 Mother Goddess It may be the heir of a mother goddess worshiped in prehistoric Nile Delta , where, according to the myth she raised the child Horus. It has also assumed his relationship with a demon Mesopotamia, Lilith myth of Gilgamesh. At the end of the fifth dynasty , is mentioned in the Pyramid Texts , where it protects the deceased king of putrefaction. The Ramses built shrines to him in Memphis and Abydos in particular. In the Graeco-Roman, it became the universal goddess, invoked both in Egypt and across the Mediterranean and beyond. He built the Temple of Philae on the Nile, he had to move on the island of Agilkia the construction of the Aswan Dam. Isis is the Great Goddess par excellence. In the myth of Osiris, she is the wife and sister copy which, thanks to his magical powers and with the help of her sister Nephthys , managed to resurrect Osiris , brother and husband, the time of a union of birthplace the god Horus. Seth wanted to get rid of his brother Osiris, whom he was jealous. He built a wooden chest and said precious during a banquet that he would provide that the body would adjust its exact dimensions. Osiris, which was very large, settled there and soon, Seth, helped by 72-accomplices of the 72 geniuses half decanates of the zodiac, closed the heavy lid on it and sealed it with molten lead. Then Seth and his accomplices carried the box on the Nile and brought him down to the sea The chest of Osiris , carried by the currents of the Mediterranean Sea , was found in Phoenicia , in Byblos , where it came embedded in the trunk of a tamarisk. Isis, party boat in search of her husband, came to Byblos. Having been recognized with the king, she did give the trunk with the coffin and returned to Egypt where she hid the coffin in the swamps of the delta. But while hunting by moonlight, Seth found the body he cut into fourteen pieces and scattered them everywhere. Isis then went back on his boat of papyrus, looking for pieces of the body of his beloved through the maze of marshes, but she found that thirteen out of fourteen. The only part missing, despite all his efforts and assistance of helpful crocodiles, was the male member as it had been eaten by fish. However he had time to give the river its strength fertilizing. Isis resolved to make a phallus artificial clay and anointed. She breathed the breath of Osiris to life, and bore him a son, Horus. This is the myth that Osiris was the custom in Pharaonic Egypt to arrange incestuous marriages in the royal family, not only to preserve the pure blood and royal family, but also to perpetuate the divine rite which made them gods ( as Pharaoh and Queen were gods just as those listed above). Symbol of femininity, it is by that accomplished the mystery of life. In Freudian language, one might even say that Isis represents the womb, the feminine cut that receives the male principle. The Osiris myth tells how she brought Osiris to life. As a magician who brought Osiris to life, she is also goddess healer and protector of children. Patients sometimes wore amulets bearing his image. As a mother of Horus , it is life-giving goddess and guardian who watches over her child. In this role, she is often represented as Isis Lactans in Roman times, carrying the infant Horus in her arms and giving him the breast. The Virgin suckling the Christ is certainly not unrelated to the memory of the wife of Osiris and the Christian black virgins are all memories of her. As the widow of Osiris , she is a patron deity of the deceased. With Nephthys , Neith and Serket , she is the guardian of the sarcophagus that protects its outstretched arms, then qu'Imsety, son of Horus , watch over one of the four canopic jars containing the viscera of the deceased: the camel head Man that contains the liver. Attributes Isis took on the appearance and attributes of several goddesses as Serket , Hathor , Neith and Nout , to combine them into a single deity. His attributes it shares with other deities, are: - the ankh , the ankh symbol of life;
- the sitar and collar menat of Hathor ;
- the solar disk and horns of Hathor;
- the cap-shaped vulture goddesses attribute heavenly before being shown with the vulture headdress she wore a crown-shaped throne.
- Tyt node, a symbol of fertility.
