Jerome Stridon
| Jerome Stridon | |
|---|---|
 St. Jerome writing by Caravaggio ( 1606 ), Galleria Borghese | |
| Doctor of the Church since 1298 by Pope Boniface VIII | |
| Birth | 347 Stridon |
| Deaths | 30 September 420 (73) Bethlehem , Holy Land |
| Nationality | Roman |
| Revered | Basilica Santa Maria Maggiore , Rome , Italy |
| Revered by | Roman Catholic Church Orthodox Church Lutherans Anglican Church |
| Day | September 30 (Cath.) or June 15 (Gregorian calendar) (Orth.) |
| Attributes | Old, reflecting or meditating on the Bible, with a skull or a lion, or purple cardinal's hat |
| Patron saint | Archaeologists , archivists , Bible school , librarians , libraries , schools , students , translators. |
| Servant of God Venerable Happy St. | |
change  | |
Stridon Jerome, St. Jerome, or in Latin, born about 347 in Stridon on the border between Pannonia and Dalmatia (now Croatia ) and died on 30 September 420 in Bethlehem , is a monk, translator of the Bible , founder of religious orders, considered a Doctor of the Church and one of the four Fathers of the Church with Ambrose of Milan , Augustine of Hippo and Gregory I..
Jerome is studying in Rome , was converted at the age of 26 years after a mysterious dream during illness, and after a stay in Gaul , left for the Holy Land in 373. He lives as a hermit in the Syrian Chalcis , south-west of Antioch. He was then ordained a priest in Antioch ( Asia Minor ). In 383, Pope Damasus I. chose him as secretary and asked him to translate the Bible into Latin.
On the death of the pope, he should leave Rome and return to the Holy Land along with Paula , a noble Roman. They founded a double monastery at Bethlehem. During the last 34 years of his life, Jerome is dedicated to writing the Old Testament into Latin from his own translations from Hebrew and preparing comments on the Bible.
He died in 420 and his remains were first buried in Jerusalem would have then been transferred to the Basilica Santa Maria Maggiore , one of four major basilicas of Rome.
The Catholics regard it as one of the Fathers of the Church and, with the Orthodox , as the revered saint. From Boniface VIII , in 1298, it is called Doctor of the Church.
His translation of the Bible is the centerpiece of the Vulgate , the Latin translation officially recognized by the Catholic Church. It is considered the patron saint of translators, because of its critical revision of the text of the Bible in Latin which was used until the twentieth century as the official text of the Bible in the West Biography Jerome was born in Stridon the middle of the fourth century. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but the evidence he gives (he was a child (puer in Latin) the death of Julian the Apostate ), can place it around the year 347 , . His parents are Christians and a well-off, they have a field , . According to the customs of the time, he is not named but is registered as a catechumen . It starts around the age of twelve years for Rome to continue his studies , . It is accompanied by his friend and Bonosus befriended in Rome with Rufinus of Aquileia and Heliodorus of Altino , . He studied with of Aelius Donatus 's grammar , the astronomy and literature pagan , including Virgil , Cicero , and attended the theater, the Roman circus . Around the age of sixteen, he took classes at rhetoric and philosophy from a rhetorician , as well as Greek. He asked the baptism about 366 . After some years in Rome, he went with Bonosus in Gaul around 367, and settled in Trier "on the bank's half-barbarian Rhine " , . There he began his theological course and copying for his friend Rufinus, the commentary of Hilary of Poitiers on the Psalms , and the Treaty of synods and where he discovered monasticism nascent . Then he stayed for some time, perhaps several years, with Rufinus at Aquileia Chromatius with a monastic community , . That's when he broke off relations with his family, and asserts his desire to be consecrated to God . Some of his Christian friends accompanying him when he starts, to 373 , a journey through Thrace and Asia Minor to go to northern Syria. At Antioch , two of his comrades die, and he himself fell ill several times. During one of these diseases (Winter 373 - 374 ), he makes a dream that turns profane studies and urges him to devote himself to God. In this dream, he says in one of his letters, he is accused of being " Ciceronian , not a Christian " . He seems to have abandoned for a long time after this dream to study classical secular, and have dipped into that of the Bible under the leadership of Apollinaris of Laodicea . He later taught at Antioch , probably a disciple of Evagrius , with a group of women, while studying the writings of Tertullian , Cyprian and Hilary of Poitiers , . Eager to live in ascetic and do penance, he