New Mexico
| New Mexico (en) State of New Mexico (en) Nuevo Mxico (es) | |
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|---|---|
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Map with New Mexico red. | |
| Nickname | |
| Land of Enchantment ( English ) Tierra de Encanto ( Spanish ) In French : The Land of Enchantment | |
| Currency | |
| Crescit eundo It increases as it goes | |
| Administration | |
| Country |  United States |
| Capital | Santa Fe |
| Governor | Bill Richardson (D) |
| Union membership | January 6, 1912 (47th state) |
| Geography | |
| Area | 315 194 km 2 ( 5th ) |
| - Land | 314 590 km 2 |
| - Water (%) | 607 km 2 (0.2%) |
| Maximum altitude | 4011 ft, Wheeler Peak (New Mexico) |
| Average elevation | 1735 m |
| Minimum altitude | 866 m |
| Latitude | 31 20 'N to 37 N 550 km |
| Longitude | 103 W 109 W 595 km |
| Demography | |
| Population (2008) | 1,984,356 inhab. ( 36th ) |
| Density | 5.79 inhabitants / km 2 |
| Largest city | Albuquerque |
| Language (s) Official | De jure: None De facto: English and Spanish |
| Politics | |
| Senators | Tom Udall (D) Jeff Bingaman (D) |
| Number of Representatives | 3 |
| Other information | |
| ISO 3166-2 | US-NM |
| Time Zone | -7 |
| Official site | www.newmexico.gov |
change  | |
| Symbols New Mexico | |
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| The flag of New Mexico. | |
| Living symbols | |
| Amphibian | {{{}}} Amphibian |
| Tree | Pinyon pine |
| Flower | Yucca |
| Grass | Blue grama |
| Insect | Pepsis |
| Mammal | Black bear |
| Bird | Greater roadrunners |
| Butterfly | Sandia Hairstreak |
| Fish | Cutthroat Trout |
| Reptile | Cnemidophorus neomexicanus |
| Symbols nonliving | |
| Food | Bizcochito (biscuit Official) Beans and peppers |
| Boats | USS New Mexico (BB-40) USS New Mexico (SSN-779) |
| Songs | "O Fair New Mexico" ( English ) "As Es Nuevo Mjico" |
| Fossil | Coelophysis |
| Gem | Turquoise |
| Poem | "A Nuevo Mxico ( Spanish ) (In New Mexico) |
| Slogan | "Crescit eundo" ( Latin ) "It Grows As It Goes" ( English ) |
| Exhibit of 25 Cents State | |
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| Part of New Mexico was issued in 2008. | |
New Mexico (English , Spanish is a state in south-western United States , bordered on the west by Arizona , on the north by Colorado , on the is the Texas and south by Mexico. One of the four states of the Four Corners , New Mexico has an area of 314,926 square kilometers and has a population of 1,819,046 inhabitants (2000). Its shape is close to a square of 650 km per side. The state capital is Santa Fe.
Summary |
The name New Mexico was given by the Spanish for lands north of the Rio Grande River (the upper region of the Rio Grande was called Nuevo Mexico from 1561). The name was anglicized and also given lands ceded to the United States by Mexico after the Mexican-American War. The name Mexico comes from the Aztec language and means "place of Mexitli" (an Aztec god).
Prehistory
The Folsom Tradition dates from the early twentieth century. At that time it was thought, the history of Native Americans began about 10,000 years, with the arrival of migratory waves from Siberia. Dozens of bison killed with spears and spikes found in the bones of bison, allow us to date the discovery in the thirties of a prehistoric camp Lindenmeier (Colorado), which was analyzed and dated to 12,000 years.
The Pendejo cave situated about fifteen miles of Sacramento , shows human occupation dates back even earlier to 55 000.
The Sandia Cave , located near Albuquerque , New Mexico, has been dated to 25,000 years to 27,000 years. Many tools, spear points and mammoth bones have helped make this dating.
History
New Mexico is in 1846 from territories that were ceded by Mexico as the Mexican Cession , following the Mexican-American War. Subsequently, it became U.S. territory (on a very wide area including the Arizona neighbor), it is only since 6 January 1912 that New Mexico has the status of State.
The Indian Pueblos
The first Indians have exploited the resources of the region and have developed a unique culture millennia ago. Native American ruins bear witness to this ancient occupation in the region of Santa Fe and the Sandia Mountains caves whose highest peak is the peak of Sandia (3255 m) near Albuquerque. Indian Pueblos are their successors: they built towns in the valley including the Rio Grande.
