Munich
48 08 '24 "N 11 34' 30" E / 48.1400, 11.5750
| Munich | ||
|---|---|---|
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| Administration | ||
| Placename Official | Mnchen | |
| Country |  Germany | |
| Land |  Bavaria | |
| District (Regierungsbezirk) | Upper Bavaria | |
| Borough (Landkreis) | Munich ( city district ) | |
| Municipal Code (Gemeindeschlssel) | 09 1 62 000 | |
| Postcode | 80000-81929 | |
| Calling code | 089 | |
| Registration | M | |
| Number of districts (Ortsteil) | 28 | |
| Website | www.muenchen.de | |
| Policy ( 2001 - 2006 ) | ||
| Mayor (Brgermeister) | Christian Ude ( SPD ) | |
| Ruling parties | SPD , Greens and Rosa Mnchen List | |
| Geography | ||
| Latitude Longitude | 48 08 '24 "North 11 34 '30 "East / 48.1400, 11.5750 | |
| Altitude ( ) | 519 m | |
| Area | 310.43 km | |
| Demography | ||
| Population | 1,326,806 inhab. (31.12.2008) | |
| Density | 4323 inhabitants / km | |
change  | ||
Munich in German ) is, with 1,326,806 inhabitants . Munich is the capital of the Land of Bavaria and the District of Upper Bavaria. Located between 482 and 579 meters, the city is bisected by the Isar River , a distance of 13.7 km, southwest to northeast. Important economic hub, home to major companies including EADS Deutschland , Siemens , Allianz , BMW , HypoVereinsbank and Mnchener Rckversicherung.
According to Eurostat, the greater urban area of Munich is Germany's largest in terms of GDP with 117.6 billion euros, to Hamburg , Berlin and Frankfurt. With a GDP per capita of 53,073 euros, Munich is also one of the richest cities of the European Union .
The city is famous for its traditional beer festival (Oktoberfest) in late September early October.
This is the second tourist destination in Germany after Berlin.
Summary |
The beginnings
The village of "Munichen" (with the monks in old German) was born in the ninth century around a Benedictine abbey (the little monk of arms of the city recalls this origin).
In 1156, Henry the Lion , Duke of Saxony, received from Frederick Barbarossa, the duchy of Bavaria.
To recover the tax on salt mines in Bad Reichenhall , collected so far by the Bishop of Freising , he deliberately fire the deck of the existing diocese Unterfhring , north bridge, and builds a bridge upstream at Island in the Isar in place of the current Ludwigsbrcke "zu den Munichen" as close to a Benedictine monastery established since the eighth century. A village takes its name from Mnchen is based around the bridge and Henrich gives him the right to coin money and to keep market. It speaks for the first time in Munich in 1158 as Villa Munichen (Mnchen German monks comes Mnchen). With the bridge, and therefore with the salt market, Munich seizes the right currency and customs.
In 1180, Otto of Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and founded a dynasty that reigned over the region until 1918. In the thirteenth century, Munich receives a municipal charter and fortifications. In 1255, the Duchy of Bavaria is divided into two parts; Munich becomes the capital of Upper Bavaria.
In 1327, the city was destroyed by fire and the Emperor Louis IV makes rebuilding very quickly. Although Munich city became the residence of the Emperor in 1328 , growth in Munich in a big city did not have that 450 years later.
After the Thirty Years War
In 1632, during the Thirty Years War , the city fell to Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden. And in 1634, the fever makes him lose two-thirds of its population. Between 1651 and 1679, during the reign of the Elector Ferdinand Maria and thanks to his wife Henriette Adelaide of Savoy , Munich enriched by Italian Baroque style monuments ( Theatinerkirche , Nymphenburg castle ...) In 1705, during the War of Spanish Succession , the Elector Maximilian II who sided with the Bourbons, the city back under the patronage of the Habsburgs. The Bavarian Academy of Sciences was founded in 1759.
Capital of Bavaria
From the late eighteenth century , Munich grows rapidly. When the city became the capital of the new kingdom of Bavaria established under the aegis of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806 , this growth is accelerating. Indeed, while it is populated in 1700 only 24 000 inhabitants, Munich then see its population double every thirty years: between 1870 and 1933 , the population rose from 170 000 to 840 000 inhabitants.
