Joachim Murat
| Joachim Murat | |
 | |
| Nickname | King Franconi |
|---|---|
| Birth | 25 March 1767 Labastide Fortunire , France |
| Deaths | 13 October 1815 (48 years) Pizzo , Italy |
| Origin | French |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of France  Kingdom of the French  French Republic French Empire .gif){kind=small} Kingdom of Naples .gif){kind=small} Kingdom of Naples |
| Weapon | cavalry |
| Grade | Marshal of the Empire |
| Years of Service | 1787 - 1815 |
| Conflicts | Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars |
| Command | Reserve cavalry of the Grand Army Grand Army |
| Feats | 1st Italian Campaign Egyptian Campaign 1800 : Battle of Marengo 1805 : Battle of Austerlitz 1806 : Battle of Jena 1807 : Battle of Eylau 1812 : Battle of Borodino 1813 : Battle of Leipzig 1815 : Battle of Tolentino |
| Honors | Prince Imperial Grand Admiral of France Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honor |
| Other functions | Grand Duke of Berg and Cleves King of Naples |
change  | |
Joachim Murat, born 25 March 1767 Labastide-Fortunire (nowadays Labastide-Murat , near Cahors , in the department of Lot ) and died on 13 October 1815 to Pizzo ( Calabria ) is a Marshal of the Empire , of 1806 to 1808 Grand Duke of Berg and Cleves , French prince and King of Naples from 1808 to 1815.
It is also the brother- Napoleon , by his marriage with Caroline Bonaparte.
Summary |
Under the Old Regime
It is the last of eleven children of an innkeeper , Pierre Murat Jordy and his wife Jeanne Loubires. First for the ecclesiastical state , we find it among the seminarians of Cahors , and among Vincentians of Toulouse. He is preparing for the novitiate priest and carries the small collar. His classmates call him the Father Bastide Murat. The young Joachim loves pleasure, he got into debt and, fearing the wrath of his father, he enlisted on 23 February 1787 in Hunters of the Ardennes (Champagne future), then in the 12th cavalry unit that recruits men bold.
Educated, he distinguished himself quickly. However, it is referred for insubordination in 1789 and returned to his hometown, his father.
Career in the Revolution
Murat enjoys his return to the Quercy to attend and participate in meetings of local clubs. It is so elected in the township of Montfaucon .
To combat Roveredo ( 4 September 1796 ), it is loaded by Bonaparte to pursue the enemy who, fleeing, seeking to rally. Leading a fighter squadron of the 10th regiment in which each rider takes a foot soldier behind him, he passed the Adige to ford. This unexpected attack causes confusion in the enemy ranks. At the Battle of Bassano , delivered on 22 of the same month, he commanded a corps of cavalry whose charges against the bright square of the Austro-Sardinian infantry contribute mightily to the success of the day.
It showcases his talents as a rider to Dego and Mondovi , and is completely general. He was wounded at the siege of Mantua.
On 13 March 1797 , he performs with his cavalry the passage of the Tagliamento , makes weapons that confounds all the plans of the Archduke Charles and that forces Austria to sign a preliminary peace treaty.
In Egypt , he displays the greatest value to the taking of Alexandria and the Battle of the Pyramids. It is responsible for fighting against looters in the new organization that gives Bonaparte to conquer .
When Bonaparte made the siege of Saint Jean d'Acre , the inferiority of the French artillery commander in chief decides to attempt the assault. Murat has to load first, that Bonaparte refuses at first, but Murat is so urgent that he finally accepted .
It plays a crucial role in the Second Battle of Aboukir, where he captured the army chief enemy after suffering a shot in the throat, which should have been fatal if he had not cried enough by removing the jaws . Which earned him being named division general
This battle is the latest delivered by Bonaparte in Egypt, which recalled to France by the serious events taking place there, not back to Egypt as seven people, among which is Murat.
The Consulate
It participates actively in the coup of 18 Brumaire. It was he who enters the head of 60 grenadiers in the Hall of Five Hundred and dissolves the Council.
Commander of the consular guard after that day, 18 January 1800 , he married Napoleon's sister, Caroline Bonaparte. He moved to the Tuileries and therefore undoubtedly part of the inner circle of the new master of France.
