The term nationalism is born in the late ^nineteenth century and then pointed to a nascent political movement, chauvinistic and xenophobic , which had its militants mainly in the petty bourgeoisie ^{Definitions of nationalism}

1. Nationalism is the feeling of strong attachment to the nation , that is to say a great exaltation of the national idea and is also a political doctrine which asserts the primacy of national interest, on the interests of its components on one hand and the interests of other nations on the other.
2. Nationalism is the will of a people, a common identity, own national territory.
3. Nationalism is a doctrine which claims the right to a nationality to form a nation.

Several types of nationalism

The political scientist Denis Monire class nationalism in two types :

- A typology "classical", based on the criteria for membership, making the distinction between civic nationalism and political nationalism and ethnic or cultural. Each refers to a conception of the nation's very special.

-Second, based on criteria based on goals, has four groups: nationalism domination, nationalism, liberation, national conservation advocacy nationalism.

Two major ideological currents

Contemporary nationalism in France can be divided into two main streams:

• During the " revolutionary nationalism "of color atheist , and even neo-pagan , advocating a European nationalism influenced in particular by the ideas of the New Right. For this trend the Christianity is just unfortunate interlude of European heritage, as it has consistently registered against false pagan traditions unique to the Old Continent. Europe does not truly will reconnect with its own roots in rejecting the "poison" monotheistic .
• During the " cons-revolutionary nationalism "referring to Christianity , the monarchy , and traditional nationalism (which views France as a nation state since the kings Capetian ). Catholicism while a privileged place in the identity of the French nation. This nationalism is often reference to " Christianity. " The French nationalism , says traditional is the heir of that design.

Nationalism in history

Antiquity

Since antiquity, there is a sense of belonging to political entities or legal entities.

One example is:

• The feeling of belonging to the Greek world as opposed to " barbarians "(who do not speak Greek) and the mobilization of part of the Greek cities against Persian invaders. The other part of the Greek cities fought alongside the Persians
• The combination of many Gauls against the Romans and their allies, who had the Gauls, during the Gallic Wars
• The concept of compatriot used by Breton Island during the wars against the Angles and Saxons from which result the names of Cambria , Cumberland , Northumbria and the name that will give themselves the Welsh ("Kymry): All names derived from a Celtic root designating compatriots

These examples refer to corporate entities and not to nations in the modern sense.

The Middle Ages

The existence of "nationalism" in the Middle Ages is controversial, particularly because the historiography of recent shows how the nation state , as such, is really emerged with the French Revolution and the emergence of the "age of nationalism" ( Eric Hobsbawm ) in the ^nineteenth century. Some authors, such Gaines Post , however, had supported the hypothesis of a draft at nationalism ^XIII and XIV ^century , with the start of construction of territorial states ( Kingdom of England , of France and Spain ) related they believe the emergence of a sense of patriotism (patria communis) linking subjects and sovereign in the same allegiance. In any event, if there was nationalism, it differed sharply from modern nationalism: the bursting of the legal system and French language and differs widely from modern conditions of Jacobinism.

For his part, Eric Hobsbawm argues that we should not confuse the national sentiment with other variants of the sense of collective sentiments named "proto", which "did not do-or-not relationship necessary with the territorial unit of political organization

.

The modern nationalism

It is generally considered that nationalism, at least in its modern form, first appeared in Western Europe , with the first romantic nationalism. Such a view has however been strongly disputed by the historian Benedict Anderson , who showed, in Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1983), how nationalism had first emerged in the colonies , in connection with the creation of a language community through the progress of printing. Anderson and focused attention on the Philippines or Indonesia , the independence wars in South America and, of course, the independence of the United States :

"Here is the riddle: why is it precisely communities Creoles who acquired so early in the sense of forming a nation - well before most of Europe? Why these colonial provinces, which usually gather large Hispanic populations and not oppressed, they have given rise to creoles who knowingly redefined many people as citizens of one nation? "

