Born Antium , Nero is the only son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger , sister of Caligula.

Paternal Grandparents

• Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus : son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus the Old and Aemilia Lepida.

• Antonia Major : daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia (sister of Augustus and grand-niece of Julius Caesar ).

Maternal Grandparents

• Germanicus : son of Drusus (son of Tiberius Nero and Livia , and brother of Tiberius ) and Antonia Minor (sister of Antonia Major ). Germanicus was the brother of Claude , and is also the small-adopted son of Augustus and the adopted son of his uncle Tiberius.

• Agrippina the Elder : daughter of Agrippa and Julia (daughter of Augustus and Scribonia ).

Birth under Caligula

Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus was born on 15 December 37. It should not then become master of the empire. His maternal uncle Caligula had begun to reign on March 16 this year, at age 25. His predecessors, Octavian and Tiberius had lived up to respectively 76 and 79 years. If Caligula as long as they lived, he could expect a succession by his own descendants.

Nero, the Munich Glyptotek

Lucius would have attracted the attention of his uncle soon after his birth, his mother Agrippina had asked his brother to choose the name of the child, which would have been a gesture of support and would have marked the child as a possible heir his uncle, but not Caligula gave his nephew the name of Claude, implying that he had little chance of becoming an emperor, like Claude .

The relationship between brother and sister seemed to have improved very quickly. A scandal marked the beginning of the reign of Caligula was his particularly close relationship with his three sisters Julia Drusilla , Julia Livilla and Agrippina. All three were represented with their brother on the coins of the time. The three women seem to have won his favor and have probably gained influence. The writings of Flavius Josephus , Suetonius , Dion Cassius relates that they had incestuous relations with their brother. Rapid death of Drusilla in 38 has only reinforced that suspicion. It said that she was the favorite of Caligula, she has also been buried with honors due an empress. Even the deified Caligula, making her the first woman in Roman history to receive this honor.

Lucius thus became the son of a powerful woman and famous. But it could quickly lose the influence it had on his brother. Caligula was still without child. Her closest male relatives were then his brothers- Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (the husband of Drusilla), Marcus Vinicius (Livilla's husband) and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (husband of Agrippina). They were the heirs in case of probable premature death of Caligula. However, after the death of his wife, Lepidus seemed to have lost any chance, but not any ambition to succeed his brother.

Conspiracy

On September 39 , Caligula went to join his legions in campaigns against Germanic tribes. The campaign had to be postponed to next year because of fears of the emperor of a conspiracy against him. In the following year, he launched into pottery. Lepidus had succeeded in becoming the lover of Agrippina and Livilla, apparently seeking their help to win the throne. He was executed for it immediately. Caligula also ordered the execution of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus , the popular legate of Upper Germany , and his replacement by Servius Sulpicius Galba. Yet we still do not know if it was linked to the conspiracy of Lepidus. Agrippina Livilla and were relegated to the Pontine Islands. Lucius was probably separated from his mother at the time.

Lucius's father died of dropsy in 40. Lucius was now an orphan and his fate was uncertain, the reign of Caligula's increasingly erratic. The chance came the following year: the January 24 41 , Caligula, his wife Caesonia Milonia , and their daughter Julia Drusilla were murdered by a conspiracy led by Cassius Shaer. The Praetorian Guard helped Claude to get the throne. One of his first decisions was to recall his nieces from exile.

Agrippina quickly remarried a rich Gaius Crispus Sallustius Passienus. Her husband died between 44 and 47 , and Agrippina was suspected of having poisoned him to inherit his immense fortune. Lucius was the sole heir of his mother, became rich.

Adoption by Claude

Lucius, ten years, had very little chance to occupy the throne. Claude, 57 years old at the time, had reigned longer, and perhaps more effectively than its predecessor. Claude was married three times already. He married Plautia Urgulanilla and Aelia Paetina when he was a private citizen. Emperor, he had married Valeria Messalina. The couple had two children, Britannicus (b. 41 ) and Octavia (b. 40 ). Messalina was only 25 and could give other heirs.

However, Messalina was executed in 48 , accused of conspiring against her husband. The ambitious Agrippina projects quickly to replace her aunt by marriage. On ¹ January 49 , she became the fourth wife of Claudius Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus. The marriage lasted five years. The same year, Agrippina did break the engagement of Octavia and Lucius Junius Silanus and is engaged to Nero.