The first to make contact with the pueblos is Estevanico of Azemmour scout sent by the vice-roy of Mexico, Antonio de Mendoza. Fray Marcos de Niza likened to the legendary Pueblo villages cities of gold. The conquistador Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led an expedition to find these cities in 1540 - 1542. He established his camp in the current Coronado State Monument in 1541. But its passage aroused the hostility of the natives who were eventually crushed by the Spanish. The three main villages are Zuni Pueblo, Santo Domingo, and Laguna.
Spanish colonization
The Spaniards have embarked on the exploration of New Mexico from the XVI century : Francisco Vasquez de Coronado is one of the first to visit the area. Juan de Oate from Mexico in 1598 and founded a village called San Juan , on the present site of Santo Domingo. It sends Vicente de Zaldivar crush Indians Acoma , killing 500 men there and the survivors were either enslaved or amputation of a foot for men aged over 21 years . Oate acquires a bloodthirsty reputation, and many Indians left their villages to seek refuge in the mountains, where they die of cold and hunger. Oate should resign as governor. In 1609 , Pedro de Peralta founded the city of Santa Fe and Advanced Spanish forced the Pueblo Indians to take refuge from Apaches.
Spain took possession of Indian lands in New Mexico was built in New Spain. The Spaniards settled missions (Picuris Pueblo, Pecos Pueblo) and high (Santa Fe, El Paso) to enclose the natives, but that framework was never enough. New Mexico was not a settlement: there were 250 Spaniards in 1630 . A slave society is set up with the system of encomienda. Between the years 1630 and 1680, a difficult environment (drought, famine, epidemics of smallpox , attacks by Apaches ) grows in the Pueblo revolt. They attack the settlers or the Franciscans in Taos, Jemez (1639), San Juan and Santa Fe in 1680, the Great Revolt is hosted by Pope , a shaman of the tribe of the Tewa. He coordinated the rebellion by sending knotted strings to announce the start of the uprising against the Spanish . The latter led to the massacre of nearly 400 Spaniards, destruction of churches and making Santa Fe, with the aid of the Apaches. The Pueblo then demanded the end of the Spanish presence and release of all slaves in New Spain. In 1698, the Governor finally restore order after having massacred and enslaved hundreds of Indians. Only the Hopis still rebellious, others must pay tribute in kind and maintain the governor's palace.
In 1842, New Mexico has 63,498 souls of which one third is composed of Indians .
Conquest of the West
The mining and livestock contributed to the expansion of the population of New Mexico in the late nineteenth century.
During the Civil War , Confederate army launched its campaign in New Mexico to attempt to open a new front.
The arrival of miners and ranchers led to the creation of typical small towns of the Wild West. The off-the-law and sheriffs defray regularly headlines including the famous Billy the Kid and Pat Garrett.
Geography
General
The State of New Mexico is the fifth largest U.S. state with an area of 315,194 sq. km. This huge state, bigger than the Italian , is closer in form of a square. Indeed, it measures 595 km long and 550 km wide and all its borders following the parallel and meridian except for a small portion north of El Paso that uses the course of the Rio Grande. The state extends between 31 20 'and 37 00' north latitude, latitudes comparable to those of Morocco and between 103 05 'and 109 west longitude 03'de. Its border states the Colorado to the north, the Arizona to the west, Texas and Oklahoma and east Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora to the south.
Relief
The State of New Mexico, with an average altitude equal to 1735 meters, is a mostly mountainous state. It ranks fourth among U.S. states behind the high Colorado, Wyoming and Utah, whose respective average heights are equal to 2073 m, 2040 m and 1920 m. Its highest point, the Wheeler Peak in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains (mountains Blood of Christ), culminates at 4011 meters and is one of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains. It is the American state that has the highest capital. The city of Santa Fe is indeed located at an altitude of 2100 m. The largest city in the state, Albuquerque is situated for its 1600 m above sea level
The Upstate is served by the Sangre de Cristo Mountains that form the southern tip of the Rockies. The east is occupied by large flat expanses of fields belonging to the Prairie where the altitude is between 900 m and 1500 m. Extend these high plains in the high plains of Texas is located to the east and form a broad mesa known as the Llano Estacado with the Canadian River Valley marks the northern boundary. The south and west are occupied by mesas and mountains, including the Sacramento Mountains, whose highest peak is the Sierra Blanca Peak (3659 m) and the San Andres Mounts whose highest peak is the Salinas Peak (2733 m ). The north-west is occupied by the Colorado Plateau to the relief shredded by erosion. The broad valley of the Rio Grande separates the state into two halves along a north south. This valley has the characteristic to be of tectonic origin. It is a long rift that surround the mountains. The Rio Grande flows into effect in a rift continental old 35 million years and some scientists predict that sea might even see the day a few million years.
Hydrology
The most important rivers are the New Mexico Rio Grande , the Rio Pecos , the Canadian River , the San Juan and Gila. The Rio Grande, 3060 km long, is the fifth longest river in the U.S. and it completely crosses the State of New Mexico from the border north to the southern border. Its wide fertile valley separates the state into two halves along a north south. It is home to nearly half the population of the state that focuses particularly in the cities of Albuquerque and Las Cruces. The second largest river is the Rio Pecos. This is the main tributary of the Rio Grande. It runs in parallel to the Rio Grande to several tens of km to the east in the Great Plains. The Red Bluff Reservoir, built on its course, is the lowest point of New Mexico with an altitude of 866 m. The Canadian River is a sub-tributary of the River Mississippi which originates in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and eastward. The San Juan and Gila are two tributaries of the Colorado River. The San Juan crosses the Colorado Plateau in north-west of the state. La Gila prend sa source dans les Black Range dans le sud-ouest de l'tat.
The State of New Mexico is crossed from north to south by the Great Divide , a ridge that marks the watershed in North America between the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. Indeed all streams located west of that line moving towards the Pacific Ocean. Most are tributaries and sub-tributaries of the Colorado River which empties into the Gulf of California. All rivers to the east of that line moving towards the Atlantic Ocean. Most are tributaries of tributaries of rivers in Mississippi and Rio Grande flowing into the Gulf of Mexico.
The waters of some rivers, however, fail to by the ocean. This is particularly true of those that flow into the Tularosa Basin. This is a watershed area drains an area of 16,800 sq km located between Sacramento and San Andres Mountains Mounts. The rivers are fed temporary lakes called playas locally. This basin is actually a rift of collapse and it has the same geological origin as the neighboring valley of the Rio Grande.
Landscape and vegetation
The State of New Mexico has a wide variety of landscapes. There are vast deserts whose tone colors ranging from pink to tan but also snow-capped peaks and vast plateaus in tabular called edges eroded mesas that are typical of arid regions. The mountains are covered with forests, especially in the upstate. In semi-arid plains that cover much of the southern half of New Mexico and as an extension of the Chihuahuan desert grow plants adapted to drought such as creosote , and mesquite , the cactus and yucca. Aloft push juniper and ponderosa pine but birch and spruce.
New Mexico has the distinction of hosting the largest desert of gypsum in the world. Its name, White Sands , that is to say, the White Sands in French, refers to the color white dunes. It is located in the Tularosa Basin in south-eastern state.
Another remarkable site is the Capulin Volcano National Monument. It houses an old volcanic cinder cone about 60,000 years to form well-preserved. It belongs to the volcanic field Raton-Clayton extinct which extends in the north-western New Mexico. This volcanism is associated with the existence of a hot spot called the Raton hotspot.
Climate
The climate of New Mexico is generally barren and the state receives an average of only 380 mm of rainfall per year. These are concentrated from July to September and are due to the monsoon affects the south-western USA. The temperatures are moderated by altitude so that in winter the frost is frequent at night and that rainfall occurs as snow. The maritime influence is zero because of the remoteness of the coast and temperatures are experiencing because of large seasonal variations but also diurnal.
However the climate is far from homogeneous across the territory because of its significant expansion in latitude and longitude and relief. Thus it saves only 213 mm of annual rainfall in Farmington , a town on the Colorado Plateau in the extreme northwest of the state. These are equal to 225 mm in Albuquerque and 259 mm in Socorro , two localities in the Rio Grande Valley. They reach 321 mm in Roswell and 469 mm in Clovis , two localities in the broad eastern plains. Cloudcroft, a village situated at an altitude of 2600 m in the Sacramento Mountains, with 716 mm of annual rainfall, the town is the wettest . Summers are very hot, even at relatively high altitude since the maximum reached 33.3 C in July in Albuquerque, however, located more than 1600 m and 29.8 C in Santa Fe located more than 2000 m. To find warmer weather you have to go even higher. At Los Alamos , located at 2200 m, the maximum no longer than 26.7 C in July and Cloudcroft, located at 2600 m, they are more than 21.6 C.
