       • Tuscan Florentine , promoted by Dante in the ^thirteenth century , it is the basis of standardized language Italian.
       • Corsican (Corsu) became a a href = "% C3% Langue_par_ A9laboration" class = "mw-redirect" title = "Language development through"> language development, but derived from the Tuscan , with influences of Ligurian and a substrate close to the former Sardinian : spoken in Corsica , but also in northern Sardinia (variants Gallura and sassarese ).
       • Romanesco contemporary Tuscan dialect spoken in Latium and Romanesco alongside the classical legacy of the Middle Ages.
     • Italian central, spoken in the regions of Umbria , from Latium , the Marches and Abruzzi. It differs from many idioms following regions: Lazio in the Rome and its surroundings, the classical and the Romanesco ciocaro of Frosinone in the southern part of Latium. The Umbrian (or umbro) in Umbria, the marchigiano idioms encompassing customary in the Marches (including those of Ancona , of Fabriano , from Macerata , in Fermo and Camerino ); the western Abruzzo and the Adriatic spoken in Abruzzo the Abruzzi.
     • Southern Italian, spoken in the regions of Campania , of Molise , and Puglia , the Basilicata and in northern Calabria. The southern Italian includes molisano which is the talk of Molise.
       • Dialects like Neapolitan , including Campania (Neapolitan is the Naples and its variations according to regions of Campania : Beneventano of Benevento , Salerno of Salerno ), the Calabrian North (spoken in northern Calabria ), and both varieties Lucan (or Lucan), spoken in Basilicata and in a part of the Calabrian province of Cosenza.
       • The Apulian dialects , customary in the region of Puglia and includes three variants: the foggiano, spoken in the province of Foggia and the barese, alternatively, in the provinces of Bari , in Brindisi and in the eastern regions of Basilicata, and finally Tarentine spoken in the city of Taranto and its immediate surroundings.
  3. Italy's far south :
     • Sicilian in Sicily , anchored on the island for three points and divided into many dialects and sub-regional dialects and even communal. For example, speak of Agrigento is a sub-dialect of western Sicily, himself a Sicilian dialect of Sicily.
     • Central-southern Calabria , spoken in Calabria Hither and also divided into several dialects.
     • Salentin usual in the region of Salento in southern Puglia. Apulian dialects are spoken in transition Salento, meanwhile, in the southern parts of the provinces of Brindisi and Taranto.

  This is, however, dialectology summary does not describe accurately the extraordinary diversity, largely preserved the Italian dialects proper.

  Group Sardinian

  

  

  The language map of Sardinia.

  Sardinian (Sardu, limba sarda; XI ^century ): spoken in Sardinia , it is a Romance language of the most conservative, what is explained by its island :

  • campidanien (Region Cagliari )
  • logudorien ( Logudoro ), which is considered the classical language, the variety of Nuori ( Nuoro ), the latter two dialects are more archaic than the first.
  • an attempt at standardization of a unified language Sardinian (LSU) is supported by the autonomous region.

  Group Rhaeto-Romanic ( XII ^century )

  This group is intermediate between Italo-Romance and Gallo-Roman (like northern Italian). ^Group illyro-novel

  The group also said Istro-Dalmatian is sometimes included in a novel diasystem East with the Eastern Romance languages. It exhibits characteristics intermediate between the group Rhaeto-Romance novel and the group East.

  Known in the Middle Ages (late ^thirteenth century ) under the names of Mavro-Vlach or morlaque attested directly in 1840, the Dalmatian is off. Once spoken on the islands and coastal regions of Croatia and Montenegro , it included three dialects identified: the Istrian or Istro-Romanian , spoken in Istria (whose last speaker died in 2006 ), the vgliote (veklisu, north in the island of Krk and Veglia), whose last speaker died in 1898 ) and Dubrovnik (south, in present- Dubrovnik , off from the XV ^century).

  Group of Eastern Romance languages

  This group, also known novel diasystem Eastern or Oriental Ensemble novel (ERO), two languages and one to three off:

  • The Daco-Romanian Daco-Roman or officially appointed Romanian in Romania (romn, limba romn) and Moldovan in Moldova (limba Moldoveneasca) partially attested in XII ^century , fully attested in the ^fifteenth century , the language of the ancient Roman province of Dacia off from the rest of Romania, the superstrate is important Slavic and Romance languages as Romanian is fairly conservative in that it is relatively different from other Romance languages and asymmetrical report to them (it is much easier to understand the Romanian-Italian or French, than the reverse) and is co-official in Vojvodina, Serbia, but is also spoken in Serbia (Iron Gate Vale Timoc). Romanian-speaking minorities also live in Ukraine , and a major diaspora has been living the years 2000-2005 in Spain and Italy.
  • the Aromanian or aroman called Macedo-Romanian in Romania, spoken mainly in Greece north, in Albania , in Serbia , in Macedonia and Romania.
  • the Romanian-Megleno or Megleno-novel or mglniote, off, once spoken in Macedonia and the diaspora in Turkey.

