International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabet used for phonetic transcription of the sounds of the language spoken. Unlike many other transcription methods which are limited to families of languages , the API is intended to cover all world languages. Developed by phoneticians British and French under the auspices of the International Phonetic Association , was published in 1888. His last revised in 2005.
Summary |
The API was originally developed by professors from UK and French language under the direction of Paul Passy in the framework of the International Phonetic Association , founded in Paris in 1886 under the name of Dhi Fonetik Tcerz 'Ascicon. The first version of the API, released in 1888 , was inspired by the romique alphabet of Henry Sweet , itself drawn from the alphabet phonotypique of Isaac Pitman and Alexander John Ellis.
The API has undergone five revisions in 1900 , 1932 , 1989 , 1993 and 2005.
General Principles
The phonetic API is to cut the word into sound segments assumed atomic, and use a unique symbol for each of them, avoiding the multigram (combinations of letters, like the sound of French ch, rated / / phonologically or the Italian gli, transcript / / phonologically).
| Example of transcription using the International Phonetic Alphabet "endure" in some languages. | |||
| language | written word | phonology (normative) | Phonetic (for ex.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| French | endure | / .dy.e / | |
| German | dulden | / Dul.dn / | |
| English | Tolerate | / Tl..et / | |
| Spanish | aguantar | / A.uan.ta / | |
| Italian | sopportare | / Sp.pr.ta.re / | |
| Dutch | verdragen | / V.dra.n / | |
| Mandarin | (ren 3) | / Ren / | |
The number of main characters of the API was 118 which can cover the most common sounds. These characters are mostly Latin or Greek letters or modifications thereof: , , , (derived from r ); , (taken from e ). The sounds are less frequent transcripts from previous indicating a change in the mode or place of articulation through one or more diacritical marks (a total of 76) on the main character: for example, b Castilian caber ("hold return") is transcribed to indicate a fricative instead of the fricative bilabial sound Description of the alphabet Image: Summary Sheet API . (In English ) The API has the main characters for vowels, the most common oral which are classified according to: The other vowels are transcribed from these by adding one or more diacritical amending its articulation: For example, The quantity of vowels is indicated as follows: Notes: The transcript of tonmes follows the process below. The API classifies consonants according to three criteria: Various Pulmonic consonants that are not part of another point of articulation: Where symbols appear in a box, the left represents a voiceless consonant , the right one voiced consonant (not applicable to clicks). As for vowels, diacritics are used to indicate a change in the point or manner of articulation of consonants to transcribe without a main symbol. For example, The quantity of consonants (their possible gemination ) is shown in the same manner as for vowels. Hungarian Mit Mondotte? (What did he / she say?), Phonologically / mit mon.dot /, could be transcribed phonetically Vocalization A consonant vocalized , that is to say for the summit of a syllable , has subscribed a vertical line in its phonological notation, in contrast, the vocalization (eg a brief schwa) should be explained in phonetic notation, separately from the consonant articulation exact mentioning: A dot (.) Separates the syllables in the relevant phonological notation, and similarly the words are separated by spaces. These two signs are usually omitted phonological phonetic transcriptions, except to indicate the actual presence of a break. For example, German Rindfleischetikettierungsberwachungsaufgabenbertragungsgesetz (Law on the transfer of responsibility for overseeing the labeling of beef) is transcribed phonologically: The stressed syllables are preceded by a short vertical bar: Achievements phonetic syllabic accents may vary depending on the languages and the speakers, between the mutation of the consonant attack, extension or Diphthong of the vowel at the top of the syllable, the change of tone, gemination or mutation the final consonant: these achievements possible are not always clearly distinguished, and our phonetic transcriptions retain the notation of phonological accents with the same symbols. The sign ( The character set Unicode is used to write all of the API, except indications tonal complex. The symbols and diacritics are within blocks of the following characters: Some characters precomposed (with diacritics) is available in the following blocks: Vowels