During the reign of King Ludwig I of Bavaria ( in 1825 - one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight ), Munich also became a renowned art center. Most buildings in the city dating from the nineteenth century, particularly the reign of Maximilian II : architects classic Leo von Klenze and Friedrich von Grtner built the Ludwigstrae , Knigsplatz Ruhmeshalle and the Residence.
Under the prince regent Luitpold ( one thousand eight hundred eighty-six - 1912 ), Munich has a significant cultural and artistic development, notably with the construction of Prinzregentenstrae and Prinzregententheater. Schwabing is the turn of the century, the artists' quarter, with large numbers of writers and painters. In 1896 , the Munich-based cultural journal Jugend (Youth) appears for the first time.
After the First World War
After the First World War , Munich undergoing a revolutionary tormented, beginning with the fall of the monarchy on 7 November 1918. The Minister-President Social Democrat Kurt Eisner was assassinated on 21 February 1919 and April 7, the Revolutionary Council of the city proclaim the Republic of Councils of Munich (Mnchner Rterepublik) which finally crushed in blood 2 May 1919. In the following years saw the birth of the Munich Nazism and became the capital of the movement of Adolph Hitler. In November 1923 , Adolf Hitler and his companions attempted a coup (the Beer Hall Putsch ) but they failed and Hitler was imprisoned.
Once in power, the Nazis built several buildings between 1933 and 1945. On 20 March 1933 , the first concentration camp in Germany is standing opened by Himmler at Dachau on the outskirts of Munich. In 1938 , the Munich agreement is signed between Hitler, Mussolini , Chamberlain and Daladier. They give the Sudetenland to Nazi leader. In 1939 , Johann Georg Elser tried unsuccessfully to assassinate Hitler with a bomb.
During World War II , a Munich-based student group The White Rose (Die Weisse Rose), one of the most famous movement of the German resistance to Nazism. Like most German cities, Munich was seriously damaged due to heavy bombing of the Allies , but it was rebuilt during the American occupation and becomes the largest economic zone in southern Germany.
After the reconstruction, Munich develops as a place dedicated to new technologies, like the group MBB. In addition, many service companies moved in, such as media companies, insurance and banking services. Museums (eg the Alte Pinakothek , the Neue Pinakothek and the Pinakothek der Moderne , the Glyptotek , the Deutsches Museum ) are also experiencing a resurgence of interest.
In 1972, Munich hosts the Summer Olympics during which the city opens its first metro line. On 5 September 1972 , the Palestinian organization Black September killed two Israelis and taking nine others hostage. All the hostages are killed, and five of the eight terrorists and a policeman. The games are interrupted for a day and some athletes choose to leave the competition. The film Munich made in 2005 by Steven Spielberg based on this event.
With the XXI century , new neighborhoods are emerging, like the center to the periphery, which combine residential and offices, shops and cultural institutions.
Geography
Munich is one of the largest German cities in the area. Its highest elevation is 579 m with Warnberg above sea level, its lowest elevation is 482 m above sea level to Feldmoching.
The Isar River crosses the city from southwest to northeast over a distance of 13.7 km. The island on the river is the most famous Museum Island, which is the Deutsches Museum. Around Munich are many lakes, such as the Tegernsee , the Ammersee , Wrthsee or Starnberg. Other rivers are the Wrm , which flows from Lake Starnberg and crosses west of the city, Hachinger Bach , the Eisbach , the Auer Mhlbach and Brunnbach. Streams in the city are mostly near the Isar, others also sank in the downtown, streams in the center are mostly underground (in conduit) others have been drained in time of construction of the subway (U-Bahn) and urban railway (S-Bahn). Lakes within the city are the Kleinhesseloher See in the Englischer Garten (English Garden literally), the lake on the Olympic site and Feldmochinger See, Lerchenauer Fasanerie See and See, north of the city.
