Pineapple
 Pineapple | |||
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| Pineapple (Ananas comosus) | |||
| Scientific classification | |||
| Reign | Plantae | ||
| Division | Magnolophyta | ||
| Class | Liliopsida | ||
| Order | Bromeliales | ||
| Family | Bromeliaceae | ||
| Genre | Pineapple | ||
| Binomial name | |||
| Ananas comosus ( L. ) Merr. , 1917 | |||
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The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a plant xerophytic , native to South America (northern Brazil ), from Central America and the Caribbean. It is known mainly for its fruit edible, which is actually a fruit cluster. The word comes from the pineapple Tupi-Guarani Nan nana, which means "fragrance of perfume."
Summary |
Description
The species Ananas comosus belongs to the family of bromeliads , and Ananas. It is a terrestrial species of herb up to 1 m to 1.50 m in all directions, with long lanceolate leaves to 50 cm to 1.80 m, usually toothed, sometimes smooth.
The flowering of the pineapple is characteristic of Bromeliaceae, with the end of a rod, usually single, a crown of leaves above a short set of ephemeral blue flowers (not live a day), giving many fruits taper, which grow separately until they join, forming mature pineapple that we know. The fruit is elongated and may have more than a foot in length, bark, composed of hexagonal patterns in the shell, is variable in color according to variety. Her flesh, very juicy, is also variable in color, usually white or yellow.
Ananas comosus is a CAM plant is the only species of the genus Ananas be self-sterile. The seeds are rare and should coexist as two different varieties. This plant reproduces primarily by discharges ( bulbils ), she gives in large numbers.
The fruit weight is proportional to the weight of the foot at the time of flowering: the art of the planter is therefore to make it "bloom" at the right time.
Culture
Pineapple is a tropical plant that dies if exposed to temperatures below 10 C: for this reason that we should not keep the fruit in the refrigerator. It requires well-drained soil, rich and acidic. A pH of about 4.5 to 5.5 is important for good growth: from soil diseases are reduced. The pineapple does not like standing water, hence the importance of drainage.
Pineapple tolerates low soil fertility, but we get better production on fertile soil rich in organic matter and potassium. High levels of aluminum and manganese soluble in the soil are tolerated.
Pineapple requires a fourteen to twenty months from planting to harvest: six to eight months for the vegetative phase and five to six months of forcing to harvest. The same plant grows usually two or three times: once after twenty months, and again after fifteen months.
When a small fruit is desired for the fresh market, culture may be forced sooner than when a large fruit is required, as for canning. More the plant is large when the forcing, the larger will be the size of its fruit.
Multiplication
In nature, the pineapple is pollinated by hummingbirds. Small seeds brown then form in the fruit. To avoid the presence of these seeds affecting the taste of the fruit growers away hummingbirds plantations, and prohibit the export regions that are not a natural habitat for these birds, such as islands Hawaii.
Pineapple is often multiplied by division of shoots formed at the base of the plant, or by cuttings in the crown of leaves carried by the result History Pompei : During archaeological excavations at the villa of Adonis at Pompeii , a mural was discovered, was a fruit that looks like pineapple. This artwork is now protected in the Archaeological Museum of Naples. This fruit was he known in Roman times? If so, who were sailors who brought this fruit from South America? This is most likely a plant of the Old World, which looks similar to that of the pineapple, such as cycads or sago. Christopher Columbus discovered the fruit when he arrived in Guadeloupe in 1493. Indeed, for the people, the slice of pineapple was a welcome gift for sailors, so they quench their thirst after the long journey to salt water. Guadeloupeans also liked to hang at the entrance to their huts , a sign of hospitality. According to Columbus : "It is shaped like a pine cone, but it is twice as big, and taste is excellent. It can be cut with a knife like a turnip, and he seems very healthy. " Pineapple then traveled to any tropical America to arrive in Martinique in 1548. In his General History of the Caribbean inhabited by the French in the year 1667, Father Dutertre in the qualities boasted, speaking of him as the king of fruits, because God has put a crown on his head. The Dutch made him know, as preserved in Europe, and they were the first to grow in a greenhouse in Leiden. In 1672 , they did discover Charles II , King of England. This is the resemblance to the pinecone that prompted the English to call the pine apple. The Portuguese planted it in India , to Java , where the fruit has