It is his reign of -1479 / -1478 to -1458 / -1457 .

She is raising a magnificent funerary temple next to that of Mentuhotep II at Deir el-Bahari in Thebes cliff of the mountain. Despite the 120 Sphinx who stood guard outside the entrance, his name was hammered after his death to be erased from the monument, probably at the instigation of his nephew and step-son, Thutmose III.

His current fame owes more to his audacity to act like a man than his reign during the Golden Age of the ^eighteenth dynasty.

This temple (picture below) has been restored by a Polish team.

Click on a thumbnail to enlarge

• 

  Hatshepsut's temple in its site

• 

  Site of Deir el-Bahari:
  * In the foreground, temple of Hatshepsut;
  * In the background, ruins of the Temple of Mentuhotep

• 

  A gate of the temple

It is symbolically the day of the year (I Akhet 1) Year VII of the reign of Thutmose III, Hatshepsut proclaims on the walls of the temple of Deir el-Bahari - that her "coronation" took place . In fact, he actually took place between II Peret 1 and IV Chemou 30, be much later in the year, according to the inscriptions of the obelisk still one erected in Karnak . So ideally it proclaims his coronation day of the year to take advantage of the symbolic significance of that date.

So she gets all powers by being crowned Pharaoh with the support of senior clergy of Amun headed by the chief priest Hapouseneb. Thus the rightful heir is relegated to second place.

It is now:

• Horus female ^{( sic )} (r.t): The one and kas are powerful;
• Two Mistresses: The one year the green again (or renew);
• Golden Horus: The one whose appearances are divine;
• King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Hatshepsut ( Maat is the Ka of Re);
• Son of Re: Hatshepsut-Khenemet-Amon (Amon That which unites with (or: descendant of Amon), the first of the noble ladies).

It does not usurp the throne itself as Thutmose III remains associated with royal events. Officially, the queen is only co-regent of Pharaoh Thutmose III , but it certainly holds the real power. To give greater legitimacy, it propagates the myth of his divine birth . According to a long inscription in his mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari , the Temple of Millions of years, it would have been generated by the god Amun who had the traits of his father, Thutmose ^I. ; after a "sacred marriage "or theogamy , Khnum fashions on his potter's wheel and she was presented to Amun who promised "this beneficent royal function in this entire country." Moreover, the lifetime already Thutmose ^I. It was installed on the "throne of Horus of the living, that is to say, crowned in the presence of the Court, after the oracle of Amun at Karnak was designated as the king.

img alt = "" src = "% C3% http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GD-EG-Alex-Mus A9eNat058.JPG/200px-GD-EG-Alex- Mus% C3% A9eNat058.JPG "width =" 200 "height =" 267 "class =" thumbimage "/>

Head of Hatshepsut (found at Luxor ), exposed to the National Museum of Alexandria

After his coronation, Hatshepsut replaces the sheath dress and her crown as queen of the short kilt, the nemes headdress and false beard. The numerous statues representing that a man prove his desire to be recognized as king. VII in the year, she raised her funerary temple next to that of Mentuhotep II , in a cliff of the mountain of Thebes, Deir el-Bahari temple, which the Egyptians called it "Djoser djserou" The holy of holies. In addition to its Hall of millions of years, it built his tomb in the Valley of the Kings near that of his father, and at Karnak , the eighth pylon as well as a chapel altar for the barque of Amun , called the red chapel.

This energetic woman was able to stay in power for twenty years, with the support of competent and dedicated officials whose fate was probably linked to his: Pouymr second prophet of Amun and the great architect; Chancellor Nhsy , who became head of the expedition to Punt ; Hapouseneb , his vizier and high priest of Amon ; Senenmut (or Senenmut), his favorite, who was also the tutor of Princess Nfrour.