Major cities
- Alamogordo - White Sands near
- Albuquerque - the largest city in the state
- Artesia
- Carlsbad - near the national park
- Clovis
- Deming
- Farmington
- Fort Sumner - site of the grave of Billy The Kid
- Gallup - on Route 66
- Grants - on Route 66
- Hobbs
- Las Cruces - second city of the State
- Los Alamos
- Portales
- Rio Rancho
- Roswell - best known for the supposed crash of a UFO in 1947
- Santa Fe - capital of the state
- Shiprock - Navajo reservation in the
- Socorro - near the Very Large Array
- Sunland Park
- Truth or Consequences
- Tucumcari - on Route 66
Mountains
- Gila Mountains
- Guadalupe Mountains
- Jemez Mountains
- Organ Mountains
- Sandia Mountains
- Sangre de Cristo Mountains
- Sierra Blanca Mountains
Places of interest
- Archaeological Sites
- New Mexico is home to numerous Native American archaeological sites:
- Pre-Clovis site : prehistoric settlement of the Pendejo Cave dated from 55,000 years.
- Clovis site ;
- Aztec Ruins National Monument offers stone buildings of the twelfth century ;
- At Bandelier National Monument , there are caves that were occupied for centuries and drawings;
- The Chaco Culture National Historical Park has the ruins of villages Anasazi of the ninth to the thirteenth century AD. Listed as World Heritage Sites of UNESCO ;
- The city of Santa Fe is one of the oldest in the United States. It was founded in the early seventeenth century.
- Natural sights:
- Carlsbad Caverns : 83 separate caves, the most famous are those of Carlsbad Cavern. They represent the deepest caves in the country (486.8 meters). The park is entered on the list of UNESCO World Heritage in 1995;
- El Malpais National Monument (volcanic);
- Rock Hound State Park (site of semi-precious stones);
- White Sands National Monument (the largest sand desert white world);
- Valley of Fires Recreation Area (volcanic);
- Capulin Volcano National Monument.
- zoo:
- Living Desert State Park
Image Gallery
 Rock Shiprock |  View of the Sandia Mountains |  Cochiti Lake |  Road leading to the peak of Big Hatchet |
Politics
New Mexico, compared to other states in the U.S., a poor and conservative state in the south-west, with a large minority (42%) and Hispanic tradition Democrat.
A state in tune with the national vote
New Mexico is a pivotal state with five electoral votes. Presidential elections, it is always in tune with the national vote since 1912 except twice only in 1976 , when Gerald Ford came first against Jimmy Carter , in 2000 where Al Gore defeated by 366 votes Republican George W. Bush. In 2004 , voters in New Mexico voted for George W. Bush at 49.84% against 49.05% for John Kerry.
A state of local Democratic tradition
Since 2002 , the state governor is Bill Richardson and Lieutenant Governor Diane Denish is, both Democrats. Secretary of State, the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury are also Democrats. On 18 March 2009 , Bill Richardson enacts law banning the death penalty in the State of New Mexico after the parliament and the senate had passed the previous week, becoming the fifteenth U.S. State abolishing the death penalty Culture Traditional architecture, geometric forms is suitable for weather conditions of the desert. It still inspires some contemporary architects, New Mexico and elsewhere. Near Santa Fe , in the old Indian site of the throne in the desert, one can observe a curious phenomenon, much visited since its discovery in the 1960s by Professor West. From the summer solstice at dawn for about ten minutes, the sun's rays passing through a crack in the rock stone illuminates a shining strongly. The Indians may have used this stone as a calendar. Many inscriptions are engraved, suggesting their prehistoric life. New Mexico is also a place of inspiration for writers. Thus, Cormac McCarthy , who lives near Santa Fe for many years, has greatly inspired the culture of cowboys, landscapes, and life in this State to write his novels, the most famous are the the important Border Trilogy consists of the Pretty Horses (1992), The Great Transition (1994), Cities of the Plain (1998) who have all directly related to New Mexico in the first half of the twentieth century and more recently No, this country is not for Old Men (2005) which was adapted for film by the Coen Brothers in the film No Country for Old Men (2008). Similarly, the French writer and Nobel Prize for Literature 2008 JMG Le Clezio , a great traveler who lived on five continents, has lived for over fifteen years in Albuquerque , where he teaches and he also appreciates the symbol