moved to 375 in the desert of Chalcis in Syria , south-west of Antioch, known as the " Syrian Thebaid " . He spent some time because of the large number of hermits who live . The period in the desert and the hermit's life of Jerome was quite difficult, particularly because of his fasting and frail: "Young had my face turned pale, but the desires kindled my spirit in my body and frozen before the poor man that I 'was, flesh half dead, only seething fires of pleasure " . It is related to that time with the Christians of Antioch, and seems to have started when interest in the Gospel of the Hebrews , which is, according to the people of Antioch, the source of the Gospel of Matthew. That's when he made his first comments biblical beginning with the smallest book of the Bible, the Book of Obadiah . He uses this time to learn the Hebrew with the help of a Jewish , , . He then translated the Gospel of the Nazarenes , he sees a time as the original Gospel of Matthew . It is from this period that Jerome began his epistolary correspondence, which he continued throughout his life . Upon his return to Antioch in 378 or 379 , it was ordered by Bishop Paulinus. Shortly after, he went to Constantinople to continue his studies of the Scriptures under the auspices of Gregory Nazianzen , but also to avoid theological disputes between supporters of Nicaea and the Arian , . He stayed for two years and follows the course of Gregory Nazianzen he describes as his tutor , . During this period he discovered Origen and begins to develop an exegesis (Bible study) by comparing the interpretations of Latin, Greek and Hebrew of the Bible , . He translated into Latin and complete the Chronicle of Eusebius of Caesarea , universal story of Abraham to Constantine . In 382 , he returned to Rome for three years. It is in direct contact with the Pope Damasus and the main leaders of the Church of Rome . His return to Rome is probably due to the conflict from the Council of Constantinople , he met Paulin who invited him to Rome to be interpreted , . He was invited to the Council of Rome in 382 , which is convened to end the separation of part of the Church of Antioch. Jerome, who speaks Greek and Latin, made himself indispensable to Pope Damasus in his translations and his biblical knowledge . He became a secretary of the pope and the occasional advice through consultations Synod , , . In addition to the occasional aid given to Pope Damasus , Jerome responds to requests for explanations of the terms of the Bible using the Hebrew and Greek versions , , . His translations and interpretations seek to incorporate the historical aspects of Scripture . At the private request of Pope Damasus, he also seeks to support the revised text of the Bible in Latin, on the basis of New Testament Greek and Greek traditions of the Septuagint , assigned to the Ebionites Symmachus and Theodotion in order to end the differences of the texts that circulate in the West (known as the Vetus Latina ) , . He also began translating the Psalms , . It reflects the request of Damasus Comments on the Song of Songs of Origen , and the treatise On the Holy Spirit of Didymus the Blind , , . It exerts a significant influence over the three years spent in Rome, including his zeal to preach asceticism . It is surrounded by a circle of noble women, some of which are from the oldest patrician families, such as the widows Marcella and Paula , and their daughters and Blaesilla Eustochium , . He supported the possibility of being a woman devoted to defending virginity, in the famous letter 22, written in 384 , for Eustochium , called on to preserve virginity. He warns Eustochium against the dangers of adolescence, a recommendation to avoid wine : "Wine and Youth: double furnace pleasure. Why throw oil on the fire? Why this young body burning the food supply of flames? " , encouraging virginity : "Nothing is hard to love; who desires, no effort is difficult (...) wherever in the world you will notice some object ostentatious emigrated in your mind in paradise: begins to be down here that you will be up there " . This letter is experiencing a significant circulation in Rome and helps to develop some opposition within the Roman clergy . Jerome is the critique of the regular clergy , criticizing the greed of bishops and priests. In addition he criticized the paganism which remains present in Rome within the clergy of Rome, who preserves the pagan cults . Public criticism of Jerome contribute to cause an increasing hostility towards him from the clergy and their supporters , , . Shortly after the death of his patron Damasus , the 11 December 384 , the opposition of the clergy against Jerome led him to leave Rome . His presence was far from Antioch against the Council of Nicaea , which demanded that priests are ordained in their dioceses