Hannibal Barca
Bust of Hannibal
Birth	247 Ave. AD Carthage
Deaths	183 Ave. BC (64) Bithynia
Nationality	Carthage
Training	Commander
Family	Hamilcar Barca , father Mago Barca , brother Hasdrubal Barca , brother

Hannibal Barca (in Phoenician means "has the favor of Baal "), generally called Hannibal or Hannibal, born in 247 BC. AD at Carthage (north-east of the present Tunis in Tunisia ) and died by suicide in 183 BC. AD ^{, , ,} in Bithynia (near modern Bursa in Turkey ) is a general and politician Carthaginian , generally considered one of the largest military tacticians in history.

He grew up during a period of tension in the Mediterranean basin , while Rome begins to impose its power in the western Mediterranean: After taking Sicily and Sardinia, as a result of the First Punic War , the Romans sent troops into Illyria and continue the colonization of northern Italy. High, in the Latin historiographical tradition, in hatred of Rome, he is, by its enemies, giving rise to the Second Punic War of the Ancients called elsewhere "war of Hannibal."

At the end of the year 218 , he left the Spain with his army and crossed the Pyrenees and the Alps to win the North of Italy. Yet he fails to take Rome. According to some historians, Hannibal does not then the equipment needed for the attack and siege of the city .

For John Francis Lazenby, this is not the lack of equipment, but the supply and its own political agenda that prevent Hannibal from attacking the city . Nevertheless, he managed to maintain an army in Italy for over a decade but failed to impose its conditions to the Romans. A cons-attack forced them to return to Carthage, where he was finally defeated at the Battle of Zama (held between Constantine and Tunis in Numidia ).

Military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge gives him the nickname "father of strategy "that his greatest enemy, Rome, adopted by the following elements of its military tactics in its own strategic arsenal. This heritage gives it a strong reputation in the contemporary world where it is considered a great military strategist by such as ^Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington. His life was later used as a background for many films and documentaries.

In the mid- ^third century BC. AD , the city of Carthage where Hannibal was born , is strongly imbued with the Hellenistic culture after the remnants of the empire of Alexander the Great . Carthage then occupies a prominent place in trade of the Mediterranean basin and has particular counters in Sicily , in Sardinia , off the coast of Hispania and North Africa. She also has a large fleet of war that ensures the safety of maritime routes used by its dealers: Alexandria to the south of the Mediterranean to Spain in the west, where the silver mines that solve the tribute demanded by Rome after the First Punic War.

The other Mediterranean power in this period was Rome , with which Carthage conflicts over twenty years in the First Punic War (Punic " is an adjective derived from "Phoenician" used to denote Carthaginians ), the first major war in which Rome emerged victorious. This clash between the Roman Republic and Carthage is caused by a conflict secondary to Syracuse. It is marked by three phases of operations on land and sea land: Sicily ( 264 - 256 ), Africa ( 256 - 250 ) and again in Sicily ( 250 - 241 ). It was during this last phase, and especially after the war, Hamilcar Barca , father of Hannibal, who leads the war against Rome in 247 , became known. After a naval defeat to Aegadian islands north-west of Sicily, it must spring 241, signing a treaty with the consul Roman Caius Lutatius Catulus . This agreement requires leaving Carthage Sicily but it keeps its fleet.

In the aftermath of the First Punic War, despite the precautions taken by Hamilcar Barca, Carthage is in difficulty to disperse his troops mercenaries who are quick to lay siege to the city . This episode is known as the War of the Mercenaries. Hamilcar managed to suppress the revolt in the blood in the parade of the Saw in 237. Rome, having no opposition seizes Sardinia belongs to Carthage . To compensate for this loss, Hamilcar goes in Hispania, where he captured a large area south-east. For ten years, Hamilcar led the conquest of southern Hispania, assisted by his son Hasdrubal . This restores the conquest of Carthage financial situation through the exploitation of mines of silver and tin.

Ascension

Youth

Cartoon of the oath that made Hannibal swear consisting of his father to remain forever an enemy of Rome.