found a haven, where the climate was similar to that of its continent of origin, and it spread throughout the Far East. In France , we tried to grow from 1702 , and Louis XIV made him grow at Choisy-le-Roi to decorate Madame de Maintenon , his mistress. Abandoned for a time because of its cost, the culture was taken over by Lenormand, the head of the garden of Versailles , though some rumors claiming that its use rendered infertile women. Contrary to appearances, it was not until 1790 that the pineapple was introduced to Hawaii and it was not until the twentieth century for the United States become a major producer of pineapple, via the company Dole Food Company , who developed methods of industrial production, and produce him in Hawaii and the Philippines , at very low prices. Currently, there is also much exported by Cte d'Ivoire , the Thailand and Costa Rica. The cultivars of pineapple from six groups recognized for the character of their foliage, more or less thorny, the location of their culture and their morphological characteristics such as wearing of the plant, its propensity to form bulbils and Cayeux , the height of the stalk relative to the fruit, the color of petals , fruit characters and resistance to diseases and pests. These six groups are: Production in tonnes. Figures 2003-2004 It must be picked before ripening to support an expedition of fifteen days by boat, that is to say when it's still pretty hard, and for air travel, it can be picked ripe. Fragile despite its apparent harshness, pineapple should not be subjected to shock, because the slightest injury leads to an area of decay: the packaging is pocketed and very protective. During growth, the rings have been reduced to a size suitable for removal of their heart, this explains why a crown of pineapple exported from cuttings do not reject, while in its natural state, the crown enables the reproduction of plant. Only the crown of the pineapple have been transported by air is likely to be intact and able to regrow. Pineapples are planted in fields, on small mounds, because the roots could be affected by excess moisture, and soil is rich, fertile and well ventilated. It is a plant adapted to arid climates: absorptive cells are located at the base of the leaves in the hollow of the channel they form. These cells recover any trace of moisture and one can also put the fertilizer solid (this is done with a spoon in Africa ). Planting density reached 60 000 plants per hectare. It is a plant that humans could, in the 1970s, completely control the shoot outdoors in all seasons, by the use of chemicals. It triggers the flowering plants by spraying with ethylene as a gas dissolved in water, or released by calcium carbide in pieces, or with products that release ethylene type ETHREL. This product also allows the fruit color at the right time, and consistently, more commercial. The pineapple juice , because of its virtues proteolytic ( endopeptidase , hydrolase , cysteine ) can be used to tenderize meat. For the same reason, its juice is not recommended in desserts containing the gelatin. The physicochemical properties of this fruit resemble strongly those of citrus, and the cooks use the same way, as an accompaniment to meat, fish or dessert. In Congo, we made a beer locally. Pineapple is very rich when it is consumed fresh: Raw pineapple With its power dsinfiltrant, it is recommended in diets associated with the retention of water , or cellulitis. Pronunciation In metropolitan France and western Switzerland , the "S" pineapple is usually pronounced, while in the French West Indies , at the Meeting in Belgium in Haiti and Quebec , this is not the case. 
Varieties
Production
FAOSTAT ( FAO ) 
Thailand! Thailand 1 700 000 12% 1 700 000 11% 
Philippines 1 650 000 11% 1 650 000 11% 
China 1 316 280 9% 1 475 000 10% 
Brazil! Brazil 1 400 190 10% 1 435 600 9% 
India 1 100 000 8% 1 300 000 9% 
Nigeria 889 000 6% 889 000 6% 
Costa Rica 725 224 5% 725 224 5% 
Mexico 720 900 5% 720 900 5% 
Indonesia! Indonesia 467 395 3% 700 000 5% 
Kenya 600 000 4% 600 000 4% 
Colombia 405 901 3% 390 000 3% 
Venezuela 383 922 3% 380 000 2% Other countries 3 257 267 25% 2 655 689 15% Total 15 145 631 100% 15 287 413 100% Usage
For Food
For health
(Nutritional value per 100g) Water : 87.24 g total ash , 0.27 g fiber : 1.4 g energy : 45 kcal Protein : 0.55 g fat : 0.13 g Carbohydrates : 11.82 g Simple sugars : 8.29 g Micronutrients Calcium : 13 mg Iron : 0.25 mg Magnesium : 12 mg P : 9 mg Potassium : 125 mg Copper : 0.081 mg Sodium : 1 mg Zinc : 0.08 mg Vitamins Vitamin C : 16.9 mg Vitamin B1 : 0.078 mg Vitamin B2 : 0.029 mg Vitamin B3 : 0.470 mg Vitamin B5 : 0.193 mg Vitamin B6 : 0.106 mg Vitamin B9 : 11 mcg Vitamin B12 : 0.00 mcg Vitamin A : 52 IU Retinol : 3 mcg Vitamin E : 0.00 mg Vitamin K : 0.7 mcg fatty acids Saturated : 0.009 g monounsaturated : 0.013 g polyunsaturated : 0.040 g Cholesterol : 0 mg References
Documentation
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