original . It starts with a few faithful towards Jerusalem , taking with him copies of books, with much resentment towards those who were excluded , . In August 385 he returned to Antioch, accompanied by his brother and some friends Paulinianus. It is followed shortly afterwards by Paula and Eustochium , resolved to leave their patrician surroundings to finish their days in the Holy Land . The pilgrims, joined by Bishop Paulinus of Antioch, visited Jerusalem , Bethlehem and the holy places of Galilee , , . They meet Rufinus of Aquileia , his boyhood friend, and Melanie's Old Jerusalem, leading a life of penance and prayer, in monasteries, that Jerome cites as an example to Paula , , . During the winter of 385 - 386 , Jerome and Paula go to Egypt because this is the birthplace of the great models of the ascetic life , . In Alexandria , Jerome can meet and listen to the catechist Didymus the Blind explain the prophet Hosea and telling his memories of the ascetic Anthony , who died thirty years earlier , . In 386 , he returned to Bethlehem where he settled and founded a community of ascetics and scholars . He built and developed his monastery for three years by the means that provides Paula , . The assembly includes an inn for pilgrims, and also a monastery for women , . Paula heads the monastery of women and Jerome in turn directs the monastery of men, but he gives directions spiritual men and women through explanations of the Scriptures . The Scripture has a prominent place in the community inaugurated by Jerome. Jerome likens the Bible to Christ: "Love the Scriptures and wisdom will love you, you have let your tongue do know that Christ, she can not say that what is holy ' . Jerome shows qualities as an educator, he wrote for the granddaughter of Paula a manual of education , in which he insists on teaching : "Let him make letters or boxwood or ivory, and they may be called by their names, she is amused, thus its fun even he is teaching ..., assembles the syllables it is worth a reward, it still prompted by the small gifts can have fun at this age. "He continues his advice:" Whether she studies her companions could envy, which praised the pike. Do not scold if it is a bit slow, but to stimulate his mind with compliments: she finds joy in the success and failure of the sentence. Especially to ensure that it does not take studies in disgust, because the bitterness felt in childhood could last beyond the years of learning " . In his correspondence with some Romans who seek its advice, Jerome shows the importance he gives to the community : "I would prefer you to be a holy community, that you not teach yourself and you do not commit yourself without a teacher in a whole new way for you, recommending moderation in fasting body: "the filth will be the index of the sharpness of your soul ... A diet low, but reasonable, is beneficial to body and soul, "and to avoid idleness" Book yourself some manual labor, so that the devil always finds you occupied "by ending his advice the maxim : "The Christ is naked am nude. It's hard, is grandiose and difficult, but beautiful is the reward " . In Bethlehem , he learned the Hebrew by attending courses of Rabbi Bar Anima and studying in the library of Caesarea in Palestine the various writings of Origen and the Old Testament in Greek and Hebrew , . Jerome develops comments on Ecclesiastes / A>, for this it relies on the different interpretations in order to discover the literal meaning then comment and then doing the same job with the Epistle to the Ephesians and the Epistle to Titus . In 389 it stops working on the Epistles of Paul to begin the translation of the Psalms . He began translating the book of Nahum . He developed his method of exegesis , resulting largely from Origen: translating the book in its various versions and give a historical explanation, and allegorical and finally spiritual. He used his commentaries on the Bible to answer the theology of Marcion which calls into question the uniqueness of the God of the Old Testament to the profile of the New Testament . He writes reviews of the book of Micah , the Book of Zephaniah , the book of Haggai and the Book of Habakkuk . From 389 to 392 , Jerome is working on translating the Bible from the Septuagint into Latin , it uses the technique of Hexapla Origen , . At the request of Paula and Eustochium , Jerome translated the 39 homilies of Origen and critical writings of Ambrose of Milan who uses the writings of Origen making mistakes in translations . Biblical research led Jerome to undertake a Onomasticon Hebrew names and places, continuing the initiative of Rabbi Philo of Alexandria and supplementing the existing one of Eusebius of Caesarea . This study led to the use of Hebrew and rabbinic traditions in order to better understand certain Bible