Top 50 , the Roman Senate offered Agrippina the honorific title of Augusta, that Livia ( 14 - 29 ) was the only one wearing it before. On 25 February 50 , Lucius was officially adopted by Claude under the name Caesar Nero Claudius Drusus. Nero was older than Britannicus, his adopted brother, and this adoption made him the official heir to the throne.

Claude honored her adopted son in several ways. Nero was emancipated at 51 , 14. He was appointed proconsul , entered the Senate, made his first speech, appeared publicly with Claude, and was represented on coins. By 53 , he married his adopted sister, Octavia.

In power

The early years of the Emperor

Claude died poisoned 13 October 54 and was quickly appointed emperor Nero in his place. He was 17. Historians disagree that Seneca has played the role of figurehead at the beginning of his reign. Important decisions were probably left in the hands of its most capable mother Agrippina the Younger (who may have poisoned herself Claude), his tutor Seneca and the praetorian prefect Sextus Afranius Burrus. Nero is seeking from the beginning of his reign in the favor of the army and the plebs by various bonuses .

The first five years of Nero's reign was known as examples of good administration, raising the same issue of a series of coins celebrating the quinquennium Neronis.

The affairs of the empire were dealt with effectively and the Senate enjoyed a period of renewed influence in state affairs. But the problems were soon emerge from the life of Nero and the growing competition for influence between Agrippina and the two advisers. Everyone knew that Nero was disappointed with her marriage and mistaken Octavia. He took his mistress Claudia Act , a former slave, 55. Agrippina attempted to intervene in favor of Octavia and demanded the return of his son to act. Burrus and Seneca, meanwhile, chose to support their protg.

Nero resisted the intervention of his mother in his personal affairs. His influence on his son decreasing, Agrippina turned to a younger candidate for the throne. Britannicus, at thirteen, was still legally a minor and under the responsibility of Nero, but he approached the age of majority. Britannicus was a possible successor to Nero and establish its influence over him could strengthen the position of Agrippina. But the young man died suddenly before 12 February 55 . The proclamation of his majority had been scheduled for February 13. The coincidence of dates suggests that he was poisoned. Burrus is suspected of involvement in the murder. Nero rebelled more against the power of Agrippina, and he began to consider killing his own mother. He justified his intentions by claiming that she was plotting against him. The power of Agrippina declined even faster, while Burrus and Seneca became the two most influential men in Rome.

A series of scandals

While his advisers were involved in affairs of state, Nero was surrounded by a circle of friends. Roman historians relate nights of debauchery and violence, while the more mundane business of politics were overlooked. Otho Salvius Marcus was one of these new favorites. At all points of view, Otho was as dissolute as Nero, but he also became intimate than a brother. Some sources even consider that they were lovers. Otto would have had to Nero a woman who had married the first favorites, and the emperor. Poppea (Poppaea Sabina) was described as a woman of great beauty, charm, and intelligence. Can be found in many sources rumors of a love triangle between Nero, Otho and Poppea.

Nero

In 58 , Poppea was entrenched as the favorite of Nero. The following year ( 59 ) was a turning point in the reign of Nero. Nero and / or Poppea allegedly organized the murder of Agrippina. Seneca vain attempt to convince the Senate that it had established a conspiracy against his son's reputation was irreparably tainted by the emperor from the case of matricide. Otho was soon banished from the imperial court and sent to Lusitania as governor.

The next turn was the year 62 , for several reasons.

The first was a change among its advisers. Burrus died and Seneca asked Nero for permission to withdraw from public affairs. Their successors to the positions of the praetorian prefect and was advisor Tigellinus. He had been banned in 39 by Caligula, who was accused of adultery with Agrippina and both Livilla. He was recalled from exile by Claudius, and had succeeded in becoming a friend of Nero (and possibly her lover). With Poppea, he would have had a greater influence than ever on Seneca was the emperor. A few months later, Tigellinus married Poppaea. One theory suggests that Poppea tried during these four years ( 58 - 62 ), to remove Nero from his advisers and friends, if this is true, what happened to Burrus and Seneca could not be coincidence. The second important event of the year was the divorce of the Emperor. Nero, then twenty-five years had reigned eight years and still had no heir. When Poppaea became pregnant, Nero decided to marry his mistress, but his marriage with Octavia was first to be canceled. He began by accusing him of adultery. But Nero had already acquired a reputation for being unfaithful, while Octavia was known to be a paragon of virtue. There was evidence against her, but the torture of one of his slaves only succeeded in producing the famous statement of Pythias, in which the vulva of Octavia was cleaner than the mouth of Tigellinus. Nero manages to get a divorce because of infertility , which allowed him to marry Poppea and wait until it gives birth to an heir. The sudden death of Octavia , on 9 June 62 riots provoked public.

