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Nazism

Nazism or National Socialism is the ideology politics of the Nazi party , political party founded in Germany in 1920. This worldview hierarchically divided mankind into races , hierarchy atop which stood the " Aryan race ".

As a subject of political science, the definition of Nazism divides historians. In particular, the question remains open whether Nazism was only one form of fascism or because of having made racism a doctrine of state , Nazism must be considered a unique historical phenomenon. Indeed, the anti-Semitism of Nazi official, from 1933 , and the persecution of opponents, homosexuals, gypsies, etc.., will be achieved through the installation in 1933 of the first concentration camps in Germany. This policy will only intensify until 1945. There are more than ten million people who perished in concentration camps and extermination camps, the majority of Jews (see Holocaust ).

Summary

/ / Introduction
Members of the SA , the SS and NSKK at the congress of the Nazi party in Nuremberg in 1935.

The acronym "Nazi" is a contraction of "National Socialism" (Nationalsozialismus in German ). Indeed, the "National Socialism" is intended to separate the "international socialism", that is to say socialist movements internationalists , inspired by Marxist or not, such as the Socialist International, or Comintern , which vocation "unpatriotic" was the opposite of nationalism Pan-German Nazi. Nazi ideology is also different from other nationalist doctrines of the time as in France , the "national socialism" of Maurice Barres , who said to combine nationalism and " socialism ", but rejected the racist theories of Nazi Germany Ideology

Warsaw Ghetto , May 1943

For the Nazis, countries and territories germanophones were meant to dominate the rest of the world. They alleged that purpose the membership of the Germanic peoples to a "master race", the "Indo-European (Indo-Germanisches) or" Aryan ", which were all from the genius of humanity. The people wishing to survive and had to bow to the "master race".

Accordingly, this ideology, the rest clearly mentioned in Mein Kampf , advocated the systematic use of force. To Hitler, diplomacy or negotiation are just decoys:

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The Nazis were clearly xenophobic , asking for example "that all non-Germans living in Germany since August 2, 1914 are immediately forced to leave the Reich," and that "all directors and employees of newspapers published in German are German citizens " . They opposed the "design materialistic world, "and claiming a" positive Christianity " .

The National Socialist program also claimed to have a social dimension, symbolized by the red Nazi flag , he imposed on the German . Based on the work of the historian Gtz Aly , the Nazis showed a real concern of classes : they reorganize occupations, create mutual and social benefits , struggling against unemployment , to promote leisure and celebrations for the popular classes, etc.. For Ali, it also is one of the keys to popularity of the scheme. The trend "socializing" of the Nazi doctrine was the cause of serious disagreements between the leaders of the party. In its early years, Joseph Goebbels and the Nazis described as " Bolshevism National. " However, Hitler , by pragmatism and opportunism political will led to accept funding from industry worried by the rise of communism and to abandon certain claims and eliminate the merciless currents too "socialistic" (brothers Strasser , Rhm , etc. ).

Students Nazis burn books deemed dangerous by the Nazis in public May 10, 1933. It is a book burning.

The Nazi ideology claims to be a totalitarian , seeking to dominate and control all aspects of life of citizens , enlisted as soon as the child in all sorts of associations controlled by the party they were intended to serve: Napoli, Hitler Youth , Association of German Girls, Association of German Women's Association of Germans abroad, Secours Populaire Nazi Party, Winter Aid of the German people.

The Nazi regime, close to fascism , which he took the demonstrative character that it has initiated, ensuring the cult of the leader and respect for the doctrine of the Party by the systematic use of theatrical staging, and also the violence. The cult of personality is undoubtedly a central element of Nazism, in that it allows the leader of the movement to exercise power without limits. But it is also inspired by Bolshevism , adopting the principle of a party composed of professional activists, among whom he recruits militias private, SA and SS , and finally organizing the all-powerful Gestapo from taking power.

Trial of major Nazi leaders in Nuremberg, 1946.

Nazi doctrine was based on a classification race of men as "quality of their blood. " Gypsies, Asians and blacks were rated lower in the hierarchy of races , the Jews just before and after the Slavs and the Mediterranean. It leads to push the applications of eugenics in its extreme consequences, in particular the experience of Lebensborn , and especially the Holocaust. She encouraged them to expel German men of "inferior races", especially the Jews to whom she immediately took harassment, encouraging the emigration of the richest and most determined to other countries, before progressively lock others in concentration camps with political opponents and religious and antisocial of all kinds.

Ian Kershaw, "given its nature, its composition and its dominant forces, the Nazi movement could have a negative conception of social change (liquidation of organizations of the working class, increased discrimination against minorities)" .

The Aryans

The Nazis used the term ' Aryan to define the human race that they considered the purest, most superior and most noble, who was called by some scientists of that era Nordic race. Nazi ideologues claimed that this theory was confirmed by history, practical experience, and unique features of the Aryan (including hair blond and blue eyes).

Objectives

Semitism in Germany in 1933. On the sign: "Germans defend yourselves! Do not buy from Jews! "

Nazism advocated the superiority of "Aryan race" over other "races" human. What he called "Aryan race" is actually a notion both morphological, cultural and religious diversity. The "true" Aryan is one who is physically close to the Germanic canon. The common belief matches the "Aryan race" to the image of a man, pale, blond with blue eyes and Germanic culture. In reality, the criteria, although small, were significantly larger (especially the color of eyes and hair). According to Hitler, the Aryan race is the sole source of all human progress. Only those with a trace of Aryan blood may be a genius. The other "races" are just acting out or, like the Jews, plunder or destroy the human spirit. As such, the Aryan race must preserve the purity of his blood to concentrate the human spirit in a race that will dominate the world. For the survival of humanity, the Nazis must eliminate racial and "inferior peoples" who pollutes the human genetics, lead to ruin. Classrent the Nazis and the people based on what they called "races to educate" (the Romans, the Japanese example), the "races to enslave" (Slavs, Asians, Blacks) and "races to exterminate" (people of faith or of Jewish descent and the Roma people).

Hierarchy of "races"

Nazi racial doctrine was based primarily on the work of Hans Gnther , professor of "racial science at the University of Jena , whose ideas were strongly supported by the German government . According to Gnther all Aryans share an ideal Nordic type which creates a contrast with the Jews, who are rather a mixture of several breeds. The genealogical lineage, anthropological measurements of skulls and evaluations of physical appearance were all valuable tools in determining the race. For Gunther, although physical appearance was the thing observed, "the body is the envelope of the soul" and "the soul is primary. "But in the Nazi doctrine of racial categories of" German blood "and" foreign blood to the case "were never clearly defined, and between the pole and the pole Aryan Jew was a galaxy of races he was sometimes difficult to locate on a scale. Gunther on the European races the race divided into northern (Northern Europe), Mediterranean (southern Europe and North Africa), Dinaric (Balkan), Alpine and East Baltic .

Struggle breeds

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Alfred Rosenberg , the Nazi theorist whose influence was also important, who developed his racial theories in The Myth of the Twentieth Century ( 1930 ), where it reduces history to a racial struggle and highlights the Nordic man threatened by miscegenation, Jews and Judeo-Christian values, also considered the Berbers of North Africa as descendants of the Aryans Atlanto-Nordic: "The Berbers , some of which still retain the light skin and blue eyes often do not rise to the subsequent raids by the Vandals, but to the ancient Nordic atlanto wave. Many hunters Kabyle , for example, are still irrefutably original Nordic

Methods used

Liberation of Buchenwald, April 16, 1945

The Nazis also imprisoned strilisrent or those considered to be ill, or those regarded as hereditary diseases ( blindness , alcoholism , schizophrenia , etc..), or mental illness, based on a particular reading theories eugenic Britain's Francis Galton (see under Nazi Eugenics ). In September 1939 Hitler gave his assentimment to implement a program of euthanasia, regardless of age, disabled or suffering from some incurable disease. This program called Aktion T4 was led by a small number of handpicked men and under the supervision of doctors. A total of about 100,000 people were victims between 1940 and 1945. , .

After conquering the absolute power, the Nazis liminrent by methods systematic and concentric circles between 5 and 6 million Jews (including but not limited to using gas chambers ) and many Gypsies, between 500 000 and 1 million of which 23 000 were identified in the only camp of Auschwitz. They also strilisrent incarcrrent 400 000 Germans and all those opposed to power in concentration camps.

The extermination of the Jews is called the Shoah , which means "catastrophe" in Hebrew.

Distinction between fascism and Nazism

Two interpretations among historians:

  • Nazism is one variety (among others) of fascism.

The terms fascism and totalitarianism are often based on vague definitions. They are poorly defined and there is no consensus of historians on their use. Some reject them entirely.

Initially, fascism was to build a strong state, based on a new Empire, a true "purpose" ultimate, whereas Nazism saw the state the "average" to implement the racial politics and world domination of the German nation. The fascist died for Italy , for the Nazi Aryan race. The Second World War is not a conflict of nations, like the first, but a clash of worldviews.

In practice, Mussolini locked up and persecuted his opponents, but do not engage in a policy of extermination on cultural and religious ideology as a system of organized Nazi deportation of "undesirables". First and foremost the Jews , all of which should be eliminated, both adults and children. Hitler had decreed that everyone should disappear under a purification of Europe's planned "scientifically", that is to say with arguments pseudo-scientific racial theories, and using all technical means. It was their disposal, not reducing them as enemies. Other social groups suffered deportation and persecution, communists and other Marxists, gypsies, mentally handicapped, "asocial", homosexuals, Catholics, Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses ... The extermination camps like Auschwitz , Treblinka , Majdanek , were built or converted for extermination.

The concept of the totalitarian state was coined by the philosopher and theorist of Italian Fascism , Giovanni Gentile who wrote the texts of Mussolini with a theoretical content. The totalitarian state must take control of the entire society and all its sectors, to make it disappear, subsumed in the state, became "total". We can not exclude the fascism of the system of totalitarian states, he invented the contrary. Fascism was born in Italy, with the seizure of power by Mussolini ( March on Rome , 1922) invents a new mode of state precisely in practice and theory. It actually makes the theory and to build an empire, supposed to revive the Roman Empire.

Invention that Hitler will collect and develop, preparing the war in Europe in order to create a new European empire, the "1000 year Reich." The exploitation of the myth of the "Jewish danger" (global conspiracy in parallel and / or alliance with international communism) will be resumed. We systematically disseminate false, making the Czar's secret police, the " Protocols of the Elders of Zion ", supposedly reveal the" worldwide Jewish conspiracy. " Adolf Hitler mentioned this reading in Mein Kampf.

What distinguishes Nazism is fascism, not nationalism, racism and antisemitism, but the fact that the Nazi policy is first and essentially racist and anti-Semitic, and the decision to eliminate the Jews, and the use of an extermination plan. Planning and organization are systematic Nazi specificity, and belong neither to the Italian fascism or the various fascism that arose in Europe. The diversity of expressions are often confusing.

Sources of Nazism

The origins and inspiration of Nazism are extremely diverse. Thus, collage are included in the Nazi ideology :

The German nationalist ideologies


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