passages, which is a novelty in Christianity that does while the Greek version of the Bible, the Septuagint in exegesis . Jerome continues his translations with the writings of Didymus the Blind. He resumed the work begun at the request of Pope Damasus , and finally the translation of the Treaty on the divinity of the Holy Spirit . He writes on the illustrious men, a nomenclature of the major historical figures Christians, inspired by the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius of Caesarea , but also the writings of Philo of Alexandria , . On illustrious men will become one of the main sources of information for historians for many centuries . Jerome wrote in 393 a polemical treatise against Jovinian. He criticizes the arguments of the monk Jovinian , which states that people living a life of asceticism have the same merits as those who do not practice, and that the sins are of equal importance . This design Jovinian goes against the principles of monastic life and the life of virginity and devoted women so dear to Jerome . Jovinian theses were condemned by local councils, by Ambrose of Milan and Augustine of Hippo discussing Jovinian as a heretic , . Jerome, based on many passages in the Bible but also Hellenistic philosophers, strongly criticized this view, showing the superiority of virginity over the married life . It is also the defense of sobriety and warned Rome against the possible return of the defects prior to Christianity . His treatise Against Jovinian however, is very misunderstood in Rome and received much criticism, some accusing Jerome of denying the importance of marriage and thus the work of creation, especially that consecrated virginity is not yet developed Rome , . Jerome then adds a Apology to his treatise, seeking to limit criticism addressed to it. The monastic life of Jerome, and his sharp criticism against some monks , denouncing the vices of each other, earned him many enemies . While in Bethlehem, Sulpicius Severus defends the attitude of Jerome, describing it as very studious, defending the doctrine and sleeping little . But this view is not shared by all: Palladios friend of John Chrysostom , Jerome described as talented but very jealous, to enact rules whenever he wants, instead of Rufinus of Aquileia , which he described as a true ascetic model . The relationship between Jerome and Rufinus of Aquileia degrade at the same time: their long friendship suddenly stops, mutating into a fierce hatred between the two people , mainly because of their differences on Origen . Early 393 calls a group of monks his signature Jerome Stridon down a statement in which he denounced the errors of Origen , accepts that Jerome . Jrme dfend sa traduction d'Origne en affirmant : Qu'Origne soit hrtique, peu importe ! I do not deny that he is on issues, but he has interpreted the Scriptures, he explained the obscurities of the prophets and revealed the mysteries of the Old and New Testament " . This same group appears to Rufinus of Aquileia, who refuses to sign the statement; gold Rufinus of Aquileia was protected by John , raising doubts about their compliance with dogma. In 393 , Epiphanius of Salamis goes to Jerusalem , where he openly criticized the anthropomorphism of Origen and suspected of heresy, the bishop of Jerusalem, John . Shortly later he ordered the force's brother Jerome, Paulus . But this ordination took place without the agreement of John of Jerusalem and outside its jurisdiction. Bishop, unhappy, excludes Jerome and his community celebrations in the Church of the Nativity . This episode led to a rift between Jerome and Rufinus of Aquileia , the latter supporting John of Jerusalem , . It then seeks to exclude Jerome's diocese , but they manage to reconcile with Theophilus of Alexandria . Jerome resumed in 396 his translations of the Bible with the Book of Jonah and the book of Obadiah , he took the opportunity to distance himself from the theories of Origen, but continues to parallel the Hebrew and Greek translations . He has distilled his method of interpreting the Bible, regretting his interpretations of youth: "I must be forgiven to have in my teens, love and pushed the taste of the Holy Scriptures, interpreted allegorically the prophet Obadiah , while j 'ignorant of the historical sense " , . In spring 397 he explains the visions of Isaiah , it becomes even more accurate interpretation of the Scriptures: "The spiritual interpretation must remain consistent with historical truth, the ignorance of which brought down thousands of performers in blindness " . It is in this commentary that Isaiah wrote the famous phrase that demonstrates the importance he gives to the study of the Bible: "Ignorance of Scriptures is ignorance of Christ" . Rufinus of Aquileia translated the works of Origen, but in the preface to