  Megleno in Aromanian and Romanian, the superstrate slave is less strong, while the influence of Greek and Albanian is predominant. Some linguists also include the Istro-Romanian -Istro or novel, or Istrian and illyro-novel or Dalmatian extinct in this group.

  From classical to Latin Vulgar Latin

  Some phonetic changes unique to Vulgar Latin

  Note: The phonetic transcriptions are International Phonetic Alphabet .

  About Vulgar Latin , it is noteworthy that the Romans and Greeks were living in situations of diglossia : the language of every day was not the classical Latin (the literary texts or sermo Urbanus, "language city ", that is to say a language fixed by the grammar as was the Sanskrit ), but a distinct form although very close, to develop more free (plebeius sermo, "vernacular"). It seems certain that classical Latin was not limited to employment bookish, but he was commonly spoken by the upper social classes, although the latter have found more refined yet speak Greek (and it seems that Caesar did not tell Brutus Tu quoque, fili but Kai su, Teknon), while the sermo plebeius was the language of soldiers, traders, small people, who never attained the status of literary language, Vulgar Latin We are best known by historical linguistics , quotations and criticisms made by the proponents of literary Latin as well as many inscriptions, records, accounts and other contemporary texts. On the other hand, the Satyricon of Petronius , a sort of " novel "written probably in the ^first century and passing through the underworld of Roman society, is an important testimony that diglossia: according to their social class, the characters' s express in a language more or less close to the classic archetype.

  Among those that have blamed the decadent forms deemed faulty, it must retain the Appendix Probi , a sort of compilation of "errors" identified by some common Probus and dating from the ^third century.

  It is these forms, rather than their equivalent in classical Latin, which are the origin of words used in Romance languages. Here are some examples of "errors" cited by Probus (depending on model A, non B, " Calida non calda

  Calida non calda, masculus not masclus, tabula non tabla, oculus non oclus, etc.. These examples show the amussement vowels post- tonic (and pretonic) brief, the Latin words are pronounced effect Clida msculus, tabulated and Oculus, the following vowel is short. Amussement This also proves that the pitch accent of Classical Latin has become a focus of intensity in Vulgar Latin (in effect, a pitch accent has no influence on the surrounding unstressed vowels). It is recognized in this list the ancestors of hot ( Old French chalta), male (male in Old French), table and eye, this process has given rise to major changes of the consonants in contact after the fall of the vowel separating : thus, a / l / before a consonant is passed to the velar (ie / /) then / u / in French ( vocalization ), where each of u, and similarly, / kl / could give palatalized (see next paragraph).

  Non Vinea Vinia

  Vinea not vini, non solia solea, lancea non lancia, etc.. : We see is the passage of Vulgar Latin / e / short vowel before / d / (its original yacht, the phenomenon is named consonantification ) who, after consonants, the palatalized ; these palatalized consonants (which may come from other sources), are important in the evolution of the Romance languages. This transformation explains why we obtain, for example, grapes (with / nj / as / / , denoted in the Romance languages by the digraph gn in French and Italian, in Castilian, Catalan in ny, nh in Portuguese and Occitan , etc..) threshold (with a formerly the palatal or / /, denoted by fig / it in French, then became a simple / d /, kept in Italian, where it is noted gli and always pronounced as a double consonant , Castilian, which noted ll "double l" Non oricla Auris

  Probus note in this example several phenomena: first the reduction of the old diphthongs (here / in / as / / or open o; is also in vulgar Latin / ae / giving / / , e open, and / oe / passing / e / , e closed), then use a diminutive form instead of the simple form (auris "ear", auricula "little ear"). The use of diminutives in Vulgar Latin is common: the sun and just Solic (u) lu (m) rather than soil or knee genuc (u) lu (m) rather than genu. Finally, we note the amussement of / u / after a short stressed vowel: oricula be expected. As we said in the first paragraph, the meeting of c and l / kl /, caused by the collapse of the vowel between them, gives rise to a new consonant, here the palatal , preserved in Catalan Orelli, became / j / in French, but / x / in Castilian, in oreja / rexa /).