of life on the Mexican border . The rodeo is a sport practiced in New Mexico New Mexico has an economy heavily dependent on raw materials and agriculture. Tourism is also developed. New Mexico has an attractive tax regime for businesses. The state produced through the irrigation , wheat, corn, cotton, vegetables, forage. It pupil of extensively , cattle and sheep. The main mineral resources include iron, copper, lead, silver, gold and potash. Energy resources include oil, natural gas, uranium. The industry, modest and dedicated to metal processing and nuclear research at Los Alamos. The population of New Mexico was estimated at 1 July 2008, 1,984,356 inhabitants by the census bureau of the United States , representing an increase of 9.1% from last official census of 2000. According to the same Census Bureau U.S. ethnic composition of the population of New Mexico was as follows: The white population was divided itself into two categories: With 9.46% of Native American state of New Mexico is the state of America which has the largest indigenous population. American Indians of New Mexico belong to the tribes for most Navajos , Pueblos and Apaches. A large majority of them live on reserves scattered throughout New Mexico. New Mexico is also the state of the United States has the highest proportion of Hispanics. They descend to some of them Spaniards settled the area in sixteenth and seventeenth century during the Spanish colonial period. The others are from more recent waves of migration from the neighboring country of Mexico. The rest of the population of Anglo-American overwhelmingly, immigrated into the region from 1848, connecting New Mexico United States, from other states. With a density of only 5.79 inhabitants / km New Mexico ranks sixth among U.S. states in less densely populated. 80% of the population of New Mexico lives in the valley of the Rio Grande. It is home to the metropolitan area of Albuquerque who alone had 845,937 inhabitants on 1 July 2008 or 42.6% of the total population of New Mexico and the city of Las Cruces which with 91,865 residents was second most populous city in the state capital Santa Fe and The Great Plains is conducive to the breeding house some medium-sized cities: Roswell, Clovis, Carlsbad , Hobbs. The plateaus in the west is the area most inhospitable. We realize that there are very few villages and the only medium-sized town is Farmington. New Mexico has no official language. English is the language of instruction and government, but there are many common "with facilities" for Hispanics. In addition, any law enacted by the legislature of this State and has been compiled in English and Spanish. The ballots for the election year are also English and Spanish. A large minority of the population (44.4%) is Hispanic (particularly Mexican ). According to the United States Census of 2000 , 28.76% of the population 5 years and over that State speaks Spanish at home. Although only 28% of the population is of Anglo-Saxon, the English remains the language of everyday life, and this is the first language of many Hispanics. In addition, 5% of the population of that state is bilingual English / Spanish. It is estimated that 11% of the population speak the Indian languages. This state of great interest to archaeologists because of an old prehistoric occupation. He is best known for the nuclear physics laboratory in Los Alamos , built near Albuquerque to produce and test atomic bomb that would end the Second World War and the hegemonic ambitions of Hitler. It is July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb test explosion in the basin of Tularosa. 
Sport
Economy
Agriculture
Industry
Demographics
Historical population Year Population 1850 61 547 1860 93 516 1870 91 874 1880 119 565 1890 160 282 1900 195 310 1910 327 301 1920 360 350 1930 423 317 1940 531 818 1950 681 187 1960 951 023 1970 1 017 055 1980 1 303 302 1990 1 515 062 2000 1 819 046 
2008 Census Bureau Estimates Rank City Population 1 Albuquerque 521 999 2 Las Cruces 91 865 3 Rio Rancho 79 655 4 Santa Fe 71 831 5 Roswell 46 198 6 Farmington 42 637 7 Alamogordo 35 757 8 Clovis 32 352 9 Hobbs 30 476 10 Carlsbad 25 629 Languages
Science and Technology
References
See also
Bibliography
External Links
Bernalillo Catron Chaves Cibola Colfax Curry De Baca Doa Ana Eddy Grant Guadalupe Harding Hidalgo Lea Lincoln Los Alamos Luna McKinley Mora Otero Quay Rio Arriba Roosevelt San Juan San Miguel Sandoval Santa Fe Sierra Socorro Taos Torrance Union Valencia 
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