his translation, he openly criticized Jerome, Jerome saying its translation promotes heresies of Origen . Jerome's response is not expected, it strongly criticizes the method of translation of Rufinus of Aquileia, who under the pretext of not wanting to promote heresies betrays translations, he decided to translate the book himself on the Principles Origen in 398 and 399 , . This translation of the writings of Origen by Jerome led to increasing distrust against Jerome, some of whom suspected of heresy , . The death of Pope Siricius and the election of Pope Anastasius I. However, the change gives the new pope being benevolent towards Jerome , . Rufinus of Aquileia, however, is put into difficulty and he replied in his Apology criticizing again Jerome for its proximity to Origen . This new charge against Jerome led him to write a treatise Against Rufinus in which he presents his conception of translation of the scriptures and their interpretations: he defends the possibility of different interpretations . Concerning the translation of the Bible, again Jerome defends the different translation possibilities that enrich the reading of a translation . Moreover, Jerome takes this period to translate the Bible based on the Hebrew and translated it into 393 books of Samuel and Kings, in 394 the book of Job, the books of the Prophets, in 395 the Books of Chronicles, the five books of the Pentateuch (the date is still debated by historians, around 398), in 398 the book of Proverbs, the Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Psalms, in 399 books of Tobit and Judith, in 400 the book of Ezra . Each book that is translated with a preface where Jerome describes the difficulties of translation, but also a defense of Hebrew in the translation vis--vis many critics and supporters of the Septuagint . The work of Jerome attracting considerable interest from St. Augustine who wrote to him repeatedly for his views on the interpretation of the Bible . At first, Jerome Stridon does not respond because he is wary of Augustine which is not so widely recognized . It was not until 404 that exchanges between Jerome and Augustine of Hippo become successful, Augustine expressing his distrust vis--vis the translation of the Bible from Hebrew sources , . On 16 January 404 , his faithful friend Paula died, marking deeply Jerome: He falls ill and is struggling to get back to work , . But decided to translate into Latin the old rules cenobitic of East , "most of the Latins ignore the text of the Egyptians and Greeks by which the precepts of Pachomius , of Theodore and Orisus have been written. " In 406 , Jerome received a letter from the bishop of Toulouse Exupere who asked his opinion on the theories of the priest Vigilance he met with , . Jerome wrote a treatise, Against Vigilance, in which he denounced the doctrine preached by Vigilance, which rejects the worship of martyrs and opposes celibacy. Jerome says while the dead are united in Christ , and may continue to intercede for the living: "If the apostles and martyrs , still dressed in a body and an obligation to care for their salvation, can pray for men, much less can they do after the victory and received the crown " , . He resumed his studies and translations on the prophets Isaiah and while responding to questions that are sent to Gaul, Spain, North Africa, through pilgrims in the Holy Land . He finished in 408 translation of Isaiah that he promised the defunct Paula, and the dedication to her daughter Eustochium . The sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths led to the death of the principal friends of Jerome, who is very upset . The translation and study of texts of Ezekiel is often limited because of the age of Jerome, but also by the presence in Bethlehem of many refugees who come to his monastery . The Pelagians , who then form a large spiritual family, minimize the importance of sacraments , some denying the importance of grace in salvation, which leads to criticize Jerome Pelagius , whom he nicknamed "stomach to mush" and try unsuccessfully to convict . However he fails and a band of supporters of the Pelagians invades and destroys the monastery of Bethlehem, 416 . Part of the monastery was burned and a deacon was killed, leading Jerome and his entourage to take refuge in fortified towers . The news of the destruction of the monastery of Jerome and murders dating back to Pope Innocent I. who cares about his situation: "Your pain and your moans move us so hard our guts that this is not the time you advice " . Jerome was forced to take refuge in a nearby fortress. It is supported by the pope, who asked John to Jerusalem to protect Jerome , . Pelagius was then condemned by the Council of Carthage of 416, dominated by Augustine of Hippo , and driven from Palestine in 418 . Jerome is at the same time deeply affected by the sudden death of Eustochium "The Dormition of the Holy sudden and venerable Eustochium us quite broken and almost changed the way we live ... Alertness and bodily forces completely abandoned me. " . Jerome probably died 30 September 419. The date of his death is known by the Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine . His remains, first buried in Jerusalem, were then transferred, according to an unauthenticated tradition, the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, during the Muslim invasions in Palestine . Almost all production of Jerome in a controversial doctrine has more or less said. It is directed against the opponents of the orthodox doctrine. Even his translation of the treatise of Didymus the Blind on the Holy Spirit into Latin (begun in Rome in 384 and continued in Bethlehem) demonstrated a tendency to apologetics against the Arians and the proponents of the pneumatic doctrine . It is the same version of the De principiis Origen (c. 399 ), whose purpose is to compensate for the inappropriate translation Rufin , . The strictly polemical writings cover the entire literary career of Jerome. During his stay in Antioch and Constantinople , he must deal with the Arian controversy, particularly the rifts caused by Mlitios and Lucifer of Cagliari. In two letters to Pope Damasus (ep. 15 and 16), he complains of the conduct of both parties at Antioch, the Meletians and Pauline , who attempted to engage them in their dispute over the application of " ousia "and" hypostasis "in Trinidad. At the same time or slightly later ( 379 ), he wrote his Liber contra Luciferianos, where he makes skillful use of dialogue to combat the leaders of this faction. In Rome , around 383 , he wrote a rousing tirade against the teaching of Helvidius to defend the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary and the superiority of celibacy over the married state . He finds another opponent in the person of Jovinianus (Jovinian, cited above) with whom he comes into conflict in 392 (Adversus Jovinianum, and advocacy of this text, found in a letter to his brother Pammachius, ep. 48) . Again, he defended the Catholic practices of piety and his own ascetic ethics 406 , cons Spanish priest Vigilantius opposing the worship of martyrs and relics, the vow of poverty and celibacy clergy . At the same time started the controversy with John of Jerusalem and Rufinus on the orthodoxy of Origen . From this period date from his most passionate polemics and more global: Contra Joannem Hierosolymitanum ( 398 or 399 ), both contra Apologiae Rufinum which are closely related ( 402 ) , and the "last word "written a few months later, Liber tertius seu ultima Responsio adversus scripta Rufini. The last of his polemical writings is dialogue "Against Pelagius" , . Stridon Jerome, by his translation of the Bible, makes possible a very important development for the History of Christianity Western. Indeed, the majority of biblical writings are at that time in Greek, with translation of the Septuagint. Now this Greek translation of the Bible is known in the Latin world (or Western) in different versions. In addition, many theological debates with passion animate the Greek cities, while the wealth of theological debate in the West is much less present. Translations of commentaries of Origen and writings of Didymus the Blind enrich the knowledge by the Latin Christians of the writings of Eastern . Jerome develops throughout his life many comments on Scripture. The Biblical exegesis of Jerome is largely based on the typology of Origen in the book on the principles . In the study of a biblical text, Jerome observes the various existing translations, Latin, Greek and Hebrew. These different versions enable him to find the meaning closest to the inspired writer , . Once the translation is made, Jerome research the historical meaning of scripture, then the allegorical meaning of each version translated before comparing them , . Jerome does not hesitate to compare a biblical text to other texts of the Bible in order to explain the difficult passages, it is through the Bible we can find answers to questions . It's in the letter that Jerome Hdybia 120 to conceptualize how to do exegesis : "There's a triple heart in our description is the rule of Scripture. The first is to understand as the historical sense, the second by tropology , according to the third spiritual intelligence " . Jerome Stridon defended throughout his life the opportunity for women to be consecrated life . Since Roman times, he defends the virginity of the woman in his treatise Against Helvidius. It denied the perpetual virginity of Mary , saying it did not matter, and that Jesus had brothers . Jerome, in the words of the Bible says that the term brother is wider in the Gospels. Then he demonstrates in his treatise Against Helvidius that the novelty of Christianity has led to changing the scale of values: the superiority of celibacy over marriage is no longer true after the arrival of Christ as it was then of the Patriarchs and the Old Covenant . The status of women in Rome at the time of Jerome left room for a wide emancipation for wealthy women of Rome; the appearance of consecrated women are encouraged by Jerome a novelty that is frowned upon by the Roman society . Jerome, however, as Ambrose of Milan in three treatises, On the virgin On widows, About virginity a few years ago, defends the emergence of women devoted . He begins to meet women devotees in Rome , Marcella , a friend of Pope Damasus I. and other Roman as Paule which he teaches the Bible and exegesis . Jerome was a scholar of language Latin at a time when it means fluent in Greek. He knows a little Hebrew when he started his translation project, but he went to Bethlehem to perfect his language skills and improve its approach to technical Jewish scriptural commentary. There are then three versions, a translation used by African Tertullian , another used by Western churches and finally the last Italian , as attested by Ambrose of Milan and Augustine of Hippo . Jerome prefer the Latin version used by Ambrose. However, he soon regrets the many Latin translations, now assembled under the name Vetus Latina. He strives throughout his life to seek the best translations and compose himself. Thus, it uses the early Greek versions of the Bible, the Septuagint / A>, then gradually builds on the writings of the Hebrew Bible in order to refine the translation . Jerome is also studying the Hebrew and defends the existence of a "real Hebraica" . This desire to find the origin of the texts, but mostly on Hebrew, then a radical novelty in Christianity, since Christianity does that previously relied on the Septuagint or translations. Jerome Stridon enriches research on the Bible, which also allows greater exegesis based on this truth Hebrew . His studies on the translation and meaning of Hebrew words lead to develop exegesis within Christianity. This use is charged him with Augustine of Hippo , who fears the divisions on the translations of the Bible, and Rufinus of Aquileia , for whom the use of Hebrew led to question the novelty of Christianity . Knowledge of Greek and Latin of Jerome allows him gradually to develop a unified translation of the Bible. The progressive unification of the translation made by Jerome is known as the Vulgate. It overcomes the company to 405. Even if the version of Jerome's hard to win the fifth and sixth centuries because of opposition to Augustine of Hippo and Gregory the Great , it gradually becomes the norm in the Western Churches since the seventh and eighth centuries , the point of being at the Council of Trent, the official version of the Catholic Church , the council saying: "So he decides (The Council) and declares Does the old edition of the Vulgate, which was approved by the Church itself by the long use of so many centuries, must be regarded as authentic in public lectures, discussions, sermons and explanations " . The most important historical works of Jerome is the book on the illustrious men , written in Bethlehem in 392 , whose title and structure are borrowed from Eusebius of Caesarea . It contains brief biographies of 135 writers and literary Christians, Pierre Jerome himself. For the first 78, its main source is Eusebius of Caesarea (Historia ecclesiastica), the second part, beginning with Arnobius and Lactantius , includes a good amount of independent information, especially as regards the Western authors. Correspondence of Jerome is the most interesting part of his work preserved (in addition to translation of the Bible), the variety of material and quality of style. Today, 154 are identified as letters written by Jerome . He discusses issues of scholarship, discusses cases of conscience, comforting the afflicted, hold about pleasing his friends, scourging the vices cons of his day, urges the ascetic life and renunciation of the world, or joust against his theological opponents, it offers a vivid picture not only of his mind, but also of its time and its characteristics. The letters most reproduced or quoted more are letters of exhortation: ep. Ad 14 of Heliodorum solitariae laude vitae, a kind of summary of pastoral theology from the perspective ascetic ep. 53 Ad Paulinum studio scripturarum, ep. 57 at the same: In institutione monachi, ep. Ad Magnum 70 scriptoribus ecclesiastici, and ep. 107, Ad Laetam of institutione filiae. Jerome matches were arranged according to the time of writing, while in most cases the letters are arranged according to their time of receipt . This particular classification can be