Hannibal Barca is the eldest son of General Hamilcar Barca ^, . "Barca" is not a surname but it is still worn by his son . Historians refer to Hamilcar's family as the Barcids to avoid confusion with other Carthaginian families where the same names (Hannibal, Hasdrubal, Hamilcar, Mago, etc..) are frequently worn.

There are few sources of education about Hannibal. We know, however, he learns a tutor Spartan named Sosylos, the Greek letters , the story of Alexander the Great and the art of war. He acquires this mode of reasoning and action that the Greeks called " metis "and based on the intelligence and cunning.

After expanding its territory, Hamilcar enrich his family and, at the same time, Carthage itself . Pursuing this goal, Hamilcar, relying on the city of Gades (Hispania) near the Strait of Gibraltar , begins to subject tribes Iberians. Carthage at this time is in such an impoverished state that its navy is unable to carry his army into Hispania. Hamilcar is forced to run towards the Pillars of Hercules and then move it across to bin the Strait of Gibraltar, between Morocco and Spain. The Roman historian Livy says that when Hannibal goes to see his father and asks for permission to accompany him, he accepts ^, subject Hannibal swear that as long as 'He lived, he would never be a friend of Rome ^{, ,} . Other historians report that Hannibal told his father:

"I swear that as soon as age will allow me ^, . "

Learning the practice of military action comes quickly on the ground under the aegis of his father and his brother Hasdrubal the Fair who succeeded Hamilcar killed on the battlefield against the rebels in Spain to 229 or 230 and named the head of the cavalry ^, . In this area, Hannibal unveils early endurance and composure , knowing also be appreciated and admired by his soldiers . Hasdrubal meanwhile continues a policy of consolidation of Iberian interests of Carthage . So he marries a princess Iberian Hannibal Imilce named, with whom he had a son . However, this alliance is considered probable and is not evidenced in all . Moreover, Hadrusbal sign 226 a treaty with Rome sharing the Iberian Peninsula into two zones of influence . The Ebro river constitutes the border , Carthage must not extend beyond the river to the extent that Rome did not extend south of the river . In 221 , Hasdrubal founds the new capital, Cartagena located in Murcia (southern Spain ). But a little later, a slave Gallic , Hasdrubal accusing of murdering his master ^, , the murderous turn in 221 .

Commander

Hannibal is then chosen by the Carthaginian army to succeed Hadrusbal as commander in chief . It is then confirmed in this role by the government ^, despite the opposition of Hanno (Carthaginian aristocrat) . It was then just 25 years . Livy gives the time that the young Carthaginian general description:

"Hannibal, from his arrival in Spain, drew all eyes upon him. "It Hamilcar in his youth is returned to us," cried the old soldiers. "While energy in the face, the same fire in his eyes: that his air, that his features" . "

Having assumed command, Hannibal spent two years to consolidate possessions Hispanic and completing the conquest of the territories south of the Ebro ^, . However, Rome, fearing the growing strength of Hannibal in Hispania, concludes an alliance with the city of Sagunto , yet located a considerable distance south of the Ebro River in the area recognized the influence Carthaginian and declare the city under its protectorate . The argument is based on the Rome Treaty of 241 , which prohibits Carthage to attack an ally of Rome, and Hannibal highlights the treaty signed by Hasdrubal which recognizes the sovereignty Carthaginian south of the Ebro. Hannibal encircled Sagunto and led the siege of the city which falls in 219 , probably in November , after eight months ^{, ,} . Rome reacted to what it considers a violation of the Treaty and calls for justice from the government of Carthage . Due to the popularity of Hannibal and the risk of loss of prestige Carthaginians in Hispania, the oligarchic government of Carthage did not deny these actions and the war that the general had thought the Second Punic War , was declared at the end year ^, .

Second Punic War

Preparations

After that the Carthaginians had surrounded and destroyed Sagunto , Romans-cons decide to attack on two fronts in North Africa and Hispania, from Sicily , which must serve as their operational base. However, Hannibal sets up a strategy for the least unexpected: he wants to carry the war into the heart of Italy by a rapid march through Hispania and southern Gaul . Knowing that its fleet is well below that of the Romans, he does not attack by sea, he chose a land route much longer but more interesting because it allows him to recruit the way many mercenaries or ally with Peoples Celtic eager to do battle with the Romans . Before he left, he plays skillfully with his staff and North Africa sends troops to Iberians while Libyans are safe possessions of Carthage Hispania .

