In linguistics , a adposition is a grammatical category of -words immediately associated with an element subordinate called or and who show the relationship syntax and semantics with other components of the sentence. The preposition is a type of subordinating.

There are different types of adpositions according to their place:

• prepositions, located prior to Completion;
• postpositions, located after Completion;
• the ambipositions, which can be located either before or after Completion;
• the circumpositions composed of two elements located on both sides of their complement;
• the InPosition, integrated within their complement;
• the interposition, located between two redoubled.

In most languages predominate or prepositions (which is the case of French ) or postpositions. Thus, the use of these specific terms is more common in practice than the generic term "adposition.

Types of adposition

The preposition is a word that invariably accompanied by a pronoun, a noun, an adjective, an infinitive or a gerund to another term.

Subordination

Ambiposition

In some languages, there are adpositions able to function both as prepositions and as postpositions, or that their place is really indifferent to the choice of the speaker, whether it is governed by syntactic or semantic considerations. Sometimes referred to ambipositions ^{Circumposition}

InPosition

Ludo Melis proposed the term to describe the interposition adposition appearing in expressions to repetition , such as one etc..

Typology of languages by type of preferential adposition

Geographical distribution of languages by type of preferential adposition.

Morphology adpositions

adpositions simple

Phrases adpositionnelles

Formation of new adpositions

Morphological variability of adpositions

As the adverb , the conjunction and the interjection , the different types of adposition are most often words morphologically invariable. However, this invariance must be qualified in the case of employment as adpositions words starting variables: for example, in standard French, the preposition except, formed on a past participle , agrees with his plan.

In some languages, have a adpositions bending by person (grammar). This is particularly the case of prepositions of Celtic languages island where it is called "preposition combination.

Syntactic Elements linked by adposition

Element syntactic subject

Adposition introduced a more typically a group rating plan, or more rarely called complement the adposition. However, sometimes the scheme is another part of speech :

adverb : She will leave tomorrow.

infinitive : He must go to bed to rest.

subordinate clause : Her mother prepares for an outfit when she marries.

The element introduced by a subordinate adposition, taken as a whole (ie the adposition accompanied by his regime), is frequently described as phrase adpositionnel (or more commonly, as appropriate: prepositional, postpositional, etc.).. Long, the exact status of this type of component has been discussed (by linguists generative in particular). For some ( Charles J. Fillmore , for example), a adposition can not be the nucleus of a phrase, for others (such as Ray Jackendoff ), it is the element header.

Functions of grammatical phrase adpositionnel

The phrases can occupy adpositionnels syntactic functions very different:

• Completion of the name : The house of David, the man with a hat, the book on the table.

• Completion of the word : John is happy with his work. Peter is eager for glory.

• Completion of the word : We will act according to your wishes.

• apposition : His father, the frail, could not come.

• attribute of the subject or the object : It is a difficult character. (attribute of the subject) (object attribute)

• object complement : in French grammar traditionally is referred to as indirect object (IOC): John told me about you. The discussions led to a compromise. In the case where the verb allows two supplements (verb ditransitif ), one of them is usually introduced by a preposition, and is referred to as object complement second (COS): Pierre slapped her daughter.

• adverbial : It has a wooden pipe. (DC area) (DC time)

Some jobs may take adpositions specific introduction where the net disappears. For example, in French:

• the preposition "in" in the gerund : He sings while walking.
• prepositions of and before the infinitive : He begins to sing. He finished singing.

Some linguists then refuse to give them the status of preposition: we then speak of complementizer.

adpositions without dieting

Some adpositions are likely to work alone without being accompanied by a plan, then said they are "orphan" or "used absolutely." They then become adverbs. Examples of absolute use of prepositions in French: I'm for. I'm against it. We must make do.

Caution, do not be confused with 'adverbial particle' of the English , who do not change a name but a verb, and therefore do not refer at all the same thing on the grammatical level. The use of the term "postposition" recalls then only to those adverbial particles and prepositions are often linked to meaning. But the adverbial particles will be emphasized, unlike prepositions. However, we can consider that some jobs (very few) are for jobs postpositional: "We Deliver The World Over" (with a meaning close to "over-the-world"), "We Danced The Whole Night Through" (with a meaning close to "The Whole Night Through") or "let's get it over with" to "let's get over With It."

Semantics of adposition

Adpositions can score many shades of meaning :

- The row (front, back after ...)

- The place (in, in, at, in, under ...);

- The time (before, after, since, for ...)

- The cause (for, saw ...);

- The way (with, without, according, to, to ...);

- The goal (to, to, to ...);

- Separation (without, except ...)

- Etc.

However, like other -words , their semantics is not always clear. The preposition specifies the syntactic function and meaning of the phrase it introduces, but several different functions may be associated with the same preposition, and conversely, many prepositions are sometimes associated with the same function:

That means for example: "A flat ears, and what exact role played by the preposition" "in this noun phrase? If we understand this group as in a "fish plate" or "asparagus dish" (that is, a flat "to" serve fish, or "to" serve asparagus ...) it s 'act in this case "to a serving dish ears (pig ears, for example ...)". If instead we hear this phrase, as in "dish handles" or "flat-top" (that is, a flat "with" handles, or "with" a cover ...), it will then "a flat dish with handles shaped ears." We see in this example that the preposition "to" may bring a sense of destination ^(1st interpretation possible) or description of an idea ⁽² nd possible interpretation).

At other times the contrary, adposition precise function and meaning of the core to which the phrase:

Speak German. / Speak German.

The verb "speak" means "practice a given language" when it is transitive direct, and "make an oral statement on a given topic" when indirect transition (associated with the preposition "of").

The tools are on the table. / I count on you to put them away.

The first occurrence of the preposition "on" indicating a place affects the noun "table". The second occurrence of the same preposition assigns a specific meaning to the kernel (the verb "count").

Many distinguish between semanticists adpositions adpositions full and colorless. The full adpositions express a background report while adpositions colorless play a role in the grammar (agement, syntax). More generally, the class of adpositions form a heterogeneous group from both a matter of semantics than syntax.

Prepositions in French

List of prepositions: mnemonic

Adam Surchi moved to Antwerp with under two hundred. (To, in, on, at, by, for, in, to, with, without, under)

Frequency of use of prepositions in French

The database Lexicon can get an idea of the frequency of use of prepositions in French modern literary (literary texts published after 1950) and current French (subtitles in movies).

Thus only nine prepositions alone represent over 90% of the occurrences of prepositions in French.

In addition, more than one preposition in two is one of the main prepositions "de" or "."

The distribution of prepositions in French literature is quite similar to that of standard French. However, that the preposition "for", used twice in literary texts in dialogue filmed, is now used only "in".

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Collective, the preposition, a category accessory?, Review the facts of language, No. 9, March 1997 Related articles
  • Word
  • Interjection
  • Adverb
  • Syntax
  • Nature (grammar)
  • Phrase
  • Syntactic function
  • Morphosyntactic analysis
  • Representation (grammar)
  • Enunciation
  • List of terms used in linguistics

  Words neighbors at arm's way

  • Apposition
  • Taxation
  • Proposal
    • Proposal (grammar)

  External Links

  • (En) World Atlas of Language Structures Online hp. 85 "Order of Noun Phrase and adpositions"
  • Glossary - A lexical database free (GNU).
  • Portal Language

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