Expansion
The total area of the city of Munich is 31 043 hectares, making Munich after Berlin , Hamburg , Cologne , Dresden and Bremen, the sixth largest city of Germany. Of the 310 km square, 44% consist of buildings and adjoining free surfaces, 16.9% are surfaces country, 14.7% of the area of recovery, 4.4% woodland, 1.2% Surface water and 2.2% of the area for other uses. The greatest distance of the city from north to south and 20.9 kilometers from east to west for 26.8 km.
Areas and surrounding municipalities
With the reorganization of the city in 1992 , the number of sectors (called Stadtbezirk) of the city was reduced from 41 to 25.
The following municipalities are adjacent to the city (listed clockwise starting from the north): Oberschleissheim , Garching , Ismaning , Unterfhring , Aschheim , Feldkirchen , Haar , Putzbrunn , Neubiberg , Unterhaching , Perlacher Forst , Oberhaching , Grnwald , Pullach , Forstenrieder Park , Neuried , Planegg , Taufkirchen and Grfelfing (all Landkreis Munich), Germering , Puchheim and Grbenzell (Landkreis Frstenfeldbruck ) and Karlsfeld (Landkreis Dachau ).
Climate
The city of Munich is in a transition zone between the climate and moist Atlantic continental dry climate. Other factors affecting climate are the Alps and the Danube. Because of this configuration, the weather is relatively changeable. The foehn brings south but not the regular hot dry air to Munich. And visibility is often very good - the famous Bavarian blue sky - and you can see very clearly the Bavarian Alps from Munich. The highest temperature measured by the German Weather Service is 37.2 C in July 1983 in Munich- Nymphenburg. The city is often hit by storms (the storm of 12 July 1984 caused damage estimated at 1.5 billion euros ). Because of the proximity of the Alps , Munich is also the snowiest big city in Germany. Locally, a study on meteorological statistics showed that the southern part of the city is the sunniest, the northern part is more cloud, or that the western area are drier than the eastern neighborhoods. This is a consequence of differences in elevation within the city, which generate microclimates and explain the climatic variations from east to west, from both sides of the Isar.
Population
Munich has 1,326,806 inhabitants , the Munich. The number of unemployed is 82,000 (mid-2005). The percentage of foreigners is 23.3% (300,129 in total at 31 December 2005 ), among which 43,309 Turks , 24,866 Croats , 24,439 Serbs , 22,486 Greeks , 21,411 Austrians and 20,847 Italians .
Religion
The Bavaria is historically predominantly Catholic , Munich has a population derived from Catholicism. The city is the seat of the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising since 1821, but thirty years since people tend to abandon its religious Catholic, 40% still claim and to declare themselves atheists or followers of new religions. Its churches are numerous, especially in the old city dominated by the Frauenkirche cathedral, which serves as the church of Saint-Pierre. Some are remarkable for their architectural style as the church of Saint-Michel , the famous Asamkirche Baroque or Brgersaalkirche which houses the tomb of resistant Rupert Mayer , SJ.
14% of the population of Munich is confession Lutheran. The population of Turkish origin to more than 43,000 people benefited from new mosques and asserts its demographic dynamism. The Jewish community gathers 9700 people (0.4%). Finally, the immigration population is European-led opening parishes Orthodox. We also note the emergence over the last thirty years of American cults such as the Adventists or the Mormons.
Politics
As the capital of Land, Munich is the seat of the Landtag (state parliament) of Bavaria and the state government of Bavaria. In addition, Munich is the seat of government of Upper Bavaria (Oberbayern), sector of Upper Bavaria and Landkreis Munich.
