Journal
A journal is a document that lists in order chronologically or thematically a number of events for a given period (usually a day , from which it takes its name). By extension, a newspaper means a publication consisting of articles on the day's news.
Summary |
Originally, a log is kept by those who want to remember the events which have arrived (diary), or to archive these events (logbook). One of the best examples is the Diary of a citizen of Paris held by a Paris between 1405 and 1449.
The first newspapers news (written) is also presented in this chronologically, but quickly evolved into a more synthetic form, classifying events by themes and headings. From there came the word journal in its acceptance of paper containing information for a period, replacing the word gazette in some of its uses.
The first newspaper printed known, called Relation, was published in Strasbourg to 1605. The Post och inrikes Tidningar or PoIT, which translates Newsletters national newspaper is a Swedish founded in 1645 by Queen Christina of Sweden and is the oldest existing newspaper in 2006. The newspaper was referring to Sweden in the late seventeenth century and the eighteenth century. In January 2007 , the release paper disappears in favor of one version web. The last paper edition is dated 29 December 2006.
In France , the first publication entitled "newspaper" is the shoes , published in Paris in 1665. With the industrialization of the press , big names of newspapers were created, and the term used to describe both the physical carrier of information (the newspaper newsprint) and the publishing company: The Journal using of journalists and reporters.
The very way of presenting information in summary form and theme was taken up by other media: radio , then television , which also included the term to designate the journal issue in which a presenter gives the daily news. The first newscast aired French in 1949 by Rich
Construction of a newspaper news
From the news wire service articles
The selection of items
Writing a French newspaper groups all journalists participating in the creation of that day's edition. It is headed by an editor whose role is to define the orientation of the paper, stop the calendar by day, week or month, that is to say to fix the number and content of articles to be published in the newspaper or magazine.
The editor is assisted by one or more assistants, who may be responsible for an item or service ( international , society , sports , culture , politics ). The editorial conference is a meeting at which journalists gather to discuss what will "the news". It is sometimes the object of virulent debates and ensures the flow of information within the editor. During the conference, topics and angles of the day are arrested, as well as their format ( interview , report , investigation , editorial ...)...
As part of a daily newspaper, the subjects were asked to change depending on the news or what journalists gather in the field. After a certain hour, the log should be completed (between 20 and 23 hours for a newspaper printed the night). All journalists are required to meet deadlines (the deadline in American parlance) and to copy them at set times.
The final version of the articles is sent to copy editors. The copy editor is a journalist, just an editor or reporter. His job is to read and verify the articles that are submitted, to define the titraille (top title, title, subtitle, hat , heading), and adapt the text to the imperatives of the model to ensure better presentation.
Once the items corrected and formatted, the editorial secretary, assisted by an editor and a picture researcher , participated in the layout of the article. When the page is fully assembled and has been validated by the editor and / or Secretary General Drafting (SGR), it is sent to the printers.
Formats
- Large Format or 575 x 410 mm
Examples: Team , De Tijd, Het Belang van Limburg, etc..
- Belgian : 520 x 365 mm or Cup 50 (500 X 370 mm)
Examples: The Progress , Het Laatste Nieuws, De Morgen, etc..
- Berlin : 470 x 320 mm
Examples: Le Monde , Les Echos , Le Soir , etc..
- Tabloid (A3): 410 x 290 mm (or 374 X 289)
Examples: Liberation , France Soir , Aujourd'hui en France / Le Parisien , La Tribune , Metro , Het Nieuwsblad , De Standaard , Gazet van Antwerpen , etc..
- Half or Half Berlin tabloid (A4): 290 x 210 mm
Examples: 20 minutes
Daily
France
The first daily newspaper in French, Journal de Paris , was invented by Marcel Bourdoncle and appeared in 1777.
Many newspapers born in the twentieth century as Combat , Victory ( Pierre Dumas ) to Toulouse , Le Matin of Paris and L'Aurore , have disappeared. Complimentary newspapers financed by advertising aired in the street, subway, public space, have emerged in recent years ( 20 minutes , Metro , Direct Soir , MatinPlus ...). Metro is only profitable to date, the third was born in June 2006, the fourth is available since February 6, 2007.
In France, the distribution of paid dailies is provided mostly by NMPP and the network of bookshops and by subscription. There are 2 categories that are based on their broadcast area.
National Daily Press
- National circulation.
- Examples of national dailies pay: Le Figaro , Libration , Le Monde , The Team , L'Humanite and La Croix.
Economic problems affecting the daily headlines, which is increasingly controlled by large financial groups ( Dassault , Groupe Amaury , etc.).
Daily newspapers Regional and local
- The province is called daily regional newspapers when they have a regional distribution and local newspapers when such coverage is less extensive.
- Examples of provincial newspapers: West France , South West , La Marseillaise , The Latest News from Alsace. Fifteen regional newspapers owned Hersant Group. He also acquired in 2007 Nice-Matin and La Provence.
In many areas, titles that dominate the regional press is a quasi-monopoly, which raises the issue of quality and plurality of information.
Quebec
The Quebec consists in large part, francophones, but the province is bathed from a very large English speaking population (in 2001, 591,378 people had English as their mother tongue). On the other hand, it is about 300 million English speakers in the rest of North America. Within the province, many ethnic communities want to hear from their country of origin. Accordingly, French and English newspapers rub on display, but newspapers written in other languages are also disseminated.
In Quebec, the concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few players has encouraged the emergence of some newspapers with wide circulation. However, the regional newspapers in have not disappeared. Often, articles written for a local newspaper may find themselves in another newspaper in the same group, thus maximizing the return on investment.
There are several categories of dissemination Quebec : international, national, provincial, regional and local levels.
- Daily Press International
- Basically speaking, these papers are from the United States and called: The Washington Post , The New York Times and USA Today. Following the privileged nature of relations between France and Quebec, some French newspapers are published in Quebec, including Le Monde.
- National daily press
- The English language media dominates this market: National Post , Toronto Star , Toronto Sun , Financial Post , etc..
- Provincial Daily Press
- The French press dominates this market: Press ; Duty , but the English daily The Gazette pulls out of the game
- Regional daily press
- The French press dominates this market: the Tribune de Sherbrooke , the Law , the Sun , the Journal de Qubec and Le Journal de Montreal , for example.
- Local Daily Press
- Although the French press dominates this market, newspapers aimed at different ethnicities are published.
In Switzerland
- L'Express , published at Neuchtel since October 2, 1738, is the oldest newspaper in French-speaking world.
- Time , published in Geneva, is the only daily general French national dimension in Switzerland.
- Agefi , published in Lausanne since 1950, the Swiss daily economic and financial reference in French.
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