A rapid effect of the appointment of Tigellinus was the promulgation of a series of laws against treason, and many death sentences were executed.

During this year, Nero had run two of the remaining members of his family:

• Gaius Rubellius Plautus. His mother Claudia Julia was the granddaughter of Tiberius and Agrippina Vipsania. It was also the granddaughter of Drusus and Antonia Minor.
• Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix. He was the grand-son of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Antonia Major. He was also the maternal half-brother of Messalina. He married Claudia Antonia , the only daughter of Claude and Aelia Paetina.

The Great Fire of Rome

Top 63 , Poppaea gave birth to a daughter, Claudia Augusta. Nero celebrated the event, but the child died four months later. Nero still had no heir.

On 19 July 64 broke the great fire of Rome. The fire started in the shops around the Circus Maximus. Nero was on vacation in his hometown, Antium , but he had to return hastily. The fire raged for six days. The rumor circulated that Nero had played the lyre and sang at the top of the Quirinal , while the city burned .

Population disoriented looking for scapegoats, and soon rumors held Nero responsible. He lent reasons for intending to immortalize his name by renaming Neropolis Rome :

"Human prudence had ordered everything depends on his advice: we thought soon weaken the gods, and they opened the Sibylline Books. From what I read there, prayers were directed to Vulcan , to Ceres and Proserpine : Roman ladies implored Juno , first at the Capitol and then to the sea nearest, where they drew the water to make splashes on the walls of the temple and the statue of the goddess, and finally the currently married women celebrated the sellisternes and religious gatherings. But no human means, nor imperial generosity, nor expiatory ceremonies did silence the public voice accusing Nero of ordering the fire. To allay these rumors, he offered other culprits, and made to suffer the tortures of the most refined of men to a class hated for their abominations, and the vulgar called Christians. This name comes from Christ , who, under Tiberius , was delivered to death by the procurator Pontius Pilatus. Repressed for a moment, this pernicious superstition again overflowed, not only in Judea , where it had its source, but even in Rome, where everything shuts the world of infamy and horror flows and find supporters. It first seized those who confessed their sect and their revelations, an infinity of others who were less convinced that the fire of hatred for mankind. They made their punishment entertainment: some covered with animal skins, eaten by dogs perish, while others died on the cross, or they were coated with flammable material, and when the day ceased to shine, we burning up the torches. Nero made his gardens for this spectacle, and gave the same time the circus , where sometimes he mingled with people dressed as a coachman, and sometimes driving a chariot. Also, although these men were guilty and would have deserved the utmost severity, opened hearts to compassion, thinking that this was not the public good, but the cruelty of one, they were sacrificed. "

Even today, we ignore the cause of the fire. Although ancient sources (and scholars) look for an incendiary Nero, we must remember that the fires were common in ancient Rome. However, the duration of the fire was beyond the normal ^{Nero, the artist and the widow}

Nero Apollo playing the lyre , intaglio of amethyst , the ^first century , Prov. Treasury of Saint-Denis

In 65 , Nero was involved in another scandal, taken more seriously by the people of that time than it would today. It was considered degrading for a Roman emperor to appear as a public entertainer, acting, singing and playing the lyre.

Hated by many citizens, with a list of political enemies who stretched, Nero began to appreciate his loneliness when on 65 he discovered the conspiracy of Piso (named after Gaius Calpurnius Piso , who tried to take his place) and the involvement of old friends like Seneca in the plot. The alleged conspirators were forced to die. Among them are several former friends of authority Neronian. And Seneca, Petronius and Lucan should commit suicide.

In addition, Nero ordered that Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo , a brave and popular general, to commit suicide, in response to vague suspicions of betrayal. This decision prompted the military commanders in Rome and the provinces, to consider organizing a revolution.