Murat commanded the cavalry of the reserve army commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte. At the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 he, as Louis-Alexandre Berthier , "his clothes riddled with bullets."
After the campaign, he received a sword of honor and command a camp stationed at Beauvais , intended to defend the Batavia and Belgium where English landing. Then he commanded the corps of observation of Midi. As such he participated in the ongoing fighting in Italy in the winter 1800 - 1801.
Murat and sign the armistice between France and the kingdom of Naples and ordered his troops not to violate the Neapolitan people, whose order Neapolitans will remember. 27 July 1801 , he was appointed commanding general of troops in Cisalpine Republic.
He returned to France in August 1803 and was appointed in place of Junot , in disgrace, commander of the First Military Division of Paris , and governor of Paris, he led 60,000 men. Head of government security, is in constant contact with Bonaparte. Charged by his office, appoint a military commission that will judge the Duc d'Enghien (ordered in advance), he courageously opposed.
The Empire
The conspiracy Cadoudal - Pichegru and execution of the Duc d'Enghien rush processing system consular into a monarchy. 18 May 1804 , a Senatufconfultum says the "government of the Republic to an emperor" in the person of Napoleon. Murat is showered with honors: it is made Marshal of the Empire the next day. 1 February 1805 , he was elevated to the dignity of Lord High Admiral of the Empire and 2, eagle (Grand Cross) of the Legion of Honour. February 4, he passed the conservative Senate to be sworn as a senator, a consequence of his elevation to the dignity of Imperial Grand Admiral of the Empire. In March, he moved to the Elysee Palace. Member of the imperial family, he wears the title of Prince.
Murat command again the cavalry and the advance guard of the Grand Army in the fall of 1805.
It is the first blows to Austria and obtained the first successes. After seizing the opportunities of the Black Forest , he sinks and disperses a strong Austrian division, he takes his artillery, flags and makes 4000 prisoners. A few days later, he forced the General Werneck to capitulate. Nothing resists its formidable cavalry
When the Russians entered the war, Murat immediately attack one of their divisions, which he took five guns and 500 men. Pursuing the enemy, he attacks again on the heights of Amstetten and makes him feel a new loss of 1800 men.
Going into Vienna at the head of his cavalry, he lacks surprise the emperor of Austria in the Abbey of Melk. He pursued the enemy out of Vienna, saber to the rear Hollabrunn , but too generous grants him a truce that Napoleon blame deeply.
The Austrians have captured the bridges over the Danube so that they are indispensable to the French advance. Murat, accompanied by Marshal Lannes , managed to persuade them that an armistice was signed. The Austrians withdrew, leaving the French masters of the bridges.
To repair his fault, it takes the Russians to Guntersdorf , 1 800 men and 12 guns.
It covers itself with glory at the Battle of Austerlitz , where he commanded the left wing of the French army. The Treaty of Pressburg , signed on 27 December 1805 , reorganized the Germany and Joachim Murat became grand duke of Berg and Cleves. He moved to Dsseldorf , the capital of his state.
However, the war between Prussia and France broke out in autumn 1806. The Prussian campaign hard Murat tasks of government. He found his command as head of the cavalry. Always at the forefront, he crossed the Saale , which destroyed two regiments fighting for the passage, fights like a lion with the battle of Jena and manages to capture the essence of the enemy army, a force even the important place of Erfurt to capitulate, with indefatigable harass the remnants of the Prussian army, and made a whole brigade trapped in the suburb of Prentzlaw.
The capitulation of the enemy gives him 64 pieces of artillery, 45 flags, 6 regiments of cavalry, 1,600 infantry and the Prince of Hohenlohe, who commanded them. Attacked in Lubeck , Blucher went to Murat with the troops and equipment he believed saved by an unworthy subterfuge.
Meanwhile, a division of Murat, commanded by General Lasalle has surrendered the garrison defending Stettin , one of the highest places of the Prussian .
The campaign ends with his words: "Sire, the lack of combatants fighting stops." The war continues, however, against the Russians who come to the aid of the Prussians at bay. Murat attack, fighter Warsaw where he made a triumphal entry on 28 November 1806.
