Painting
The term refers to the painting material and the practice of applying color on a surface such as paper , the canvas , the wood , the glass , the concrete and many other formats. In a sense art , the term "painting" means the combination of this activity with the design , composition, that is to say that incorporates aesthetic considerations.
In this sense, the painting is the medium for the artist to represent a personal expression on subjects as varied as there are artists. It is a form of art.
The paint can be naturalistic and representational or abstract. It can have a narrative content, symbolism, spiritual, or philosophical.
Summary |
The oldest paintings known to date are in the Chauvet cave in France , and have, according to most historians, about thirty-two thousand years. Carved and painted with the red ocher and a dye black, they are mostly hunting scenes with horses, rhinos, lions, buffalo and man. There are other examples of rock art around the world, in France , in Spain , in Portugal , in China , in Australia , etc..
In Western cultures, the oil painting and watercolors are the medium (paint) the most famous, with rich and complex traditions in the selection of templates and themes. In the East, is the ink or black color that has always prevailed.
It was in 1829 appeared the first photography , then from the second half of the nineteenth century , photographic processes improved. While photography was becoming more widespread, painting lost much of its historic role was to present a snapshot of a scene observed. It is within this context that during the twentieth century emerged a new art movements like Impressionism , the post-impressionism , the Fauvism , the expressionism , the cubism and Dadaism , which have profoundly changed the perception of world, a legacy of the Renaissance.
The modern art and contemporary mark an evolution of the painting, which went from a role traditionally historical and documentary, that of concept.
Technical pictorial
Intensity
What characterizes the painting is the perception and representation of intensity. Each point in space has different intensity, which can be represented by painting in black or white, through all shades of gray. In practice, painters can blend shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity.
Colors
The color and tone are the essence of painting, as are the height and pace to the music. Colour is highly subjective, and psychological effects and meanings symbolic that may differ from one culture to another: the black is associated with mourning in Western countries, while in Asia it is the white. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe , Kandinsky and Newton , have written their own color theory. In language, the word denoting a color often includes colors and different tones. Thus, the word " red "can cover a wide range of colors. There is no formal register of different colors, as is the case with notes of music, although the Pantone system is widely used in the printing industry or graphic.
For a painter, color is not simply divided into primary colors and complementary (such as red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Indeed, he uses pigments allowing him to obtain large varieties of colors. For example, the " blue "for a painter, may be the Cyan , the indigo , the cobalt blue on blue , etc..
Rhythm
The pace is also important in painting as in music. Rhythm is a break in a package that allows creative force to intervene and add new elements, form, melody, coloration.
Technical implementation
Aesthetics and theory of painting
The aesthetic has tried to be the "science of beauty", and was an important issue for philosophers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as Kant or Hegel. Classical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato tended to neglect the painters, sculptors and also, in his philosophical approach. He believed that painting could not represent truth , but only a copy of reality and it was a simple job, such as shoemaking or iron. Instead, Leonardo da Vinci believed that "painting is an intellectual thing." Kant distinguished the beauty and sublimation , with a clear latter. Even if this approach was not painting in particular, she was taken by painters like Turner or Caspar David Friedrich.
Hegel, in turn, recognized the impossibility of achieving the universal concept of beauty and, in his essay " Lessons on aesthetics , he wrote that painting is one of three romantic arts, with poetry and music, because of its symbolic role and its intellectual dimension.
Among the painters who have written theoretical works on painting, we must mention first Leonardo da Vinci (Trattato della pittura), Eugene Delacroix , and the twentieth century, Salvador Dali , Paul Klee , Kandinsky. The latter felt that painting was a spiritual value, and he connected the primary colors to essential feelings or concepts.
The iconography has also worked to theorize the paint. This discipline analyzes the visual symbols in their cultural dimension, religious, social and philosophical to achieve a better understanding of works of art.
Movements and Styles
Movements in painting techniques or approaches designate common to different visual artists. A painter may be part of a movement, either because it is consciously involved ( Nabis Dada ), or because art historians have placed in this category ( Romanticism , Expressionism ).
Through the centuries, many movements have emerged:
Main themes
In painting, as in other art forms, there are themes recurring. Treatment with the painters of these themes had long been dependent on the gender hierarchy imposed by the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture.
- the portrait and self portrait
- the still life and vanities
- the naked
- the animal portrait
- the landscape
- the marine
- the history painting
- the genre scene
- the religious paintings
- the painting mythological and secular painting
See also
Related articles
External Links
- (En) Base Mona Lisa - Direction des Muses de France
- (In) Web Gallery of Art - European painting from 1100 to 1800 to 1812 400 images - biographies
- (In) The Russian Art Gallery - Russian painting from 1300 to present - 460 images
- (En) Museum criticism of the Sorbonne (MUCR)
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