In 65 , Poppaea died when she was pregnant, a blow to the stomach by Nero, if we are to believe Tacitus and Suetonius , and despite the passion he seemed to turn.

Nero will first attempt to marry Claudia Antonia, daughter of Claude and Aelia Paetina (his half-sister by adoption). As she refuses, Nero killed the pretext that it was fomenting a conspiracy. It was his last close relative. Nero turned to his former mistress, Statilia Messalina. whom he married in May 66. Beginning in September, Nero leaves his young wife for a trip of more than a year in Greece.

The Emperor set in Greece in 66 , he distracted his guests with artistic performances (the writings of Tacitus, however, reported that the Emperor prevented anyone from leaving the theater when declaimed his writings, and some spectators had pretending to be dead to escape, as they were bored ), while in Rome the Praetorian Prefect Nymphidius Sabinus sought the support of praetorian guards and senators.

Suicide

Returning to Rome after his tour, Nero found a frosty atmosphere, Gaius Julius Vindex , the governor of Gaul, Lyon , rebelled, which led to a hunt Nero any possible threat. He ordered the removal of any suspicious patrician with ideas. Galba , his (formerly) faithful servant, governor of Hispania ( Spain ), was one of those noble dangerous. He ordered his execution. Galba, who had no choice, swore loyalty to the Senate and People of Rome (Senatus Romanus Populusque: SPQR ), it no longer recognized the authority of Nero. In addition, he began a campaign to head of the empire.

Accordingly, Lucius Clodius Macer , legate of the legion III Augusta in Africa , revolted and stopped sending grain to Rome. Nymphidius Sabinus corrupted the imperial guard, which turned against Nero on the promise of financial reward of Galba.

The Senate resigned Nero. Learning that the senators would impose the punishment of parricide (the culleus : covered with a hood, sewn into a leather bag in which were introduced animal - rooster, dog or fox - the sufferer is thrown into the Tiber ), he was forced to commit suicide: abandoned by all, he took refuge in the country house of Phaon, his faithful freedman and stabbed in the throat on 9 June 68 , aided by Epaphroditus. Eclogue and Alexandria, his nurses, and qu'Akt , his partner, gathered 200,000 sesterces to achieve his cremation and his ashes buried in a mausoleum on the Pincio , which is now in the Villa Borghese .

With his death, the Julio-Claudian dynasty came to an end. The Senate passed its damnatio memoriae , cursing his memory. Several civil wars ensued in year 69, year of four emperors.

Historical Perspectives About Nero

In modern times, in the West, Nero is made by many as a symbol of all that ancient Rome was more monstrous. They rely on the texts of Suetonius , frequently peddler of gossip, and Tacitus , increased attacks by Christian writers ( John the Evangelist , who in his Apocalypse actually the "Antichrist" , Tertullian , taken by Eusebius Caesarea , and others), and crowned by works of fiction as Quo Vadis. The "monstrosities" pin being mounted in addition to the family murders, the burning of Rome and the persecution of Christians. However, the actual guilt of Nero in the great fire of Rome is a charge which some historians such as Claude Aziza no longer believe much. Furthermore, no anti-Christian was not enacted during his reign officially: there were indeed persecuted, but only located in Rome.

In defense of Nero, one can say he was at Anzio during the fire of Rome in 64. In addition to the collections to which he was burned there .

Nero figured in modern works

Nero in the film

Peter Ustinov in the role of Nero

• The short film trying Nero poisons on slave Hatot Georges in 1896 is the first peplum history.
• The Sign of the Cross (1932) of Cecil B. DeMille. Charles Laughton interpreter Nero.
• The actor Peter Ustinov has interpreted a picturesque Nero in the film Quo Vadis? ( 1951 ).
• In 2004, Hans Matheson plays the role in a miniseries: Imperium: Nerone
• Rome burn! Robert Kchichian (docu-fiction film of 2005 in partnership with Arte)

Nero theater

• Part of Jean Racine , entitled Britannicus , is based on the writings of Tacitus. Racine makes personal adjustments to create a more tragic.