At the Battle of Eylau in 1807 , Murat is still forcing the enemy to retreat, after pushing his infantry: a large part of the Russian artillery falls into the hands of the Grand Duke of Berg. He launched the largest cavalry charge in history by conducting 10 to 12 000 riders on the Russian center to prevent the latter from the French army cut in two.
It spends little time in Dsseldorf after the Peace of Tilsit , which substantially enlarges his duchy, leaving management to his Minister of Finance: John Agar , Earl Mosbourg.
In early 1808 he was appointed lieutenant-general of the emperor and given command of 50 000 men composing the army of Spain. Murat must occupy Madrid and wait for orders from Napoleon. He soon realizes that the French presence is resented by the Spanish population.
It revolted in March and King Charles IV abdicates in favor of his son Ferdinand. At Bayonne , Napoleon forces the father to reconsider his resignation. Indignant, the population of Madrid rises May 2 ( Dos de mayo ).
The uprising was violently suppressed by Murat tomorrow. This is the beginning of the War of Independence. Charles IV abdicates in favor of Napoleon, to the despair of Murat says the throne to his brother Joseph king of Naples. Murat has to choose between the crown of Portugal and that of Naples.
Joachim I, King of Naples
The arrival in Naples
On 1 August 1808 , Joachim Murat becomes king of Naples. It must abandon the Grand Duchy of Berg, all French properties and their lavish furnishings and balance of marshal, which he still retains the stick, and does not welcome the new with great enthusiasm. He quickly changed his mind before the warm welcome he reserves the Neapolitans. They love this jumper already legendary, and his taste for the flamboyant panache. They probably also remember with gratitude his proclamation of 1801.
Upon arrival, Murat is an institutional rather close to those of the kingdoms of Italy and Spain. The constitution provided by Joseph led to the creation of a Council of State and a Parliament consisting of five rooms: clergy, nobility, landowners, scientists, businessmen. Neither Joseph nor did convene Murat. In government, Murat emphasizes the Italians to the French, which increases its popularity.
Reforms
Immediately, he strives to continue the reforms initiated by his brother Joseph, beginning with the completion of the abolition of feudalism. The Napoleonic code is slightly adapted but the essential ideas are adopted. The navy and army were reorganized. It also solves the problem of banditry in Calabria. However, because of the budget deficit, which despite improvements, will not be eliminated under the reign of Murat, most of his reforms were limited in scope.
The reconquest of the kingdom
When French troops invaded the kingdom of Naples to hunt Ferdinand IV and his wife Marie-Caroline , the sister of Marie Antoinette , they took refuge in Sicily, protected by a fleet of British , whose detachment had seized the Isle of Capri. The island, a former haunt of Emperor Tiberius , is a fortress defended by British General Sir Hudson Lowe , the future governor of St. Helena and his 2000 men. The capture of Capri has, Murat, two goals. First, it is to release part of its territory and thus ensure the safety of maritime trade between northern and southern kingdom. The other objective is symbolic to show his subjects that he is their only sovereign and that the Bourbons of Naples were truly "ceased to reign."
From the 4 October 1808 , that is to say less than a month after the arrival of the new king, 2000 men commanded by General Jean Maximilien Lamarque landed on the island surrendered on 17. To celebrate this victory meant to confirm the unity of the Neapolitans, Murat amnesty to political exiles.
When the war resumed with Austria in 1809 , a British squadron crossed before Naples but dare not attack the city, whose defenses have been improved by the new king. Murat has not participated in the campaign in Austria and grew out again this victory and the admiration of the Neapolitan people is sincere.
The last step is the acquisition of Sicily. The island part of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies houses the fallen dynasty of the Bourbons of Naples. They do not recognize I as king Joachim of Naples, but they soon realized that would not dislodge a small matter. Murat is also known that Sicily will take far more difficult than repeat Capri, especially as Napoleon gently supports her brother in his business. September 17, 1810 , Murat ordered his troops to cross the Strait of Messina. A first body of 2000 men achieved without difficulty. But General Grenier refuses to continue the transfer on the grounds that he received no order of Napoleon. The British pull themselves together and hunt the first troops landed. The expedition was a failure and Murat complains strongly of the conduct of Grenier.