Greek and Roman Pantheons |  Isis nursing Harpocrates, Roman statue. Gallery Pio Clementino, Vatican |
The Greeks and the Romans , have brought in their respective pantheon. Ancient Greece Under the Ptolemies , Isis crosses the borders of Egypt. It was likened to many Greek and Roman goddesses such as Demeter , Persephone , Diana of Dictys, Selene , Ceres or Minerva Ccropienne Ancient Rome Rome officially adopted in imperial times. At Pompeii , she was adored with Osiris-Serapis and Anubis. The Emperor Caligula was a devotee of Isis. In his villa at Tivoli , Hadrian built a temple dedicated to the husband of the goddess, Osiris-Serapis Caracalla built a temple of Isis at Rome itself. Roman Provinces The worship of the goddess spread salvation in the Roman provinces around the Mediterranean , but also in Pannonia , in Gaul , sometimes giving his name to some sites such as that of Izieux (Place of Isis) southwest of St. Chamond in the department of the Loire as on the banks of the Rhine or in Britain. Like Demeter of Eleusis , Isis, in its Great Mysteries , assured immortality insiders . Lower Empire, only the initiatory cult of the god Iranian Mithra surpass his own by the number of the faithful. Long after the advent of Christianity, they continued to worship Isis, the Temple of Philae and elsewhere. His cult at Philae not extinguished until about 535 , under Emperor Justinian. Isis is the origin of one of the myths of the richest of mankind, whose tradition has remained alive in the arts and literature. Places of worship of Isis One of the major shrines of the goddess in Egypt and ultimate place of worship of the goddess is at Philae. It was built c. -380 to 100. The closure of the temple is ordered by Emperor Justinian in 550. Another important shrine is the temple of Isis at Behbeit El-Hagar. Out of Egypt, the temples are found elsewhere in Africa , in Libya , Tunisia and Sudan ; the Middle East , in Jordan , Turkey and Lebanon , as well as in Europe , in Greece , Italy , France , Germany ( sanctuary of Isis and Mater Magna in Mainz ) and Spain. In art and literature - Music
- Jean-Baptiste Lully in 1677 composed a tragic opera called Isis, recounting the adventures of the nymph Io due to Jupiter which becomes the goddess Isis at the end of the opera, thus linking mythology Greek and Egyptian. The opera, known as the opera musicians, due to a particularly rich harmonic writing is characterized by a prologue with triumphant trumpets and timpani drums, celebrating the glory of Louis XIV after the victories of the latter in the Netherlands. A passage noticed was the chorus of shakers.
- Isis is the name chosen by the composer George Enescu to one of his symphonic poems (1923).
- In literature
- The Quest of Isis is the third volume of prospects depraved Jurgis Baltrusaitis , essay on the legend of a myth.
First names related to Isis - Isidore , whose Greek etymology " (Isidoros) means" gift of Isis. "
Notes - Apuleius , Metamorphoses , in: Greek and Latin Novels, Bibliotheque de la Pleiade, p. 352
- op. cit., p. 359
Bibliography Listings - L. Vidman, Sylloge Inscriptionum religionis Isiacae and Sarapiacae (SIRIS), Berlin, 1969.
- LV Zabkar, Hymns to Isis in Her Temple at Philae, Hanover and London, 1988.
- Laurent Bricault , Series entries for the cult of Isis (RICIS), Paris: Acadmie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 2005, 3 vols., ( ISBN 2877541568 )
Studies - Laurent Bricault , Atlas of the diffusion of the cults of Isis, Paris, Acadmie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 2001.
- Laurent Bricault , Isis, lady of the waves, Liege, Liege University, 2006
- Laurent Bricault (ed.), Sylloge nummorum religionis Isiacae and Sarapiacae (SNRIs), Paris, Acadmie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 2008.
- Laurent Bricault , PJ Franceschini, Isis, the lady of the Nile, Paris, Larrousse, 2008.
- (De) J. Bergman, "Isis," in Lexikon der gyptologie, t. III, 1978, p. 186-203.
- Critical Dictionary of esotericism, PUF, 1998 660-663.
- Franoise Dunand , The cult of Isis in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean, Leiden, 1973, 3 t. T. I: The cult of Isis and the Ptolemies, t. II: The cult of Isis in Greece, t. III: The cult of Isis in Asia Minor. Clergy and ritual of the shrines of Isis.
- Franoise Dunand , Isis, mother of the gods, Paris, Wandering, 2000.
- F. The Corsu, Isis. Myth and Mystery, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1977.
- R. Turcan, The Cults of the Roman world, Les Belles Lettres, 1992.
- Tran Tam Tinh, Isis Lactans, Corpus monuments Greco-Roman Isis nursing Harpocrates, 1973 ( ISBN 9004037462 )
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