Nero in opera

Nero is the main character in several operas, including:

• The incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Poppea) by Claudio Monteverdi ( 1642 )
• Nero Anton Rubinstein ( 1879 )
• Nerone of Arrigo Boito ( 1924 )
• Nerone of Pietro Mascagni ( 1935 )

Nero bookshop

• Nropolis, of Hubert Monteilhet , historical novel.
• Saint-Nero, historical study of Jean-Charles Pichon , edited by Robert Laffont in 1962 and reissued by Editions E-Dite in 2000.
• Me Sporus , priest and whore, historical novel by Cristina Rodriguez , crowned by a literary prize in 2001.
• Nero-The reign of the antichrist, of Max Gallo , is the second part of the suite romantic Romans

Nero BD

• Alcibiades Didascalis in Romans Clanet and Clapat : parody of the life of Nero
• Series Murena , of Dufaux and Delaby , shows the rise to power of Nero after the successive assassinations of Emperor Claude (his adoptive father), then Britannicus (son of Claudius), and his mother Agrippina.
• Series Requiem Chevalier Vampire of Olivier Ledroit and Pat Mills , depicts Nero. He became a vampire on "Resurrection" and is the right arm and adopted son of Dracula.

Quotes and trivia

• Having built a sumptuous palace of fifty acres, the Domus Aurea , Nero launches and exclaims: "Finally I can live like a human being" ("C is almost diceret tandem Habitare COEPA hominem.") ( Suetonius - Life of the XII Caesars - XXXI)
• The Senate decreed his death on 6 June 68. Nero, on committing suicide, would have exclaimed: " Qualis Artifex pereo ! ("What an artist dies with me!")
• Nero in his youth would have said: "As I would not know how to write" (Suetonius Life of the Twelve Caesars) when he had an order of condemnation to death he had to sign, very amazing for words that emperor.
• According to Suetonius, Nero, sure to have a great lyrical talent, has participated in numerous competitions in her lifetime and especially during his trip to Greece. He then formally forbidden to leave the amphitheater for its representation and Suetonius relates that many spectators had to pretend to be dead to be carried out so his declamations bored the public.
• "What ever Nero enter this solved within; must be cruel, not unnatural. " Hamlet , Act III Scene 2, Hamlet's soliloquy

Names and titles

Names successive

• 37 , born LVCIVS DOMITIVS AHENOBARBVS
• 50 , adoption by Claude : NERO CAESAR CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS
• 66 , name change: IMPERATOR CLAVDIVS NERO CAESAR Avgvstvs GERMANICVS

Titles and magistrates

• Pontifex maximus and Pater Patriae in 55
• Consul in 55 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 68
• Acclaimed Imperator in 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 64 , 66 and 67
• Holds the power tribunician from 54 (renewed annually on October 13 )

Titulary to his death

When he committed suicide in 68 , his titular was:

IMPERATOR CLAVDIVS NERO CAESAR Avgvstvs GERMANICVS, PONTIFEX MAXIMVS, TRIBVNICIAE potestatis XIV IMPERATOR XII CONSVL V Pater Patriae

References

1. See Nero, Edward Champlin, Harvard University Press, 2005
2. See page 1 in Nero, Jrgen Malitz, Blackwell, 2005
3. 2000 years of history on France Inter , May 31, 2006
4. Pierre Grimal gives only "before February 12" and not exactly 11 (Tacitus, Index p. 1027. Referring to Tacitus, the historian Barbara Levick simply indicates that the death of Britannicus occurred after the Saturnalia 54 (Claude, p. 105, folio, 2002. The British historian Miriam T. Griffin gives it, without further explanation or justification, February 12 55. Nero, p. 81. Max Gallo also gives 12, Romans II Nero, p. 155
5. Plutarch Galba 19.2-20.2; Suetonius Otho 3.1-2; Tacitus two versions: Stories 1.13.3-4; Annals 13.45-46, and Dio Cassius 61.11.2-4
6. Tacitus, Ann. XV Suetonius, Nero XXXVIII, Dio Cassius, LXII HR
7. Cf the historical novel of Hubert Monteilhet
8. Tacitus, Annales (XV, 44)
9. See page 60 in Nero, Edward Champlin, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003
10. or declared enemy of the state, he should be "flogged to death, naked and neck contained in a forked stick" (version of Suetonius).
11. It will be the heroine of ¹ historical novel of Alexandre Dumas , act, Edict. Arla, 2006.
12. Suetonius, Life of Nero translation of the Bibliotheca Classica Selecta
13. Neron Caesar, by gematria classic takes the value of 666.
14. Albert Earl Pappano, The False Neros, The Classical Journal, Vol 32, 1937, p. 143-145