Difficult relations with Napoleon
If they are brothers-two men did not . Napoleon despises Murat contempt of the officer from the most prestigious schools for the soldier out of range? contempt strategist for the slasher? Napoleon wanted or he's bravery transcends his marshal the troops? Probably a little of that. He would have preferred to give the hand of his sister Caroline to General Moreau , but wanting to make his sister happy, he preferred love to reason. Since the accession to the throne of Murat Naples , humiliation by Napoleon succeed. The decree gives him the crown of Naples states that it is in favor of Queen Caroline. The tone of the dispatches from Napoleon is increasingly dry and annoying, bad faith is increasingly common. Everything that the king is criticized and belittled by the emperor. Threats of dismissal appear in the correspondence. Napoleon constantly reminds him that if he is king because he has decided. Napoleon had forgotten that he is Emperor, thanks in part to Murat, who was decisive to 13 Vendemiaire at Aboukir , on 18 Brumaire or Eylau ? Napoleon knew that the intrigues of Talleyrand and Fouche were scheduled for replacement by Murat should it happen to him misfortune. At the same time, the King of Naples opposes the marriage of Napoleon with Marie Louise of Austria , niece of Marie Antoinette, but also the granddaughter of Marie-Caroline. Murat wants increasingly act as an independent king and not as a prefect. In addition, Naples suffers greatly from the Continental Blockade. He then approaches the Carbonari who courted to unify Italy. But Caroline has always tempered the enthusiasm of one or the other.
The latest fighting for Napoleon
To force Russia to implement the provisions of the decree of Berlin , Napoleon prepared a new campaign. All of Europe is at war, France and its allies on the one hand, the United Kingdom and Russia on the other. Napoleon Murat obviously call for the cavalry and lead the vanguard of the army. It went eagerly to the Emperor to prove his commitment: the home of Napoleon is cold. At the head of the cavalry, he tries to fix the Russians for the battle but the Russian General Barclay de Tolly escapes continuously practicing scorched-earth tactics. Once again, loads of Murat are critical to the battle of Borodino on September 7 1812. With retirement, harassed by the cold and riders Cossacks , cavalry background. On 5 December, Napoleon left the army and assigned to the command Murat. He must lead to Vilnius where it can be reformed. In Vilnius, the lieutenant-general of the emperor realizes he can not hold the position. He made the army to evacuate Poland. Arriving in Poznan 16 January 1813 , he left to turn the army and appoints Eugene de Beauharnais commander in chief.
He returned in haste Naples where he comes into contact with the Austrians who left the French alliance. This merger was likely facilitated by links with Caroline Metternich and the Austrian ambassador in Naples. A comparison is also made with the United Kingdom. A military convention was ready to be signed. But Murat dithers.
At the same time, the international situation has changed. Napoleon won a major victory in the Battle of Bautzen. He is aware of his contacts with the king's enemies, but he needs his talents rider talent he has missed during the first part of the campaign. Murat arrived in August 1813 in Dresden and it crushes the Austrian left wing 26 and August 27. He does wonders with his cavalry in the fall. After the defeat at Leipzig , 19 October 1813 , Murat left the army last time it is not possible to say what is truly his state of mind.