Traditionally, the center-left parties dominate political life in Munich, which is quite rare in Bavaria. Thus the district of Munich was the only northern Bavaria to elect a direct mandate MP SPD (Sozialdemokratische Partei: Social Democratic Party) parliamentary elections of 2002 and 2005. Since 1993, the city is headed by the mayor (Oberbrgermeister) Social Democrat Christian Ude. Since then, the Munich City Council is led by a coalition between the SPD, Bndnis 90/Die Grnen (The Greens) and Rosa (list of pink).
| Year | SPD | CSU | Grne | FDP | dp | REP | Rosa List | PDS | Other | Total | Percentages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | 31 | 42 | - | 6 | 1 | 80 | 61,8 | ||||
| 1984 | 35 | 35 | 6 | 4 | 80 | 63,6 | |||||
| 1990 | 36 | 25 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 80 | 65,4 | |||
| 1994 | 29 | 30 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 80 | 59,2 | ||
| 1996 | 31 | 32 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 4 | 80 | 52,8 |
| 2002 | 35 | 30 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 80 | 51,0 |
| 2008 | 33 | 23 | 11 | 5 | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | 3 | 80 | 47,6 |
Districts
The city of Munich is divided into 25 districts where the population each elect a parliament. These parliaments districts are responsible for local tasks.
The last elections were held in 2002, along with municipal elections. The Social Democrats SPD occupy the presidency of sixteen of these districts, only eight against the Christian Democrats of the CSU and one for Rosa List.
p> The 649 seats in parliaments of the 25 districts are divided as follows: Social Democrats 285, 262 Christian Democrats, 77 Greens, 19 Liberals, three members of the Rosa and List 3 representatives from other parties.Arms
The arms of the city of Munich shows on a silver background monk in black dress and red shoes with gold edges with a book in his left hand and blessing with his right hand. The colors of the city are black and yellow. The current coat of arms consists of "small amoire" passed in 1957 by the City Council. But there are also "big arms" that show a city gate flanked by two red towers with red roofs, black and gold strips zig-zag, a golden lion roaring and crowned overlooks the monk Small Arms. In the administration, big arms are no longer used. The monk of arms turned over time into a "child of Munich (Mnchner Kindl Twinnings The city of Munich is twinned with: A secondary school is named Max-Planck-Gymnasium. The Bavarian Academy of Sciences founded in 1759 by Maximilian III Joseph of Bavaria. "Munich is coiled between art and beer like a village between two hills," wrote Heinrich Heine 150 years ago - a quote that is still appropriate. Between the beer festival and opera, Hofbruhaus and the Pinacoteca , BMW and Bayern Munich , Munich means well to combine Bavarian tradition and frantic activity. Munich is a city rooted in southern Germany and is known internationally for its collections of classical art. Thus, the Alte Pinakothek , the Neue Pinakothek , the Pinakothek der Moderne , and Lenbachhaus are among the most renowned museums in the world. The Deutsches Museum devoted to science and technology is more than a million visitors a year, one of the most visited museums in Europe. The Glyptotek and the Staatliche Antikensammlungen house prestigious collections of antiquities. But other museums are also among the most famous museums of Germany, such as Vlkerkundemuseum (Ethnology Museum), the Palontologisches Museum (which has the prehistoric collection of the state) or Munich Stadtmuseum (City Museum). It is also within the precincts of the city the Bayerische Staatsoper ( Bavarian State Opera ), the Bayerische Staatsschauspiel (Theatre of the State of Bavaria) which has its main stage in the ancient theater of Residence. The most well known is the opera festival and film festival. The famous Oktoberfest, known in France as the Oktoberfest , is the largest fairground and popular festival of this style and is visited by tourists from around the world. This festival is also known by the Munich Oktoberfest because it occurs on the Theresienwiese (Therese Meadow); it was originally organized to commemorate the festival which took place for the wedding of Princess Therese of Saxony -Hildburghausen with Ludwig I of Bavaria. Munich hosts with his twin Cincinnati exchange of artists and exhibitions in both cities. The Marienplatz is the heart of Munich, in the heart of the old city. It is bordered by the Altes Rathaus (Old Town Hall) and the Neues Rathaus (New Town Hall). The most emblematic building of the city is undoubtedly the cathedral Frauenkirche (Church of Our Lady), brick red, with its two towers recognizable by their roof onion. Not far away are the ancient high places of political power, as