Bibliography

Sources Latin

• Tacitus , Annals ,
  Tacitus. Complete works, translation and notes by Pierre Grimal , Bibliotheque de la Pleiade , Gallimard , 1990
• Suetonius , Lives of the Twelve Caesars
• Dio Cassius , Roman History

Historical studies

• Eugen Cizek, Nron, Ed. Fayard, November 1982 ( ISBN 978-2213011318 ) biography of the emperor
• Alain Decaux , The Revolution of the Cross: Neros and Christians, ed. Perrin, February 2007 ( ISBN 2262026106 )
• Guy Achard, Nero, ed. PUF , col. What do I know?, December 1995 ( ISBN 978-2130472865 )
• Claude Aziza, Nero the unloved History, ed. Gallimard, col. Discovery Gallimard, September 2006 ( ISBN 978-2070319275 )

See also

Related articles

• Great Fire of Rome

External Links

• Short History of Rome, Nero
• Biography of Nero
• Coins of Nero
• Nero, the mad emperor
• Nero and the persecution of Christians

Roman Emperor ( list ) / Julio-Claudian

Preceded by:	According to:	Followed by:
Claude ( 41 - 54 )	Nero ( 54 - 68 )	Galba ( 68 - 69 )

List of Roman Emperors of the West and East
Principate -27 To 235	Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claude Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius (with Lucius Verus ) Dresser Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (with Diadumnien ) Elagabalus Severus Alexander
Crisis Third Century 235-284	Maximin the Thracian I. Gordian and Gordian II Maxime Pupien and Balbin Gordian III Philip the Arab Decius (with Herennius Etruscus ) Hostilianus Trebonianus Galle (with Volusien ) Emilien Valerian Gallien (with Salonin ) Claudius the Goth Quintillus Aurlien Tacitus Florien Probus Carus Carin Numerian
Dominate 284-395	Diocletian Maximian Constantius Galerius Severus Maxence Maximin Daia Licinius (with Valerius Valens and Martinien ) Constantine I Constantine II Constant I. Constantius II (with Vetranio ) Julian the Apostate Jovian Valentinian I Valens Gratien Valentinian II Theodosius I
Western Roman Empire 395-480	Honorius Constantius III Jean Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Eparchus Avitus Majorian Libius Severus Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustus
Eastern Roman Empire 395-1204	Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I. Leo II Zeno Basiliscus Anastasius I. Justin I. Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine a href = "Maurice_Ier_ (empereur_byzantin)" title = "Maurice I (Byzantine emperor)"> I. Maurice Phocas Heraclius Constantine III Hraclonas Constans II Constantine IV Justinian II Leonce II Tiberius III Philippicos Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasde Leo IV Constantine VI Irene the Athenian Nicephorus I Staurakios Michael I Rhangab Leo V the 'Armenian Michael II Theophilus Michael III Basil I. Leo VI the Wise Alexander Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus Roman I. Lecapenus Romanus II Nicephorus II Phocas John I Tzimiskes Basil II and Constantine VIII Zoe Byzantium with Romain Argyre III and Michael IV and V Michel and Constantine IX Theodora Porphyrogenitus Michael VI Isaac I. Constantine X Romanus IV Diogenes Michael VII Doukas Nicephorus III Botaniates Alexios I Komnenos John II Comnenus Manual I Comnenus Alexius II Comnenus Andronicus I Comnenus Isaac II Angelus Alexis III Ange Alexis Angel IV Nicolas Kanabos Alexius V Doukas Mourzuphles
Eastern Roman Empire divided 1204 to 1261	Empire of Nicaea Constantine Lascaris I. Theodore Lascaris John III Doukas Vatatzes Theodore II Lascaris John IV Lascaris Latin Empire of Constantinople Baudouin I. Henry I Peter II of Courtenay Robert Courtenay Jean de Brienne Baldwin II of Courtenay
Eastern Roman Empire restored 1261 to 1453	Michael VIII Palaeologus Andronicus II Palaeologus Michael IX Palaeologus Andronicus III Palaeologus John V Palaeologus John VI Cantacuzino Mathieu Cantacuzino Andronicus IV Palaeologus John VII Palaeologus Manuel II Palaeologus Andronicus V Palaeologus John VIII Palaeologus Constantine XI Palaeologus
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