A first Risorgimento
When he reached Milan , the King of Naples is beset by Carbonari. We must unify Italy or she will be found under the yoke of Austria. On November 8 , he said to the Austrian ambassador he chose the Allies. In exchange, he asked his continued in Naples. Meanwhile, he affirmed his commitment to Napoleon. However, the 8 January 1814 , a treaty of alliance between Austria and Naples is signed. This is called the "betrayal of Murat." The end The deposed king wanders in Provence , hoping that Napoleon called the army. Napoleon refused (he regretted to St. Helena ) : through his foreign minister, Caulaincourt, it sends Amable Baudus , former governor of the royal children, in Golfe Juan with orders to ask Murat to stay away from Paris and settled between Grenoble and Sisteron . At the announcement of the defeat of Waterloo , he fled to Corsica. Quickly surrounded by about a thousand supporters, Murat began to dream of a reconquest of Naples. An expedition is mounted in a hurry. Party of Ajaccio , on 28 September 1815 , she arrived on October 8 at the small Calabrian port of Pizzo. Believing raise the enthusiasm of the population, Murat and his followers landed. The crowd is hostile. Calabria was severely hit by the repression of brigandage in the reign of Joachim. He was captured and imprisoned in the small castle of the port. He wrote several letters, especially his family. On October 13 , King Ferdinand makes an order by which "he will be granted to the convicted half an hour to receive the consolations of religion." Thus, the trial was a foregone conclusion. He showed courage in his execution. Joachim Murat's tomb is located at Pizzo in Calabria and that of his wife Caroline Bonaparte in Florence. The couple had four children: Equipped with powerful charisma, he is a great leader and a brilliant rider. His men recognized him as the leader who will guide them to victory. The Cossack horsemen of the Russian army, he vowed a genuine admiration. Private-edge, he can fix the enemy and continued after his defeat. He and 15 000 prisoners in five days after the capture of Ulm in 1805 , and destroyed the proud Prussian army after the double victory of Jena and Auerstadt. Swordsman, he led his squadrons to attack the enemy troops during the burdens of the wildest, winning success as incredible as decisive. Thus, it overwrites the Turkish army in Aboukir , it avoids defeat at Eylau by taking the lead to 80 squadrons it is loaded on the Russian troops, and ordered the decisive charge at the battle of Borodino. However, it is often carried away by his enthusiasm, which earned him a reputation as a go-getter and dizzy. At the Battle of Heilsberg in 1807 , he threw himself alone with 9000 cavalry and some infantry against 80,000 Russians well entrenched. This also makes it a poor commander in chief who exhausts his cavalry in pursuit of the Russians who shirk at the beginning of the Russian campaign. Murat is also known for her outfits each more extravagant than the others that earned him the nickname "King Franconi ", the name of a squire circus known throughout the Europe of the early nineteenth century. The mania reflects his vanity, his desire to distinguish themselves from other French generals. It is a fact easily recognizable on the paintings of the First Empire (and was actually in the crowd immediately identified and the battlefields of the time), including the routine use of huge white plumes on their hats. General Griois left in his memoirs a portrait of Murat, which summarizes the character. "Joachim Murat", in Charles Muller , Biographies of famous soldiers from the army and navy from 1789 to 1850, 1852 Bibliography 
Progeny
Pierre Murat Jordy
x
Jeanne Loubires Charles-Marie
Bonaparte
(1746-1785)
x
Maria Letizia
Ramolino
(1750-1836) Joachim
Murat
(1767-1815) 
King of Naples Caroline
Bonaparte
(1782-1839) Achilles
(1801-1847)
2nd Prince Murat Letizia
(1802-1859)
Lucia Murat
(1803-1878)
3rd Prince Murat
X
Caroline Georgina
Frazer
(1810-1879) Louise
(1805-1889)
Caroline
(1833-1902) Joachim Murat
(1834-1901)
4th Prince Murat
X
Malcy
Berthier de Wagram
(1832-1884) Anna
(1841-1924) Achilles
(1847-1895) Louis-Napoleon
(1851-1912) Eugenie
(1855-1934) Joachim Murat
(1856-1932)
5th Prince Murat
X
Marie Cecile
Ney Elchingen
(1867-1960) Anna Napoleona
Caroline
(1863-1940) Joachim Murat
(1885-1938)
6 th Murat
X
Louise
Planti
(1891-1978) Marguerite
(1886-1956) Pierre
(1887-1888) Alexander
(1889-1926) Paul
(1893-1964) Charles
(1887-1888) Louis Marie Michel
Joachim Napoleon
(1896-1916) Gerome
(1898-1992) Joachim Murat
(1920-1944)
7th Prince Murat
X
Nicole
Pastre
(1921-1982) Caroline
(1921) Caroline
(1941) Malcy
(1942-1990) Joachim Murat
(1944)
8th Prince Murat
X
Laurence
Sheep Caroline
(1971) Joachim Murat, Napoleon Charles
(1973)
Prince of Ponte Corvo Laetitia
(1975) Elise
(1977) Pauline
(1977) Jumper
Murat in the literature
References
Source partial
External Links
Preceded by Joachim Murat Followed by Maximilian of Bavaria 
Grand Duke of Berg
and Cleves
1806 - 1808 Napoleon Louis Bonaparte Joseph I. 
Joachim I.
King of Naples
1808 - 1815 Ferdinand I 
The marshals of the Empire 1804 - 1815 
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