Until the end of spring 218 , at which time he left Cartagena ^, , Hannibal sets up a great army and sends representatives to negotiate its way through the Pyrenees and alliances along its path. According to Livy , Hannibal crossed the Ebro with 90,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry . He left a detachment of 10 000 infantry and 1000 cavalry to defend Hispania and 11 000 Iberians who are reluctant to leave their territory . That gave him 70,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry after the passage of the Pyrenees. According to other sources, he succeeded in Gaul at the head of some 40,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry . It is difficult to assess its real effective. Some estimates range up to 80,000 men. Upon his arrival in Italy, he seems to direct, according to sources, between 20 000 and 50 000 infantry and between 6000 and 9000 horsemen . On the other hand, repeatedly, Carthage sent reinforcements to Hannibal, at least at the beginning of the war. In addition, several tribes rallied, even temporarily, in Hannibal. Thus, 40,000 Gauls in addition to the Carthaginian army .

In addition, Hannibal has a few war elephants whose role is important in the armies of the time and that the Romans already know to be met by fighting against the troops of Pyrrhus ^I.. In fact most of the 37 elephants of Hannibal , which is a fairly low figure when compared to other armies of the Hellenistic period, die in the crossing of the Alps or the humidity of marsh Etruscan. The only survivor is used as a mount by Hannibal ^, . Indeed, Hannibal had lost his eye right in a minor battle and would use this means of transportation does not come in contact with water ^, . According to other historians, Hannibal was actually suffering from ophthalmia which makes blind .

Travel to Italy

Hannibal enters Gaul carefully avoiding addressing the Greek cities of Catalonia. It is believed that, after crossing the Pyrenees at Col du Perthus and established his camp near the town of Illiberis - current Elne near Perpignan - it runs smoothly until the Rhone , where he arrived in September before the Romans can not prevent its passage, the head of some 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry and 37 war elephants .

After avoiding the local people, who try to stop its progression, Hannibal escapes a Roman army from the Mediterranean coast up the Rhone valley . From the Romans to conquer Gaul Cisalpine , Hannibal hoped if he manages to cross the Alps to find a reinforcement among the Gauls of northern Italy ^, .

Crossing the Alps

Assumptions plot

Hannibal and his men crossing the Alps.

The route taken by Hannibal is still subject to controversy . In October 218 , the Alps can be crossed by the Col du Petit Saint Bernard , by that of Mont Cenis , or by that of Montgenvre ^, . Some authors suggest that borrows the neck of Hutch or even further south, the Col de Larche. However, the details provided by Polybius and Livy / Sup> are very vague and no archaeological evidence does compelling evidence of any connection. All the assumptions made, often by specialists but also by most imaginative writers, are the interpretation of texts of Livy and Polybius, nearly a thousand books have already been written on the subject . In the northern Alps, the Montgenvre the Great St. Bernard , only the pass-Savine Coche and Col de Larche allow this view . Still, supporters of the Little St. Bernard dispute the meaning of the sentence of Polybius , who wrote:

"The soldiers, appalled by the memory of the evils they had suffered, and not imagining with horror the people they still had to endure, seemed to lose heart. Hannibal them together, and as the top of the Alps, which appear to be the citadel of Italy, we see all these vast plains discovered that the Po waters of its waters, he used this beautiful show, only resource he had left to recover its soldiers from their fright. At the same time, they pointed to the spot where Rome was located and reminded them they had for themselves the good will of the peoples who inhabited the land they had before their eyes . "

Even if this scene is represented in many paintings and drawings, one of Francisco de Goya , supporters of the Little St. Bernard say the mists which rise often prevent the Po plain to see thereof. However, this plain has been seen and photographed many times, an example shown on the website of Patrick Hunt, Professor of Archaeology at Stanford , dedicated to his research of the neck through which Hannibal would have happened in Italy, the latter considers the Hutch as the only collar that fully meets the ancient texts. However, the usual practice of ancient historians are likely to imagine the speeches placed in the mouths of historical figures, there is little reason to believe in the absolute authenticity of this scene, and the gesture of the speaker accompanies it. Since it is possible that the scene recounted an image d'Epinal , a comparison of various possible paths can not take a final decision.

