Polis
Define the historical moment that saw the emergence of the organization Polias is an object of debate for historians. Until the thirteenth century BC. BC , the Mycenaean palaces dominate Crete , and represent the most complete form of civilization in Greece. Then these features of the civilization known as palatial, disappear to make way for a civilization little known historians, described as the dark ages. Polias process was probably initiated at that time, between the tenth and eleventh centuries, especially in Asia Minor. This is the eighth century BC. BC cities that are emerging which appear to dominate a land where a community coalesce and whose sovereignty is asserted. But this process, presumably initiated from the dark ages, should know that its completion sixth century, with the generalized formulation of the rights and duties of citizens. The cities are built slowly, synoecism , the combination of several villages close to a common center. Often this place is dominated by a hill , which becomes fortress ( citadel ). Evolution is different in each city. Gradually, the transmission by inheritance of the soil causes of inequalities, tensions in a model just yet said. This is one of the causes of the movement of colonization which appears in the middle of the eighth century BC. AD. Greeks go to Evia , then the whole Greek area, to found cities, like Marseilles (colony Phocaea ) Cyrene. Each time, an urban center emerges. The cities are totally independent, but recognize the same culture. This slow formation is restored by the stories of Homer , which have evolved over time and refer to a Mycenaean material framework, structures and policies of the Dark Ages. The territory was divided into three entities: the Asturian , with public buildings and housing, the chora , which united the villages (named Komai) and arable land. The third and final unit is the eschatia region covering the mountains and lands of poor value. The wall marked the boundary between town and countryside. They were valued symbolic power and independence. In cities that were near the sea, there was also sometimes Paralia , that is to say the coast and the port. The set was the territory Polias. A city did not always urban center, as Sparta. It was often established along axes of movement, like Megara Hyblaea , even on a grid plan ( Piraeus ), more evolved and later, that tradition ascribes to Hippodamus of Miletus. It contained a fortress ( citadel ), sometimes on the outside and a marketplace ( agora ). The latter was the center of the city , it brought together all his characters: political , religious and commercial , to the point that marked his absence for Aristotle a dash of barbarism. The Acropolis was designed as a religious , it is fortified, but is no longer the seat of government policy since the sixth century BC. AD. In the fifth century BC. AD , some are abandoned, turned into the guardhouse. The citizens living in the city or the countryside , but the government of the State was entirely concentrated in the city , and the hands of citizens to whom the constitution gave the power to exercise it. As Aristotle formulated, the city is group of "political animals" united by a choice - proairsis - cohabitation (Politics, 1252 to 1254). This common life is insured and consolidated by reference to the same mythical past, common to heroes, rites and laws of integrated and shared. The large number of independent city-states is the main cause of wars and scarcity of any action Panhellenic. Each city is distinguished by a different pantheon, a politeia different. Knowledge of the variety of political organizations, education, religious beliefs are vague and limited to cities most famous and most influential of which Sparta and Athens , very different. The poleis lost much of their vitality with the loss of their independence after the conquests of Alexander the Great , and the emergence of the kingdoms of the Hellenistic to the late fourth century BC. AD. Cities retain most of their institutions - like the oath of ephebeia in Athens - their treatment of foreigners, the service rendered to citizens. Judges are often, as in the classical period, appointed or elected. Some patrons may combine several functions. Still, geographic expansion and quantitative Polias phenomenon is unprecedented since the colonial period, archaic. The main change is measured in reality in foreign policy that cited on this point lose much of their autonomy when they are growing in sophistication in the management of internal affairs and culture, civic life and urban development. A major question which agitated the cities was that of supply, concern began in the foreground patrons and benefactors. The evergetism changes its nature and function, but still a whole Hellenic race, near the Olympic competition. Another feature unique to Hellenistic cities, the search for new alliances between cities and especially in the form of agreements to isopoliteia , a new form of shared citizenship. The Roman emperors will continue to promote this system as it allows the city to remote areas of managing themselves and thus facilitate the management of the Empire. Despite the creation of Roman provinces , everywhere continue to exist in the Greek cities. They continue to organize themselves so that their domestic policy is foreign policy in the hands of the Roman Empire.
For polished (in ancient Greek / " city "in the etymology of Latin the plural denotes the city-state in ancient Greece , that is to say, a community of citizens free and autonomous . Summary
Emergence, genesis and formation of cities
However, Henry Van Effenterre , citing the case of the town of Gortyn , argues that the polis existed from the Bronze Age and that this organization has coexisted with palatial society . Other historians grant the title of polite as organizations of the sixth century. Factors of emergence
Organization Cities
The organization of the city is diverse, but succession of three main types of constitution: the oligarchy , the Tyranny and Democracy , in order of appearance. They evolve, the goal being for the Greeks to define the best politeia, a concept that combines the citizenship mode of organization of the city , two things significantly related to the Greeks. Evolution of the Greek city
In the Hellenistic period
At least that was the analysis that long prevailed among historians. However as noted by Claire Praux , , "it was said that the Greek city died at Chaeronea. , the Hellenistic period is even "a central period in the life of cities. "
There are however different degrees of freedom and autonomy in the creations of Alexander and Polias Diadochi. Alexander gives freedom when his successors the guarantee. The theme of "freedom of the Greeks" can also, on occasion, become a propaganda theme. Cities can have their principal magistrates appointed by the sovereign, be imposed garrisons or special taxes (such as tax Galatia ). In Roman times
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Evolution of quoted Greek
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