the palace of the Residence, or trade, as the "food market" Viktualienmarkt. South of the residence , before the opera begins the Maximilianstrasse, built in the nineteenth century as qu'avenue intended for military parades. Spanning the Isar, it links the old city neighborhoods in eastern and Maximilianeum , the seat of the Bavarian Parliament. Today, the avenue is lined with shops of luxury. North of downtown, directly in front of the palace of the Residence , is the Odeonsplatz (Place de l'Odeon), with the Feldherrnhalle , and the church Theatinerkirche (church Theatines ), which is of a Baroque (at Inside Rococo ). North, the second largest avenue of Munich, Ludwigstrasse continued by Leopold , leads to the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt (University Louis and Maximilian) and Siegestor (Gate of Victory) to through Schwabing , the quarter of students and artists. Around the Deutsches Museum, located in the district 'at the' Mllersches Volksbad (Bains popular Mller), which opened in 1901 after four years of work. These are the oldest public baths in Munich (style Art Nouveau ). Another famous place is the Knigsplatz (Royal Square), with the Glyptothek and the Staatliche Antikensammlungen (collections of antiquities of the state). The Theatinerkirche to Odeonplatz The Marienplatz Entrance to the Church of St. John of Nepomuk ( Asamkirche ) Column of Mary ( Marienplatz ) in winter The old town hall View of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Munich (Frauenkirche) Farthest from downtown to the west is the Castle of Nymphenburg. With its unique architecture and its grounds, it served as a summer residence for the royal family of Wittelsbach. There is a botanical garden in the castle park. Behind the walls of the park lies the castle of Blutenburg style post- Gothic. North of the city is the area built for the Olympic Games 1972 Summer Olympics. The architectural and tourism made up of the stadium, the Olympic swimming pool and gymnasium is famous worldwide for its rooftop tent shapes. Here is also Olympiaturm (Olympic Tower), radio transmitter and television, with a height of 291 meters. It opened in 1968, and has a restaurant that turns on itself to 101 meters. The field also includes the Olympic Olympiaberg (the Olympic mountain), artificial hill built with the rubble of the bombing of the Second World War. Another site is the major sporting stadium Allianz Arena opened in May 2005 , also located in the north, which held the home games of FC Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich. There are approximately 1200 Munich fountains which are seven hundred municipalities. The oldest of these is the Fischbrunnen (fountain with fish) on the Marienplatz. Another important is the fountain Wittelsbacher Brunnen (fountain of Wittelsbach) on Lenbachplatz, due to the artist Adolf von Hildebrand. Known worldwide, the Englischer Garten (English Garden) stretches from the center of Munich to the north boundary of the city, with an area of 4.17 square kilometers, is slightly larger than Central Park in New York. Mention may also be the Olympic Park (Olympic Park) on the Olympic site which offers a breathtaking view over the city and its surroundings from the top of the Olympiaberg. There is also a large number of parks such as Westpark and Ostpark (artificial hills created with dredged from the metro, cross country skiing in winter), the park of Nymphenburg , which makes Munich a city very green in summer and can take long walks in winter. From north to south of the city, the banks of the Isar offers a green environment where it is possible to walk or bike. The party runs from Deutsches Museum Flaucher the island are ideal places for barbecues and swimming (also naturism). For Bundesgartenschau 2005 (lounge garden), a new park was built east of Munich, Riemer Park on the site of the old airport. The three leading orchestras of Munich, known worldwide: Other training: View of the Glyptothek The old Pinakothek The Munich airport is located 29 kilometers from the city. With 30.7 million passengers in 2006 , it is the 2nd airport in Germany and the 7th in Europe. Due to the increasing number of passengers, a second terminal was built and opened in 2003. The Free State of Bavaria has decided to link the center of Munich to the airport by a Transrapid (train using magnetic levitation monorail) and this decision was initially refused by the municipal majority before finally being accepted during a parliamentary session of October 24, 2006, where Dr. Karl-Friedrich Rausch admitted that no other solution than the Transrapid was valid to connect the center of Munich to the airport. Such a bond is supposed to shorten the travel time from airport to 9 minutes. Exploding costs by reason, the project was abandoned on 27 March 2008 . Munich