Parmenides
| Parmenides of Elea | |
| Greek philosopher | |
| Antiquity | |
| Birth | late sixth century BC |
|---|---|
| Deaths | mid- fifth century BC |
| School / tradition | Eleatic school |
| Main interests | Metaphysics , language |
| Notable ideas | Being and nonbeing |
| Major works | The Poem |
| Influenced by | Xenophanes of Colophon |
| Influenced | Zeno of Elea , Plato , Aristotle , Plotinus , Hegel , Heidegger , Beaufret , Conche |
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Parmenides of Elea (in Greek is a philosopher Greek pre-Socratic. A dialogue of Plato also bears his name (see The Parmenides ).
Summary |
Biography
We do not know the exact dates of birth and death of Parmenides of Elea. His life from the end of the sixth century to the mid- fifth century BC It would have been 65 when he came to Athens where he met the young Socrates , perhaps the age of 20 years, which would put his birth about 520 - 510 if you put the dialogue of Plato to 450 - 448 (cf. Parmenides of Plato , Parmenides, which is an "old Honourable", 127 b). But according Synesius , Socrates would have been 25 years now, which would place the birth of Parmenides to 540. These data are unreliable, according to Diogenes Laertius (IX, 23), its climax is in the 69 th Olympiad ( 504 - 500 ), but other sources place it in the 79th. Thus, Parmenides is it to be placed with Heraclitus and Empedocles , or with Democritus , Gorgias or Prodicus.
Parmenides was the son of Pyrrha or Pyres ( Diogenes Laertius , IX, 21). He comes from a family rich and powerful.
Theophrastus says that Parmenides is a disciple of Anaximander. Strabo . Aristotle is more reserved on the issue. Nevertheless Parmenides and Xenophanes both lived in Elea , and we can assume that they knew. Thus, regarding the philosophical influences of Parmenides, it seems possible to say that, like Empedocles , he followed the Pythagorean life without adopting the ideas, and he followed on this point Xenophanes. He would have founded a school comparable to the Pythagorean school. He was also a disciple of Anaximenes (as Suidas ), but this information seems to be due to an error in the text. He was succeeded by Empedocles and Zeno of Elea.
It was perhaps in his hometown legislator ( DL , IX, 23); the Eleatics were annually swear obedience to the laws again.
We still have fragments of his poem On Nature, the first part deals with the truth and the second the opinion. His thought influenced Anaxagoras and Melissus.
Doctrine
"This conception of the doctrine was flawed"
Parmenides wrote in to a treatise on nature, according to the Suda , he also wrote works in prose , but this is controversial.
Parmenides philosophy divided into two parts: the truth and the opinion. This division is absolute for him:
- "
- Physics
The five climatic zones, yellow polar, temperate in blue, red hot, in a manuscript of the Dream of Scipio the twelfth century Following these abstract deductions he develop a physics clearly Pythagorean.
According to Diogenes Laertius , he was the first to assert that the earth is round and located in the center of the universe (IX, 21). He divided things into two elements, fire and earth.
According to Posidonius , it was the first to propose the theory of climatic zones, which divides the earth into five zones, two zones therefore uninhabitable ice near the poles, and an impassable torrid zone straddling the equator, separating the two temperate zones the one likely to be inhabited:
- "The first question eminently geographical, is tackled by the Posidonius when it assumes the curvature of the earth and the world and he admits as one of the legitimate consequences of this assumption the division of land into five zones. This is attributed to Parmenides that the first idea of this division into five zones. " Strabo, Geography, L. II, chap. 2.
Parmenides and Gorgias
The sophist Gorgias wrote a treatise, On the non-being, which rejects the Treaty on the being of Parmenides. Parmenides said that the view is not generated (fragment 8), Gorgias replies that it is neither created nor begotten ( 2), so it is neither being nor non-being ( , 2), and therefore not being, Parmenides wrote that "As is" ( , fragment 6), Gorgias , to him, "he said nothing" ( , 1).
References
- 27, 1, 1
- Xenophanes, he was perhaps the disciple (see eg Clement , Stromata, I, 364; Sextus Empiricus, Against the Mathematicians VII)
- Metaphysics , A, 5, 986 b, 22
Fragments
"The first line of research says that Being is and is not possible it is not. This is the path of certainty, because it accompanies the truth. The other is that of Being and not necessarily the Not-Being is. This track is a narrow path where you can learn anything. "
"You will not succeed in cutting the continuity of Being with Being, so that it vanishes outside, nor does it gathers. "
"Being is perfecting the limits last / It is such that the rounded mass of the sphere / Where the center, radius, spreads in all directions / admitting, here and there, more or less distance." ( Fragments II, VIII, 43 to 47 of Parmenides' poem, translation Darec Bernie)
- "The true heart of the truth that needed" Fragments (Parmenides)
See also
- Origin of Philosophy
- Presocratics
- Eleatic school
- Zeno of Elea
- Elea
- Gorgias
- History of Philosophy
- History of Ancient Greece
- Be | Doxa
Bibliography
Greek Text and Translation
- Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, ed. H. Diels, W. Kranz, 3 vols., 10th ed., Berlin, Weidmann, 1960-1961. Greek text.
- Greek thinkers before Socrates Thales of Miletus to Prodicus, presentation and selection of excerpts from John Voilquin, Paris, Garnier Frres, 1964, repr. GF-Flammarion. Aged.
- Jean-Paul Dumont (eds.), Daniel Delattre, Jean-Louis Poirier, The Presocratics, Paris, Gallimard, coll. " Bibliothque de la Pliade , 1988
- Jean-Paul Dumont, Presocratic Schools, Paris, Gallimard, coll. "Folio Essais", 1991.
- Greek text and translation P. Tannery 1887 in line Studies
- Jean Bollack , Parmenides, of being in the world, Verdier Pocket 2006
- NL Cordero, The Two Ways of Parmenides, Vrin - Ousia, Paris-Brussels, 1984
- L. Couloubaritsis , Myth and Philosophy from Parmenides, trans. appendix, Ousia, Brussels, 1986
- L. Couloubaritsis , the thought of Parmenides, third edition, amended and expanded the earlier work, Ousia, Brussels, 2009
- Jean Leveque , Trilogy, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Gorgias, Paris, Osiris, 1994.
- M. Heidegger, "Moira (Parmenides VIII, 34-41)", in Essays and lectures, Gallimard, Paris, 1958
- M. Heidegger, What do you think?, Epimetheus, PUF, Paris, 1959 (included in Quadriga, PUF, Paris, 2010)
- Heidegger, Parmenides, Gallimard, Paris, 2011
- Eduard Zeller , The philosophy of the Greeks (1844-1852), vol. I and II, trans. Emile Boutroux, Paris, 1882 Read Online Volume 2 on Gallica
External Links
- Fragment of the poem On the Nature , critical analysis of Philippe Sollers (translation by Jean-Paul Dumont)
- Complete fragments of Parmenides in Greek (with links to Perseus), French and English (translated by John Burnet)
- Parmenides' Way of Truth with an annotated bibliography
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