Senenmut son of Ramos and Hatnefer, was of modest origins, but his ambition and his talent allowed him access to the favors of the queen. It became his chief advisor, perhaps his lover, accumulating wealth and titles: Single Friend, Servant of Maat, manager of the royal domains, steward of "fields and herds of Amun", "Director of Two Granary", it was also "Director of all the king's works (ie the queen)" and, as such, he oversaw the construction of the Castle of millions of years, he was also an architect. XV in the year, he led the expedition that brought the granite quarries of Aswan, the pair of obelisks that the queen was to draw Karnak. After the death of Nfrour he apparently fell into disgrace for his name and his pictures were hammered in the lifetime of Hatshepsut.

In all likelihood, the reign of Hatshepsut was peaceful, although in the year XII she had to put down a rebellion in Nubia at the second cataract. Although the majority of its buildings in Nubia were destroyed under his successor, there are still some traces of its passage and Kasr Ibrim Buhen. The foreign policy of the queen was characterized by commercial shipments. Thus, in the Castle of millions of years, the bas-reliefs illustrate an expedition sent to the Land of Punt , in the year VIII / IX's reign: they return, "the ships were heavily loaded in Wonderland (.. .) of the country (...) divine - of gold, ivory, ebony, skins of leopard, a panther alive, a giraffe, perfumes and oils sycamore ... "but especially of incense, which was widely used in religious ceremonies. Of Lebanon , its caravans reported cedar wood needed to build boats; an expedition to the Sinai allowed to mine copper and turquoise.

In the year of the reign XXI or XXII, two years after the death or disgrace of Senenmut , Thutmose III assumed sole power and were hammered cartridges mysterious queen, replacing them with those of Thutmose ^I and II or hers.

Burial

In 1903, Egyptologist Howard Carter - who was responsible for the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922 - had revealed the mummies of two women in the tomb KV60 in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor. One of the mummies was standing in a coffin while another was placed just on the floor of the tomb. The first mummy was identified as that of Satre, the nurse of Hatshepsut. The identity of the second woman remained unknown until now. While the mummy of the nurse had been transferred to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo the other had been left on the floor inside the tomb. Specialist American cemeteries Theban Elizabeth Thomas (now deceased) was the first to raise the possibility that the anonymous mummy may be that the queen herself what had led to his being roundly criticized by other experts. The main argument of Egyptologist was the fact that the mummy had his left arm folded over his chest, which in the ancient Egypt , was a gesture characteristic of royal mummies. She wore no ornaments, no cap, no jewelry, no sandals, no fake nails or feet or hands, none of those who escorted the treasures beyond the Pharaoh Tutankhamun.

This anonymous mummy found in tomb KV60 was officially certified by Zahi Hawass , director of the Supreme Council of Antiquities , the 27 June 2007 , as that of Queen Hatshepsut ^, . DNA tests underway (2007) are expected to confirm this hypothesis. With the CT-scan , an imaging technique for rearranging the body in three dimensions, the archaeologists said it was a woman of fifty years who was obese and suffered from diabetes and a bone cancer metastasized whose death was hastened as a result of an abscessed tooth treated badly.

The mummy of Hatshepsut has been transferred to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

Notes

Bibliography

• James Henry Breasted , Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. 2, New York, 1962 ;
• Peter A. Clayton , Chronicle of the Pharaohs, London, 1994 ;
• Christiane Desroches Noble , The woman at the time of the pharaohs, Stock, Paris, 1986 ;
• Christiane Desroches Noble , Queen Hatshepsut mysterious, Pygmalion, Paris, 2002 ( ISBN 2-7441-5818-6 ) ;
• Claire Lalouette , Thebes or the birth of an empire Related article
  • Place of Women in Ancient Egypt

  Pharaohs
  Alphabetically	aqen Achoris Adjibi Aha Ahetepr Ahmose Ahmose I. Akhenaten Alara Alexander IV of Macedonia Alexander the Great Amasis Amnms I. Amnms II Amnms III Amnms IV Amnms V Amnms VI Amenemhat I. Amenemhat II Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Amenemhat V Amenemhat VI Amenemhat VII Amenemhat Senebef Amenemnesout Amenemope Amenhotep I Amenhotep II Amenhotep III Amenhotep IV Ameni Kemaou Amenmes Amenhotep I. Amenhotep II Amenhotep III Amenhotep IV Ammers Amyrte Ankh-Khperour nkhesen Ankhesenpepi II Antef I. Antef II Antef III Antef IV Antef V Antef VI Antef VII Aper Apophis I. Apophis II Apries Arses Artaxerxes I. Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Auletes A Ay I. Baka Bakenranef Bardiya Berenice IV Binthris Bocchoris Cambyses II Shabaka Chabataka Caesarion Chepseskaf Chepseskar Cleopatra VII Darius I Darius II Darius III Den Dionysus Djadjay Djdefptah Djedefre Djedkare II Djedkare Isesi Djedptahiefnkh Djehuty Djer Djoutimhat Djoser Djserkar Amenhotep Epiphanius Eupator Evergetes Gemenefkhonsoubak Harsiesis I. Hat-Hor Hatshepsut Hemptah I. Hor-Aha Hor I. Hor III Hor III Horemheb Horus Adjibi Horus serekh Horus Ba Horus Crocodile Horus Djedkheperou Horus Djer Horus Lion Horus Qa Horus Shertaouy Horus Semerkhet Horus Seneferka Hotep Hetepsekhemwy Hetepsekhmoui Houdjefa I. Huni Ihmes I. Ihmes II (Ihmes its Neith) Ibi II Imhotep INED Ini I. Ini II Ioufeni Ioupout I. Ioupout II Iry-Hor Isou Ity Iytenou Ja-ib Ka Kachta Kamose Kay Khaba Khababash Kephren Khamoudy Khaouserr Khsekhmem Khatiri Khendjer Khoui Khouiiker Khyan Kha Khufu Khafre Khety I. Khety II Khety III Khety IV Khety V Khety VI Khety VII Koufou Matibr Hatshepsut Hatshepsut Menes Menkaouhor Menkaure Menkar Mentuhotep Mentuhotep I. Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Mentuhotep V Mentuhotep VI Mentuhotep VII Mrenhor Merneptah Merenre Merenre I. Merenre II Meribr Khety Mridjefar Merikare Merikare I. Merikare II Merikheperr Merneith Mery-Re-oUser Merneptah Montouemsaf Mentuhotep I. Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Mentuhotep V Mentuhotep VI Mentuhotep VII Mouths Menkaure Narmer Nebka Nebnoun Nebououserr Nebra Nechepso Nectanebo Nectanebo I. Nectanebo II Nedjemibr Neferefre Neferhotep I. Neferhotep I Neferhotep III Neferirkare Neferirkare II Neferirkare Kakai Nferkahor Anu Nferkamin Nferkamin I. Nferkaouhor Nferkaour Nferkar Nferkar Nferkar Nferkar II Nferkar III Nferkar IV Nferkar V Nferkar VII Nferkar Pepiseneb Nferkasokar Nfrousobek Nhsi Necho Necho I. Necho II Nphrits I. a href = "% C3% N A9ph% C3% A9rit% C3% A8s_II" alt = "Nphrits II> II Nphrits Nerkar Nesbanebdjed I. Netjerkar Nimlot I. Nimlot III Ninetjer Niuserre Nitocris Ny-Hor Nykar Osorkon former Osorkon I. Osorkon II Osorkon III Osorkon IV Ouadjekh Ouadja Ouadjkar Ouadjnes Ougaf Unas Ouneg Oupouaoutemsaf Userkaf Ouserkar Ousermontou Padimenti Pe-Hor Peftjaouaouibastet Penamon Pepi Pepi I. Pepi II Peribsen Petubastis I. Petubastis II Petubastis III Piankhy Pimay Pinudjem I. Philadelphus Philometor Philopator Physcon Psammetichus I. Psammetichus II Psammetichus III Psammouthis Psusennes Psusennes I. Psusennes II Ptolemy I Ptolemy II Ptolemy III Ptolemy IV Ptolemy V Ptolemy VI Ptolemy VII Ptolemy VIII Ptolemy IX Ptolemy X Ptolemy XI Ptolemy XII Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Ptolemy XV Qa Qakar-Ibi Rahotep Ramses Ramses I Ramses II Ramses III Ramses IV Ramesses V Ramses VI Ramses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramses X Ramses XI Reneb Reniseneb Scorpion King Roudamon Sahathor Sahu Salitis Sanakht Snkhenr Soudjetou Scorpio I. Scorpion II Seb Sehetepibr I. Sehetepibr III Skemkar Sekhemkhet Sekhemr Khouitaoui Sekhemr Khoutaoui Sekhenr Smerkhet Senaib Senakht Snakhtenr Tao I. Senebmiou Snedj [Souadjkar II Sqnenr Tao II Sesostris I. Sesostris II Sesostris III Sesostris IV Seth I. Seti I. Seti II Setnakht Seth Peribit Sen Shabaka Shabataka Shishak I. Shishak II Shishak III Shishak IV Shishak V Shishak VI Siamon Siptah Smendes Smenkhkare Smenkhkare Sneferka Snefru Sobekemsaf I. Sobekemsaf II Sobekhotep I. Sobekhotep II Sobekhotep III Sobekhotep IV Sobekhotep V Sobekhotep VI Sobekhotep VII Sobekhotep VIII Sobekhotep IX Sogdianus Soter Stephinates Tachos Taharqa Takelot I. Takelot II Takelot III Tanwetamani Taousert Tefnakht Teos Teti Thutmose I. Thutmose II Thutmose III Thutmose IV Thutmose Thutmose I. Thutmose II Thutmose III Thutmose IV Tiu Tutankhaten Tutankhamun Xerxes I Xerxes II Yakhouba Har-
  Chronological order	Predynastic Period Period protodynastic Dynasty Zero Horus Serekh Horus Ny-Hor Horus Hat-Hor Horus Iry-Ro Horus Ka Horus Scorpion Period Thinite First dynasty Meni ( Menes ) Horus Narmer Horus Aha (Athothis, Atot, Teti) Horus Djer (kenkeni Horus Zer, It, Iti ITIT) Horus Ouadja (Ounphs Horus Wadjy , Iterty, Ita) Horus Den (Ousaphas Horus Oudimou) Horus Adjibi (Mibis, cowpea, Horus Enezib) Horus Smerkhet (Smepss, Semenpss, Semenptah) Horus Qa (Oubianths, Bienechs, Qaa Horus, Horus Kaa) Second Dynasty Hetepsekhemwy (Hetepsekhmoui, Hotep) Nebra (Nebra Reneb, Noubnfer) Ninette (Ninetfer, Binothris, Binthus) Ouneg (Ouadnes) Snedj (Send) Horus Sekhmeb (Tlas) Seth Peribit Sen ( Peribsen Nferkar ) Khsekhmem Khaskhemouy Djadjay Old Kingdom Third Dynasty Nebka ( Senakht ?) Senakht Djoser Sekhemkhet ( Msochris ) Khaba Nferkar Huni ( Nferkar ?) Fourth Dynasty Snefru Koufou ( Cheops ) Djedefre Kephren ( Chephren ) Menkaure ( Menkaure ) Chepseskaf Fifth Dynasty Userkaf Sahu Nferirfar Chepseskar Neferefre Niuserre Menkaouhor Djedkare-ized Unas Sixth Dynasty Teti Ouserkar Pepi I. Merenre I. Pepi II Merenre II Nitokris I re interim Seventh Dynasty Netjerkar (Netjerikar, Nferkar the Younger) Menkar Nferkar II Nferkar Neby (Nferkar III) Djedkare Shema (Djedkare II) Nferkar Khendou (Nferkar IV) Mrienhor Nferkamin (Menrenhor) Nferkamin Nykar (Nikara) Nferkar Tereru (Nferkar Tererou V) Nferkahor Eighth Dynasty Nferkar Pepiseneb Anu Nferkamin Qakar-Ibi Nferkaour Nferkaouhor Neferirkare II Skemkar Ouadjkar Ity Imhotep Hotep Khoui (Chou) Isou Iytenou Ninth Dynasty Mribr Khety I. Merikare Nferkar VII Khety II Khety III Khety IV Tenth Dynasty Khety V Khety VI Khety VII Merikare I. Eleventh dynasty Theban I. Mentuhotep ( Mentuhotep I. ) Antef I. Antef II Antef III Middle Kingdom Eleventh dynasty Theban Mentuhotep II ( Mentuhotep II ) Mentuhotep III ( Mentuhotep III ) Mentuhotep IV ( Mentuhotep IV ) Twelfth Dynasty Amenemhat I. Sesostris I. Amenemhat II Sesostris II Sesostris III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Nfrousbek Second Intermediate Period Thirteenth Dynasty Sobekhotep I. Sobekhotep II Sobekhotep III Sobekhotep IV Sobekhotep V Sobekhotep VI Sobekhotep VII Sobekhotep VIII Sobekhotep IX Fourteenth Dynasty Hyksos Antef IV Mentuhotep V Mentuhotep VI Amenemhat V Amenemhat VI Amenemhat VII XV Dynasty Hyksos Salatis Yakhouba Har- Khyan Apophis I. Khamudi Apophis II ? Sixteenth Dynasty Hyksos XVII th Dynasty Theban Antef V Rahotep Sobekemsaf II Djehuty Mentuhotep VII Nbiryaou I. Antef VII Snakhtenr Tao I. Sqnenr Tao II Kamose Ahmose (Ahmose, Ahmose before the reunification of Egypt) New Kingdom Eighteenth Dynasty Ahmose I. Amenhotep I (Amenophis Djserkar) Thutmose I. (akhprkar Thutmose) Tuthmosis II (Thutmose akheprenr) Hatshepsut (Hatshepsut Hatshepsut) Tuthmosis III (Thutmose Menkheperre) Amenhotep II (Amenophis akhprour) Thutmose IV (Menkhprour Thutmose) Amenhotep III (Amenophis Nebmaatre) Amenhotep IV (Amenophis Nferkhprour) then Akhenaten Nfernfrouaton ? Smenkhkare Tutankhaten then Tutankhamun A Horemheb Nineteenth dynasty Ramses I Seti I. Ramses II Merneptah Seti II Amenmes Siptah Taousert XX th Dynasty Setnakht Ramses III Ramses IV Ramesses V Ramses VI Ramses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramses X Ramses XI Herihor Third Intermediate Period Twenty-first Dynasty of Tanis Smendes Pinudjem I. (co-Pharaoh at Thebes) Amenemnesout Psusennes I. Amenemope Osorkon former Siamon Psusennes II a href = "% C3% XXIIe_dynastie_ A9gyptienne" title = "Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt"> XXII Dynasty Bubastis Shishak I. Osorkon I. Shishak II Takelot Osorkon II Takelot II Shishak III Pimay Shishak IV Dynasty of high priests of Amun at Thebes, parallel to the twenty-first and XXII Dynasties XXIII Dynasty of Tanis Petubastis I. Ioupout Shishak V Osorkon III Takelot III Roudamon Ioupout II Osorkon IV XXIV Dynasty of Tanis Tefnakht Bakenranef (Bocchoris) Late Period XXV dynasty Kushite Piankhy Shabaka (Shabaka) Shabataka (Chabataka) Taharqa Tanwetamani (Tantamana) XXVI Dynasty Saite Necho I. Psammetichus I. Necho II Psammetichus II Apries Amasis Psammetichus III XXVII dynasty Persia Cambyses II Smerdis (MAGI) Darius I Xerxes I Artaxerxes I. Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Dynasty XXVIII Amyrte Dynasty XXIX Nphrits Psammouthis Achoris Nphrits II XXX Dynasty Nectanebo I. Teos (Tachos) Nectanebo II XXXI Dynasty Persia Artaxerxes III Arses Darius III Alexander the Great Ptolemaic dynasty Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Evergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Evergetes II Ptolemy IX Soter II Ptolemy X Alexander Ptolemy IX Soter II Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Berenice IV Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Cleopatra VII Ptolemy XIII Dionysus Ptolemy XIV Philopator II Ptolemy XV Caesarion Roman Dynasty
  See also kings of Napata kings of Meroe

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