is well connected to international rail network. The main station (Hauptbahnhof) is, with its 350 000 passengers per day, the second in Germany after that of Hamburg. The train lines leading in all directions: lines ICE (Inter City Express) 11 Berlin-Frankfurt-Munich-Innsbruck and 25 Hamburg-Nuremberg-Munich-Garmisch-Partenkirchen, more remote, start here lines 28-Augsburg-Nurnberg Berlin, 41 Frankfurt-Nuremberg-Ingolstadt and 42 Stuttgart-Frankfurt-Cologne-Dortmund. There are also two other major stations such as station Munich-Pasing and Ostbahnhof (East Station). All these stations are connected to networks of U or S-bahn. In terms of transportation, the company S-Bahn Mnchen (subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn ) operates 10 lines of S-Bahn (the equivalent of Paris RER) and MVG (Munich Transport Company) 6 subway lines (U- Bahn), 12 tram (Straenbahn) and a significant number of bus lines. Other bus routes are operated by private companies. All operators are driving under the unified tariffs for the MVV (Munich Transport Federation). The metro system of Munich is 100.8 km with the third longest in Germany (the underground network is the second longest) and is used daily by 900,000 people. The S-bahn trains are produced by Alstom and Bombardier between 1999 and 2005. The U-bahn trains are mostly older, they are manufactured between 1970 and 2005. For personal transportation, bicycle paths exist throughout the city and taxis are circulating. Expressways are around the city, and are currently under construction for some, to make them underground. The ticket for one day is 5.20 Munich is a major economic centers of the European Union after Paris and London. The city is distinguished by the implantation does many corporate headquarters, including that of BMW , as well as its excellence in scientific research and biotechnology, whose activities are mainly concentrated in the town of Planegg. The Munich-based economy is also driven by the media sector, the automotive and aerospace industries . Munich is considered the financial 9th place of Europe and the 2nd of Germany behind Frankfurt through the establishment of many insurance companies. Munich is the 2nd city in the world after New York with the largest companies in the publishing industry. Finally, she hosts several renowned trade fairs at the site of the old airport in Riem. A number of large companies have their headquarters in Munich. In particular, after the Second World War , many companies have moved to Berlin or East Germany to Munich. Munich is the headquarters of the Bayerischer Rundfunk (Bavarian Radio). In addition, he is in Munich a large number of private radio stations. The film industry and television are also strongly represented (television studios in Unterfhring and Theater Geiselgasteig ). With 250 publishing companies who have their headquarters in Munich is one of the most important places of the clipboard (eg with Focus Burda Verlag, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Langenscheidt Verlag, Sddeutsche Verlag). Next book publishers and press, we can also mention the daily Sddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), Mnchner Merkur, the Abendzeitung (AZ), the Tageszeitung (TZ), free magazine in the city and In-Mnchen online magazines and munichx.de munich-online.de. The German School of Journalism in Munich as journalists in all media. At Geiselgasteig Unterfhring and there are also many companies in the Film and Television (for example Bavaria Filmstudios FIRST, ProSiebenSat.1, RTL2). Federal authorities, utilities and institutions that have their headquarters in Munich: Administration of Capital Land Munich itself has 11 services (construction services, health and environment, labor and the economy, urban planning, communal, administrative, cultural, personnel and organization, school and worship, social and communal rooms). Statue of Bavaria Frauenkirche and New Town Hall Headquarters BMW Marienplatz to the tower of the Frauenkirche The Chinese Tower in the English Garden Tour Uptown Munich Stadium Olympics 1972 Summer Olympic stadium roof OJ 1972 In Munich were born: 
Edinburgh ( Scotland ) since 1954 
Verona ( Italy ) since 17 March 1960 
Bordeaux ( France ) since 30 May 1964 
Sapporo ( Japan ) since 28 August 1972 
Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) ( India ) since ? June 2005 
Cincinnati ( USA ) since 18 September 1989 
Kiev ( Ukraine ) since 6 October 1989 
Harare ( Zimbabwe ) since 1996 , frozen between 1999 and April 2002 because of violations of human rights of the Government of Zimbabwe Secondary
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Basilica of Saint Paul ( Paulskirche ) 
Allianz Arena , home of the professional club football in Munich 
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