The nickname (or alias) is an alias that uses the wearer to carry on business under a name other than his official identification.

It differs from nickname in that it is selected by the person wearing it instead of being assigned by a third party. It helps keep the anonymity. Its use is common in some circles, such as the arts community.

"Name of War" is a term that is reflected as such in French in several cultures and languages, including English for the United States to designate certain aliases.

For activities related to writing (writers, journalists from print, etc..) It is referred to nom de plume, and for activities related to the image (actors, comedians, etc..) Of a stage name or artist name.

During the Renaissance art , many Italian artists called from the trade of their father or their place of origin: Caravaggio (from the village of Caravaggio ), the Da Sangallo (working at the gate of St. Gallen in Florence ), the Pollaiuolo (the father's occupation, breeder hens), Jacopo del Sellaio (the Sellier) by the trade of his father.
In the early ^twentieth century , the art historians assign pseudonyms to artists he does not know (yet) the name and baptize anonymous masters. Some works of ancient literature , whose true author is unknown, were falsely attributed to a known author. When the mistake was recognized, the name of the author is the prefix pseudo-and we talk about inauthentic.

A fairly common way to create a pseudonym is to use an anagram of his real identity (some works of Francois Rabelais were published under the pseudonym of Alcofribas Nasier).

In literature

Many writers have chosen to sign their works under a pseudonym, sometimes for safety reasons: Jean Bruller had taken the name of Vercors to Editions de Minuit during the Second World War, as Franois Mauriac , who by the same publisher published under the name Drill. Writers resistant all had names like nick region of France , its original name (Balzac) has been amended from Balzac two years after the death of his father . Gerard de Nerval was the pseudonym adopted by Gerard Labrunie in 1830 .

Finally, to give themselves the "kind" American, very fashionable in the 1940s , Boris Vian sign "Vernon Sullivan" the novel "American": I'll spit on your graves , while the "American" Rene Brabazon Raymond other than English was James Hadley Chase , who wrote his novels with a dictionary of American slang .

In politics or in war

For various reasons (war, resistance, political opposition, and underground to ensure the security of the person concerned or his family), it is sometimes necessary to encrypt messages and the names of civil status of the protagonists.

So most of the Russian revolutionaries took a pseudonym

• Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov said Lenin
• Lev Davidovich Bronstein said Trotsky
• Joseph (Iosif) Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili said Stalin.

In France during the First World War , Gustave Dupin, labor activist, took the pseudonym Ermenonville to publish several books on this war.

During WWII, resistance fighters or the fighters of the countries occupied by Nazi Germany had joined the Allied forces took the "name of war" or resistance. Some names remained attached subsequently to the original name of the registry, especially for persons most in sight. We even saw the pseudonym simply replace, officially, the name of the original Vital. Some examples:

• Jacques Delmas, name of resistance Chaban, became Jacques Chaban-Delmas
• Henri Tanguy, name Rol resistance (in memory of Theo Rol ), became Henri Rol-Tanguy in 1970.
• Philippe de Hautecloque, nom de guerre Leclerc became Philippe Leclerc de Hautecloque
• Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm, underground name Willy Brandt , who became his legal name when he recovered his German citizenship in 1948.

We will also use the term "code name" or "blaze".

• Robert Barcia has long been known by his single "Blaze" Hardy.
• Boussel stone is also known by the name of Lambert , name borne underground political association during the Second World War.

The tag and graff

Practices of graphic and pictorial tag and graffiti are doomed to use the original nickname, said " blase "or" blaze "in this environment, as support for a form of calligraphy, is one of the most important pseudonymous sources of our time after the Internet.

Bullfighting

In the world of bullfighting , the matadors are sometimes known to the general public under a pseudonym, the apodo , pseudonym chosen by their home town, a physical characteristic, or an old trade. Thus Cordobs El , whose real name Manuel Benitez Perez was chosen as the name of a matador pseudonym meaning "Courdouan," excerpted from his home town: Cordoba . Nimeo II (the Nmes), whose real name Christian Montcouquiol took a nickname referring to his hometown Nimes .

Right

France

By law , the use of a pseudonym is commonly admitted. For example it is quite possible in France to include on his identity card to his pseudonym, if accompanying the real name . It is also possible to open a bank account under an assumed name.

The use of the pseudonym is sometimes expressly authorized, such as in copyright : the Code of Intellectual Property Rights organizes the author who publishes under a pseudonym.

Introduction of the pseudonym

In French , the pseudonym of a person may be introduced as a result of his real identity by prepending of "Alias" (from Latin meaning "otherwise", "elsewhere"), for example Romain Gary , author who wrote under the pen name Emile Ajar "Romain Gary, aka mile Ajar." The word "said" is also usual to introduce a pseudonym Emile Ajar Romain Gary said.

Under the influence of English , "aka" abbreviation of "also know as" (literally, "also known as") is sometimes used.

We can also introduce the pseudonym followed by "I" (short for id est ) and the actual name, as in library catalogs such as the British Library in London , for example: Ajar, Emile (ie Gary, Romain).

Trivia

Some anecdotes concerning the use of pseudonyms are still famous, such as the writer Romain Gary , whose real name Kacew Romain, who won for the first time the Prix Goncourt in 1956 , then again under the pseudonym Emile Ajar in 1975 , when an author is not authorized to receive this award more than once.

References

Related articles

• List of pseudonyms
• List of diminutives
• The use by the Romans of the surname or cognomen in Roman names
• Heteronymous
• Anonymity
• Inauthentic

• Portal cryptology

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