In Germany

The creation of the German nation is late and occurs mainly under the aegis of Prussia , which requires the unification of Germanic states after the 1870 war. However, the German nationalist sentiment had preceded this unit, as theorized by writers such as Herder (Another philosophy of history), which defends the superiority of Germanic culture on others, or Hegel. In the early ^nineteenth century , and they said that "Prussia was not a country that had an army but an army that had country" . Indeed, the 7-8 000 officers of the Prussian army in 1806, more than a thousand of them were foreigners . Foreigners were even more numerous in the armies of Frederick the Great (reigned from 1797 to 1840), the army having been partially "nationalized" by Frederick William III (1797-1840) following the reforms of Gneisenau and Clausewitz .

Gradually, the freedom of movement within the German states is established, a treaty passes (1850) was signed between the majority of states, followed by another in 1865 (not signed by Prussia), which abolishes the need for passports , and finally a 1867 act negotiated under the auspices of Bismarck that removes restrictions on freedom of movement for the " dangerous classes. "

The birth of German nationalism

But in Prussia was born a German national sentiment. Defeated by ^Napoleon, Prussia is weakened and seeks to recover. She believes that a union must take place between the peoples of German territory to fight against the common enemy, Napoleon. Nationalism is a school of thought that affirms the superiority of the nation state-building. Stein , Prussian Minister of State 1804 to 1808 and Hardenberg , Minister of Foreign Affairs 1804 to 1806 , reforming the Prussian state Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , Prussian general and field marshal, reorganized the Prussian army from 1807 to 1813 and animate a shared national sacrifice for salvation.

It was around that Prussia gather the German patriots in this war patriotic and national so-called fast liberation wars (Befreiungskriege). Appear when a series of pamphlets and texts calling for the establishment of a German state grouping all people speaking the German language, including the need of people outside what was until 1806 the Holy Roman Empire. And develops Volkstum, gathering all the men of the same language, same culture.

In the Austro-Hungarian

The binational identity Austria-Hungary form a special situation for the state, Empire Central Europe.

The nineteenth ^century saw the birth or the assertion of nationalist sentiments among different nations together under the authority of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , for example with the "National Revival" Czech (publication of the Dictionary Czech-German in 1840s by Josef Jungmann ). This is the prelude to the dissolution of that empire after the First World War.

In Belgium

France

The concept of nation in the modern sense, comes from the French Revolution.

We live in fact appear at the beginning of the revolution, a corporation, the Club of 1789 , rather moderate, which is called patriotism.

Another company that Franois Perrault describes as much more radical, appeared later (1792): the Patriotic Society of Luxembourg.

It follows a policy whose objectives are essentially the independence , the unity and prosperity of his own nation and its people. Nationalism basic identity of an individual on his relationship to a nation.

The French revolutionary nation was and remains a tool of power within, just as after the Hundred Years' War. After the Revolution of 1789 which abolished the privileges of the nobles and clergy ( 4 August 1789 ) and establishing a de facto parliamentary monarchy , the Convention, the abolition of the monarchy and the takeover by the Jacobins who liminrent by massacre ( Terror ) their rivals, the Girondins more moderate and liberal Republicans, ensured the strengthening of centralism and absolutism previously royal Alexis de Tocqueville : the Old Regime and the Revolution. The indoctrination of civil society reached perfection with the First Empire and the establishment of prefectures.

The invention of modern nationalism in France and especially its transmission to other peoples of Europe (Germany, Italy) cost him his ^place, 1st European power and therefore global eighteenth ^{centuryIn Italy}

The nineteenth ^century saw the development of the national idea of Italian unification and the Italian round of the dynasty of Piedmont-Sardinia.

In Japan

The modern Japanese nationalism developed during the Showa era (between 1926 and 1945). It is based on racial superiority Japanese, the monarchy , the militarism and expansionism.

United Kingdom

Irish nationalists organized in 1905 and create the Sinn Fein and the IRA (parties claiming independence, the IRA used violence to come forward ...). During the First World War , the Irish revolt and repression will be fierce.