Table of vowels
Articulation point Previous Quasi-anterior Central Quasi-posterior Posterior Aperture non-stop. arr. non-stop. arr. non-stop. arr. non-stop. arr. non-stop. arr. Closed i y u Closed pre- * Half-closed e o Averages Half-open Pre-open Open has Table of diacritics affects vowels
Diacritics of the International Phonetic Alphabet to amend the realization of a vowel Modified diacritical Modified diacritical Borough ( labialization ) advancement of the lingual root e dsarrondissement ( dlabialisation ) retraction of the lingual root e Progress (most anterior) u centralization retraction (more later) i semi-centralized e less open (up) e laryngalisation has more open (down) e nasalization e murmur has change Signs of the international phonetic alphabet indicating the quantity of consonants and vowels Modified elongation no amussement quantity long Mid-long brief Extra-short sign chronous Semi-nous no brief Examples a t has t has t edit this picture Segments
Consonants ( ) See also: IPA, Vowels Methods
Articulation Points of articulation Labial Labial-vel. Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal (None) Pulmonic Bilabial Lab-tooth. Dental Alveolus. Post-alv. Retro. Alv.-pal. Palatal Velar Labio-vel. Uvular Pharyn. Epiglottis. Glottal Nasal m nm n n OCCL. prnasalises mp mb kp b nt nd nt nd c nk q Occlusive p b P B kp b t d t d c k k q Affricates p b mp bv t dd ts dz t d t d t d cc kx q h Fric. prnasalises m m f v n nd ns nz n n nk Fricatives f ITUS Cyberbit Basic ',' Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Kaku Gothic Pro Hiragino', 'Matrix Unicode', sans-serif "> v s z x x h Spirants j w Rolled r r r * * Battered * * Affricates Fric. t d Fricatives Fric. * * * Spirants Fric. l l l Battered Fric. * * * Non-consumptive OCCL. injective * OCCL. ejective p t t c k q Fric. ejective f s x Hits Central span title = "International Phonetic Alphabet" class = "IPA" style = "font-family: 'DejaVu Sans',' Doulos SIL ',' Lucida Grande ',' Segoe UI ',' Arial Unicode MS ',' Adobe Std Pi ',' Lucida Sans Unicode ',' Unicode Chrysanthi 'Code2000, Gentium, GentiumAlt' TITUS Cyberbit Basic ',' Bitstream Vera Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Kaku Gothic Pro Hiragino', 'Matrix Unicode', sans- serif "> | ! Clicks side Description Symbol Co-palatal approximant Post-alveolar fricative consonant-velar fricative Voiced alveolar lateral fricative voiced velarized
Boxes separated by dotted lines normally use the same symbols API base and differ only by diacritical possibly applied to move their joints.
Fields marked with an asterisk (*) indicate sounds not yet represented formally documented in the API.
Shaded areas indicate a link that seemed impossible. The empty white boxes indicate theoretical articulations possible but not yet certified.
The affricates ts, dz, t, d, t, d are rated using ligatures , , , , , common use, no longer part of the API (it is recommended replace them with two joints, associated with a ligature pull -subscribed-or superscript or with the fricative superscript).
The occlusive injective deaf in italics, sometimes used, are no longer part of the API (it is recommended to replace the symbol of the voiced consonant devoicing of the diacritic). diacritics and exhibitors amending consonants of the International Phonetic Alphabet t Progress d dental articulation B murmur t retraction d apical joint B laryngalisation rise d laminal articulation d labialization descent d lingual-labial articulation d palatalization d devoicing d disocclusion side d velarization t voicing d disocclusion nasal d pharyngealization X Borough d disocclusion inaudible t aspiration X dsarrondissement d prnasalisation b double articulation ts affricate change
/ nt.fla.eti.k. ti. s.y b. va.xs. af.a . Bn.y b. Ta . Gs..zts /. ) indicates that an item is to be attached to the current syllable and does not constitute a new element syllable. For example: / po.eta /, phonological transcription of the Spanish word meaning "poet." (Example from the Handbook of the IPA, p.25) Unicode
See also
Bibliography
Internal Links
External Links
(1 votes, average: 4.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ...