Mosaic Art
The mosaic is a decorative art that use fragments of stone, of enamel , of glass or of ceramic , assembled using putty or plaster, to form patterns or figures. Whatever the material used, these pieces are called tesserae.
Widely used during the ancient Roman mosaic continued to be used throughout the Middle Ages , especially among Byzantines , successors of the Romans ( Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna ), and the Renaissance. After having virtually disappeared for several centuries, this art has returned to light with the movement Art Nouveau. Today the mosaic is used both by artists of the movement Op art such as Carlos Cruz-Diez , Vasarely History The mosaic was widely used during antiquity for the interior decoration of houses and temples. It is associated particularly well-preserved Roman sites such as Pompeii or Herculaneum. However, the mosaic has continued to be used throughout the Middle Ages , especially among the Byzantines , successors of the Romans ( Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna ), and the Renaissance. Thus, many pictorial representations on the walls of St. Peter are performed using this technique. Former method, the mosaic is still used today especially for the decoration of churches. Thus, the ceiling of the apse of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre was awarded the largest mosaic in the world, covering an area of 475 square meters. Designed by Luc-Olivier Merson and perform 1900 to 1922 by the workshops Guilbert-Martin, it is the Sacred Heart of Jesus glorified by the Catholic Church and France. Between 1933 and 1941 , the painter Henri Pinta carries a large mosaic of 120 square meters, decorating the choir of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Marseille. There are several types of materials, which allow different effects and each have their advantages. In Byzantium, use enamels for glass murals. The intensity of color is remarkable, but this material is expensive and is very fragile. Generally used for cutting tiles or the hammer, two types of special pliers called respectively clips Japanese, who have the distinction of not joining their end, and clamps in Mollet. Both types of clips are often being strengthened in their end of tungsten carbide ... etc.. Support the most common is the mortar (cement and sand) due to its low cost and its adaptation to different environments. We put a screen on the wall, then a layer of mortar of at least 13mm thick, which protects the mosaic of cracks. One can also find other materials such as wood (it is rendered waterproof with a chemical treatment, or immersing it in boiling oil), glass, wood fibers pressed and glued (present day), or plywood (contemporary) ... They are many. The most used is probably the mortar applied on all surfaces, it can add lime to slow the setting time. Adhesives are also used cement, which are designed according to the media, with different setting times. The use of two types of white glue (regular and water soluble) is also common. Finally, in modern times, we see the use of silicone adhesive. There are two capitals of the mosaic in the world (exhibitions, restoration, education): The term "mosaic" is often used in a metaphorical sense, especially in science and biology. : Genes (see Mosaic (genetics) , virus of tobacco mosaic (see mosaic (plant pathology) , mosaic membrane, chimera ... George Chapouthier proposed the concept of tiles to define the complexity of living beings, since at each stage of living (cell, organism, population ....), as in a mosaic in the artistic sense, the "whole", leaves a large autonomy to its parts, which act somewhat like tiles. Technique
The tesserae
Cutting
Supports
Adhesives
The assembly
Famous Mosaics
References
Bibliography
Mosaic Metaphor in Science
See also
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