Although the national ideologies of Wales and Scotland have not reached the level of violence above, these two nations forming the State's Multi-Country Great Britain have also developed nationalism: he fails to Scotland in 1930 where he succeeded in 1997 concerning sovereignty independently, by significantly reforming (the face of contemporary Scottish nationalism is very different from the 1930s ).

Other trends "nationalist"

In the ^twentieth century , nationalism spouse to the anti-imperialism to form national liberation movements.

The independence

Some nationalists, nationalist liberators or defensive, are stated purpose of freeing a nation from the grip of another entity perceived as dominant. They are separatists. It may be in this current:

• many leaders of former colonies such as Gandhi , who said explicitly nationalist
• nationalism Afrikaner , very old movement (since 1850), which experienced its heyday during the Apartheid.
• the Irish nationalism , as the political focus on liberation from British rule, the cultural measures to restore the culture of Irish Gaelic
• the Lebanese nationalism , the National Bloc ( Emile Edde , Raymond Edde )
• The Scottish nationalism ,
• the Walloon nationalism ,
• the Corsican nationalism
• the nationalism Nice
• the Breton nationalism
• the Puerto Rican nationalism
• the Quebec nationalism , which is essentially a "movement to promote membership of a given nation"
• the Flemish nationalism and Thionville.

When the dominant entity is a State, we will speak, according to the degree of autonomy desired, regionalism , of autonomism of separatism (negative connotation) or secessionism (facing a federal state ).

The sovereignty movement is opposed to federalism. In Europe, Euroscepticism is a form of sovereignty movement and the Quebec sovereignty movement in North America.

The imperialists

The other big trend in nationalism, nationalism domineering much conquering, aims to domination by a nation with a territory much larger than it occupies. These include:

• the Nazis ,
• on colonialism ,
• the definition of a " hereditary enemy "for purposes of propaganda.

Nationalism in this case is synonymous with imperialism (if the entity is dominated outside the State dominant) or Jacobinism (if the entity is dominated part of the dominant state). This nationalism sometimes seek justification in a great story: dreams of restoring the Roman Empire of Mussolini , the theory of Lebensraum ( living space ) of the Nazis, claims civilizing colonialism, etc..

A crucial distinction between these two fundamentally different trends is the recognition or non-equal rights to other peoples.

Many nationalist parties have been gradually associated with the extreme right while originally nationalism do not bind (but will become a trend seemed to emerge in the late ^twentieth century ). The Nazi Party (NSDAP) was wanted for example, " National Socialist ".

The "technological nationalism"

Maurice Charland has characterized a "technological nationalism" as a trend towards the construction and legitimation of the nation-state by systems of transportation and communication funded and sponsored by the government . Harold Innis , a theorist of communication , initiate a reflection on the technological nationalism and economic relationship that binds the Canadian urban to rural Canada, which draws its ideas about the main resources theory .

Ambiguities associated with nationalistic

"Nationalism" is an ambiguous term especially when he still intends to defend a national identity , justified by common historical and cultural face of external aggression or domination regarded as foreign. In this case, it seems to need to designate an "enemy" to exist. It has sometimes been expressed against an "internal enemy", often denounced as "foreign" national identity. A " European nationalism ", opposing the notion of nation, implements the features at a supra-state to glorify the" European people ". It's enemies are the United Nations , is wrong to associate the idea of war, European nationalism is sometimes an enemy in the USA , combat system by imitating (competition policy, free movement of capital , goods and services). The European nationalism, or Europeanism is not uniform: it is usually transposed national ideas by country: Europe as a power in France (the great French nation to the community level), Europe / Germany Federal (reproduction of a European Bund), Europe liberal Atlanticist countries. Conversely, the regional nationalists denounced the " centralist Jacobin, "which led to a homogenization and eradicating cultural and language at a different minorities forced into the French population. Proponents of a French Republic "one and indivisible" instead emphasize the benefits of national education and social promotion, which would justify the crash and the consequent eradication of different cultures.

Objections to Nationalism

• Karl Marx and the Marxist theorists , are officially opposed to nationalism, they presented as a step in the development of human societies, and advanced the idea that an international proletarian would ensure victory in this class. However, some historians believe that if observers Marxists were insightful about the workings of nationalism, their political struggle to oppose the invasion of nationalism in the hearts of the proletariat has failed without appeal or relative, according to historians

, or in the radical socialist Clemenceau , even in Bakunin distinguished the nationalism as an ideology of state of patriotism as a "natural feeling", even if could also be very critical towards the latter). Despite the internationalism displayed, the majority of Socialists rallied to the warmongers in 1914, then in France, the SFIO of Guy Mollet colonialism after 1945 - despite opposition from some trends. In 1995 President a href = "% C3% Fran A7ois_Mitterrand" alt = "Francois Mitterrand"> Francois Mitterrand said: Nationalism is war! ^References

Related articles

• Nationalism in France , European nationalism , revolutionary nationalism , revolutionary nationalism-cons , Far Right , Far Right in France , Nation , nation-state , ultra-nationalism
• Opposing ideas: Globalism , Internationalism , anationalism , supranationalism

Bibliography

• Alain Bihr, The Twilight of nation states, transnational and nationalist tensions, Page Two, 2000
• Michel Feith (coordinated by), national and regional - Survivals of romanticism?, CRIN Publishing, 2004, 200 pages.
• Michel Feith (coordinated by), national and regional - Des Nations with or without a state, CRIN Publishing, 2005, 316 pages.
• Michel Feith (coordinated by), national and regional - Americas: Manuals, Publishing CRIN, 2008, 314 pages.
• Eric Hobsbawm , Nations and nationalism since 1780: programs, myth and reality, Gallimard, 1992
• Edward Said , Nationalism, Colonialism and Literature, University Press of Lille, 1994
• Jean-Pierre Rissoan, Traditionalism and revolution: the origins of outbreaks of extremism in our days. 1, of the Middle Ages 1914-1918, Lyon, Hazard, 2007, 445 p. ( ISBN 978-2-84301-170-2 ). Second volume "of fascism to 21 April 2002", 2007, 416 pages, ( ISBN 978-2-84301-185-6 ).

Stone Senarclens, Nationalism. The past of an illusion, Paris, A. Colin, 2010

Nationalism
Variations	Chauvinism revanchism irredentism ethnocentrism Topography autonomism Separatism separatism Communitarianism Ethnic Nationalism identitarism
Political Ideas	Zionism Turkism Arabism Pan-Slavism Pangermanism Pan-Africanism Nazism
Actors	Nationalist political parties Militant Nationalists Activists nationalist and independence Arab Nationalists Belgian Nationalists Croatian Nationalists French Nationalists Nationalist Russian Serbian Nationalists Swiss Nationalists
Nationalism in the world	Indian nationalism Chinese Nationalism Arab Nationalism Indonesian Nationalism Nationalism Japanese Khmer Nationalism Black Nationalism in the United States Palestinian Nationalism Puerto Rican Nationalism Syrian Nationalism Vietnamese Nationalism
Nationalism in Europe	European nationalism Nationalism in France Nationalism Spanish German Nationalism Nationalism Irish Italian Nationalism Nationalism Netherlands Albanian Nationalism Croatian Nationalism Serbian Nationalism Swiss Nationalism Belgian Nationalism
Regional nationalism	Belgium: Flemish Nationalism Walloon Nationalism - Canada: Quebec Nationalism - Spain : Basque Nationalism Catalanism Andalusian Nationalism Galician Nationalism , galleguismo - France: Breton Nationalism Corsican Nationalism Nationalism Martinique Nationalism Nice Nationalism Norman Occitan Nationalism Savoyard Nationalism - Other: Scottish Nationalism

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