seen that a letter of Augustine of Hippo is ranked 56 th even though Jerome does receive only ten years later . Jerome had a correspondence with many people throughout his life. These letters cover various types of topics, including spiritual advice, including advice he gave in relation to the ascetic life he led , and literature on education. Some letters were distributed more important, they focus on feminine consecrated life, as the letter 22 for Eustochium On virginity to maintain , and male as the letter 52 On the life of the clergy , The Western Christians revere as Jerome saint and celebrate on September 30. It is celebrated on June 15 Gregorian by the Orthodox Church . He is the patron of doctors , students, archaeologists , of pilgrims , librarians, translators and booksellers. In the Roman Catholic Church , it is recognized as the patron saint of librarians and translators . Pope Boniface VIII decides to Jerome's one of the Doctors of the Church in the late thirteenth century, at the same time that Augustine of Hippo , Ambrose of Milan and Gregory the Great . The writings of Jerome Stridon, including the Vulgate, are known to the Council of Trent as the official version of the Catholic Church , . It is a recognition of Jerome Stridon Valery Larbraud stating that the text was "one of the cornerstones of our civilization" The performances of Jerome Stridon have quickly been present in Western art. From the early Middle Ages, representations of Jerome Stridon studying the Bible in religious works include . These representations will evolve based on legends that develop during the Middle Ages . Roman priest , Jerome is traditionally represented by Cardinal. Even when depicted as a hermit with a cross , a skull and a Bible for any ornamentation of his cell, he is often depicted with a red hat or other sign as the coat purple to indicate his rank of cardinal . This representation is anachronistic , since the cardinal is created around the year thousand, it is due to the Roman period of Jerome in which he is secretary of Pope Damasus I. , . The iconography of Jerome has often appealed to his legend: for example, his penance in the desert ( St. Jerome , Leonardo da Vinci ( 1480 ), the Pinacoteca , Vatican ). Asceticism claimed by Jerome led to performances in the desert where it was penance with stones, whips or other means of penance. Again the representations are anachronistic in that Jerome is often depicted as old when his presence in the desert when he was between 25 and 30 years in this period . The Golden Legend , a book written during the Middle Ages to be a great success, often develops legendary biographies on the lives of saints. Jerome is part of Stridon . A legend Jerome Stridon is developed: Jerome met a wounded lion with a thorn in the paw and the lion (symbol of the desert) would have left the care of Jerome (Saint Jerome bringing the lion to the monastery, Vittore Carpaccio ( 1502 ) , Scuola di San Giorgio degli Schiavoni , Venice ). The legend continues that the lion would become the pet of Jerome. This legend led to numerous performances of Jerome in the company of a lion . Saint Jerome in his study - Jan van Eyck Saint Jerome in his study - Antonello da Messina Paintings Francisco de Zurbarn representative Jerome Cardinal, 1626-1627 Saint Jerome in his Study, 1514 to Albrecht Drer , representation of Jerome in the presence of a lion Jerome representation made by Rogier van der Weyden of 1450 trying to remove the thorn from a lion Representation of Jerome with a lion, Francisco Ribalta, 1625, Museum of Fine Arts in Valencia Jerome praying Basilique Saint-Jules (Piedmont). Fresco of 1500 representing Jerome with the lion of St. Mark. Icon of St. Jerome, XVI century Jerome Stridon is one of four major Fathers of the Church Latin, and as such it is often represented alongside of Augustine of Hippo , the Archbishop Ambrose of Milan and Pope Gregory I.. Childhood
First experiences monastic
Jerome serving pope
Pilgrimage to the Holy Land
Foundation of the monastery in Bethlehem
Comments from the Scriptures
Jerome polemical and apologetic
The dispute over Origen
Works exegetical
Major disasters, fight against Pelagius and Jerome's death
Spirituality
Theological Work
Interpreting the Bible
Women and consecrated virginity
Works scriptural
The Vulgate
Historical Writings
Correspondence
Posterity
Veneration and patronage
Representations and legends in the iconography of Jerome
Click on a thumbnail to enlarge See also
Modern editions
Bibliography
Related articles
External Links
References
Notes
References
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On March 7, 2011, Jerome Stridon was proposed to be recognized as " quality item. " You can give your opinion on this proposal. 
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