  Unauthorised auctor

  Note also the reduction of consonant clusters, so / kt / password to / t / , French author in giving, or Listen in Castilian and Catalan, and similarly, / pt / password to / t /. This is the case in dom (i) tare become domtar domptar and then finally dontar. Inserting a / p / from / m / and an occlusive is normal: this is called a epenthesis , resulting in the French master was pronounced / equips / front that does not influence the spelling pronunciation, becoming sometimes / DOPT /. Another simplification: / pt / data / t /, as in comp (u) tare become comptare can count and recount / kote / French, Castilian contar, etc..

  Non Rivus rius

  Rivus not rius, sibilus not sifilus: sound / w / Latin, denoted by the letter u (or v in modern editions) has evolved in different ways, either s'amussant between vowels (ri (v) giving us rio Castilian, pa (v) or giving fear paura Italian), in becoming a fricative bilabial sound ( / / in Castilian and Catalan) and then increasing in / v / (in most Romance languages); / p / and / b / between vowels the same fate, which explains that gives sibilus sifilus, knowing that / f / is the variant that deaf / v /, and says it whistle (from sibilare, then becoming sifilare siflare) or know (from sapere, then saber, Savers, Castilian saber shows by his spelling, he remained at the stage / /), etc..

  Non Pridem Pride

  The latest example showing that the / m / end of words is more pronounced (this is already the case in classical Latin: the scansion of Latin verse proves easily). This amussement is, among other things, led to the disappearance of the bending mechanism: the Romance languages, in fact, no longer use the declination.

  This list is obviously not exhaustive, it should also address the issue of diphthongization "panromane" (all the Romance languages have known) and note that many vowels have been subsequently diphthongization side.

  Transformations in depth system morpho-syntactic

  Nominal System

  The fall of the / m / final consonants that are often encountered in bending, therefore creates an ambiguity: Romam deciding as Roma, one can not know if the word is registered in the accusative or the ' ablative. Thus, the Romance languages have been used to disambiguate prepositions. Rather than say Roma sum (sum classic Roma with a rental that did not keep the vulgar Latin) for "I am in Rome or Roma (m) eo I am going to Rome, it was necessary to express these two sentences by sum eo ad in Roma and Roma. In this regard, it should be noted that if already in classical Latin, from the imperial era, the / m / end of words s'amussait, Roma and Roma sum (m) eo could be confused: the ablative (Roma sum), the / a / final is long, however brief it is in the accusative: as we pronounced / roma / for the first / roma / for the second. Vulgar Latin, however, no longer uses the system of vowel quantity: the two forms are more ambiguous.

  In one movement, adverbs and prepositions are sometimes reinforced simple: ante "before" is not enough, he must go back to ordinary ab + ante before to explain the French, Castilian and antes Occitan Avans, or well in ante for Romanian utilizri, etc.. And similarly with comes from + apud hoc, in the intus, etc.. The extreme case seems to be reached with the French today, a notion that simply said hodie in classical Latin. The French term amounted to + the + day + of + hui hui where just hodie (which gave hoy Castilian, oggi in Italian, Romanian azi, uei in Occitan, avui Catalan, Romansh hoz, Ouy in Walloon, etc..). The compound resulting agglutinated is redundant, since it means literally: "the day of today" (found in colloquial French). Some languages, however, remained conservative and simple prepositions and adverbs: Castilian and Italian con, "with", and Romanian cu really come of cum, as well as in Castilian or in Romanian are inherited in. One finds the same phenomenon with the simple words inherited from hodie.

  Inflected language of the flexible syntax (word order with less for the sense for style and highlighting), Latin became a common set of languages using a variety of prepositions, in which word order is fixed. While it is theoretically possible to say in Latin Paulum Petrus amat, amat Paulum Petrus, Petrus Paulum amat amat Paulum Petrus or to signify that "Peter likes Paul," it is no longer possible in Romance languages, which more or less quickly abandoned the variations, so in a Castilian Pedro Pablo and Pablo ama ama Pedro has had an opposite direction, only the word order indicating who is and who is on purpose. When the Romance languages have preserved a system of declensions, it is simplified and s e limited to a few cases (except Romanian): this is what happens in Old French, which has only two, the subject case (nominative inherited) and the case plan (from the accusative ), for all that is not subject. In French, still, if subject has disappeared, the current names inherited from the former French are almost all former regime case (there are some exceptions, such as ancestor, painter, traitor, old case subjects, and Candlemas, from genitive plural of a Latin candelorum) and thus old accusative; can be seen with a simple example:

  Classical Latin				Old French				French
  	singular	plural			singular	plural		singular	plural
  nominative	murus	muri		subject case	walls	wall		-	-
  accusative	Murum	muros		case plan	wall	walls		wall	walls

  Romanian, however, retains an inflectional system operating with three cases syncretic: direct case ( nominative + accusative ), oblique case ( genitive + dative ) and vocative. These cases mainly differ if the name is marked by the definite article. Otherwise, they tend to be confused.

  Other points are worth noting. First, excluding Romanian, the three types , masculine, feminine and neutral, are reduced to two by eliminating neutral. Thus the Latin word folia, nominative / accusative neuter plural of folium "leaf" is reinterpreted as a feminine: it is the case, for example, in French, where it becomes sheet, but also in Castilian (hoja), Italian (Foglia), Romansh (Foglia), Walloon (Fouye), Portuguese (folha), Catalan (Full), Occitan (fulha), etc.. all feminine words. More Romance languages have developed a system of definite articles of unknown classical Latin. Thus, in French, and are taken from pronouns / adjectives demonstratives ille and illa; evolution is the same in Castilian and el (plus a neutral lo <illud) in Italian and he (and lo , neutral, <illud), etc.. Romanian distinction of being the only Romance language in which the article is enclitic : om "a man", om-ul "man", which is explained by the fact that in Latin, the demonstrative adjective could precede or follow the noun (ille homo / homo ille). Indefinite articles, for their part, simply from the numeral unus, una (unum and in neutral). Finally the system of the adjective is modified. While the degrees of the adjective was marked by suffixes , the Romance languages do not use more than one adverb before the adjective simple. This adverb is still magis (now ms Castilian, May Occitan and Romanian, but in Portuguese, my Catalan, etc..) Or more (pi Italian, more French and Occitan, Walloon pus and Catalan old or dialectal, several in Romansh, etc..). For example, clearer (comparative of superiority) is said in Latin, classical clarior (derived from clarus). However Castilian employs ms claro, Italian pi chiaro, Occitan more clar clar or May, etc.. Similarly, the superlative is the clearest said clarissimus in classical Latin, but el ms claro in Castilian and Italian pi chiaro. However, there are few archaisms : Portuguese retained different words to the greatest, o maior, and the smallest, o menor, with Castilian as mayor and menor, comparable, although very different jobs, to major and minor in French.

  Verbal System

  In addition, the conjugations are deeply modified, including the creation of compound tenses: I sang and our, he Spanish or Catalan he cantado cantat, I cantat Occitan, Romanian am cantata come from habeo cantatu (m) vulgar, that does not exist in classical Latin. The use of auxiliary verbs be and have, is noteworthy: Latin was already using a different way, being in its conjugation, but not as systematically as in the Romance languages, which have generalized their use to create a complete set of forms consisting responding to simple forms. Typically, compound shapes mark the appearance accomplished.

  A new mode appears, the conditional (attested for the first time in a Romance language in the Sequence of Saint Eulalia ), built from the infinitive (sometimes modified), followed by imperfect terminations: live (e) +-ais gives live in French, and, mutatis mutandis, vivira in Castilian, Catalan viuria, viuri in Occitan. Some modifications of radical are worth noting: + duty ais> * should not homework, or haber + IA> Habrias not * habera. Similarly, the future standard was abandoned in favor of training comparable to that of the conditional, that is to say, the infinitive verb to have followed (or preceded by the Sardinian) and cantare habeo ("I ' I sing ") gives sing, Castilian cantar, cantar Catalan, Occitan Cantara, etc..

  The liability is discharged to the benefit of the compound system which already existed in Latin (cantatur, "he sang," became the classic cantatus is vulgar, who, in classic meant "it was sung). Finally, some irregular conjugations (like the valley, "will") is adjusted (but are often irregular in Romance languages) and deponents cease to be used.

  The vocabulary of Vulgar Latin

  Vulgar Latin and classical Latin differ not only by phonological and phonetic aspects, but also by the lexicon, and the Romance languages, in fact, do that in varying the classical vocabulary. Often, popular terms were retained, ousting those specific to the language more sustained.

  Some Latin words have disappeared and been replaced by their equivalent popular as is the case of one who means the horse, Equus in classical Latin, but caballus ("nag" and the word is perhaps of Gallic origin) in Vulgar Latin, which is found in all Romance languages: Castilian caballo, cavall Catalan, Occitan caval, horse in French, cal Romanian, Italian cavallo, dj'v in Walloon, chavagl in Romansh, etc.. But the mare is called in Romanian IAPA, yegua in Castilian, Portuguese gua, egua in Catalan and Occitan Ega, Latin equa (Occitan cavala also employs).

  On the other hand, some classics missing words may not have been replaced by the same vulgar word throughout Romania: the term argued for "talk" is in classical Latin loqui, kept in Romanian (a locui but with a sense of to live), replaced by:

  • parabolare (a term borrowed from the Christian liturgy and the original Greek ; properly "speak in parables") speak French, Italian parlare, Catalan and Occitan parlar, etc.. ;
  • fabulare (properly "fantasize"): Castilian hablar, Falar Portuguese, Sardinian faedhre, etc..
  • verb (verb, word): Romanian Vorbis

  Finally, some Romance languages still use the classical form, while others, we say less "conservative" use of a vulgar form, the example given is that traditionally the verb 'eat':

  • Classical Latin eder: found (in a compound form, this form is, however, felt less "noble" than the classical purist REDA) in Castilian and Portuguese comer (from comedere);
  • Vulgar Latin manducare (literally "chew"): French food, Italian mangiare, Menjar Catalan, Occitan manjar, or Romanian Manca, for example.

1. This is for use by Charles Gerville , in a letter to his friend Arcisse Caumont in 1818 , the term "novel" to describe these languages that we owe this expression.
2. Charles Camproux, Romance Languages, PUF, Paris, 1979, ISBN 2-13-035916-7
3. The Poitou-Saintonge is in the list of languages of France, Languages d'oil since early 2010, the site of the General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France (DGLFLF) department of the Ministry of Culture, under the following wording: "Poitou-Saintonge Notes

   Bibliography

   History and general aspects

   • Mr. Banniard, From Latin to Romance, 1997, Nathan;
   • Jean-Marie Klinkenberg , The Romance languages, editions Duculot, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1994 ^(2nd edition);
   • Michael Metzeltin, Las lenguas romanica estndar. Historia de su formacin y su uso. Academia de la Asturiana Llingua, Uviu 2004.
   • Wilfried Stroh, Latin is dead, long live Latin! Story of a great language, translated from German, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2008, 302 pages.
   • Paul Teyssier, Understanding the Romance languages, from French to Spanish, Portuguese, Italian & Romanian, method of reaching understanding, Paris, Chandeigne, 2004;

   Monograph, university textbooks

   • Pierre Bec , Practical Handbook of Romance Philology, Paris, 1970-1971, two volumes;
   • Edward Bourciez Elements Romance linguistics, Paris, 1967 for ^the 5th edition;
   • Yves Cortez, French does not come from Latin, Paris, 2007, Editions L'Harmattan.
   • M.-D. Glessgen , Domains and Methods of Romance linguistics, Zrich, 2004-2005, Rose, 2 vols. ;
   • Holtus Gnter / Michael Metzeltin / Christian Schmitt: Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (LRL). Niemeyer, Tbingen 1988-2005 (12 volumes).
   • Mireille Huchon, History of the French language, Paris, 2002;
   • Petrea Lindenbauer / Michael Metzeltin / Margit Thir, Die Sprachen romanischen. Eine bersicht einfhrende. G. Egert, Wilhelmsfeld 1995.
   • Max Niedermann , history of Latin Phonetics, Paris, 1953 for ^the 3rd edition;

   Related articles

   • Language
     • language list
       • Languages by family
         • Indo-European

   External Links

   • Map of Romance Languages
   • The site on the teaching of regional languages in the academy of Bordeaux
   • The site of the Rectorate of Bordeaux on the teaching of Occitan in secondary
   • The site of Pyrenees-Atlantiques CDDP on the teaching of Occitan in the primary in Aquitaine
   • Lingua romana : Journal on the French, Italian and Romanian

   Romance languages with a literary tradition
   Aragon Asturian Castilian Catalan Dalmatian (extinct) French Francoprovenal Galician Italian Occitan Portuguese Romansh Romanian Sardinian Sicilian Walloon

   • Portal Language
   • Language portal