Hannibal crossing the Alps, by John Leech, 1850.

For its part, the French prehistorian Aim Bocquet retains a route through the Little St. Bernard, refuting the hypothesis of Hutch for climatic reasons, the route passes through an area where, even in 1860 , a glacier s' spread out over a large width. However, early in the warm phase of the Roman era, the presence of the glacier that would have prevented the passage of troops is not certain. Bocquet also relies on Polybius indicates that "there were five and a half months Hannibal had left New Carthage, counting the fortnight had cost him crossing the Alps, when planted his standard in Po plains and among Insubrian " before attacking the peoples of the region of Turin. However, according to Bocquet, Hannibal had to go through the Little St. Bernard to arrive in Insubres.

Polybius also gives another major feature:

"Hannibal arrived in Italy with the army we saw earlier, camped at the foot of the Alps, to give some rest to his troops . "

In the northern Alps, one neck to satisfy these two conditions (overlooking the Po Valley and settlement of Taurins): The Hutch. Therefore, since Colonel Perrin in 1883 , many authors concur with that view . The only notable exception is the thesis of Sir Gavin de Beer (published in 1955 ) which proposes the neck of the Traversette in the Southern Alps, near Monte Viso. Its plot does not cross the land of Savoyards and his hypothesis is fiercely contested, including England.

Nevertheless, sources indicate that Hannibal lost between 3000 and 20 000 men during the crossing . The survivors arrived in Italy are hungry and suffered from the cold .

Choice decisive

Whichever way you choose, the crossing of the Alps is one of the most significant tactical choices of antiquity. Hannibal managed to cross the mountains despite the obstacles of the climate , terrain, attack the local population and the difficulty of leading soldiers from diverse ethnic and linguistic variety.

After passing the Alps and be managed in the Po valley, Hannibal is forced to fight Taurins , with troops very small, then beat one after the first Roman troops who are opposed to the Ticino and Trebia - Current Trebbia River in northern Italy. The battle of Ticino , which is more than just a skirmish between the cavalry of the Roman consul Publius Cornelius Scipio and the Carthaginian cavalry, shows the input military qualities of Hannibal. It uses its best Numidian cavalry, taking advantage of lower topographical advantage and succeeding a circling maneuver. The Battle of Trebia in December 218 , leads the Gauls to join Hannibal against their Roman conquerors lately .

Battle of the Trebia

The hard work resulted in the Hannibal Roman territory and thwarts the attempts of his enemies to resolve the conflict in foreign territory . Its sudden appearance after crossing the Gaul and the valley of the Po allows him to break the allegiance recent local tribes to Rome before the latter can react against the rebellion .

Strategies during the Battle of Trebia

Publius Cornelius Scipio, consular officer of the Roman forces to intercept Hannibal , do not expect Hannibal tries to cross the Alps, the Romans were prepared to face off in the Iberian Peninsula. With a small detachment positioned in Gaul, Scipio tries to intercept Hannibal. Prompt decision and allow rapid movement, carrying his army by sea, arriving in time to catch Hannibal .

The forces of Hannibal crossing for their part in the Po valley and are involved in a confrontation secondary: the battle of Ticino . At that time, Hannibal forced the Romans to evacuate the plain of Lombardy because of the superiority of his cavalry ^, . Although this represents a minor victory, it incites the Gauls and the Ligurian to join the Carthaginians , which increases the size of the army of 40,000 men including 14,000 Gauls . Publius Cornelius Scipio is seriously injured and retired beyond the river Trebia to establish a camp at Piacenza , in Emilia-Romagna , thus saving his army . The other consular army was sent to emergency in the Po Valley. Before the news of the defeat of Ticino reaches Rome, the Roman Senate ordered the consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus to bring his army from Sicily to join Scipio and face Hannibal .

The latter, by skillful maneuvering, is in a position to counter since it controls the road from Placentia to Sempronius Arminum that must borrow to reinforce Scipio. He then takes Clastidium - current Casteggio in Lombardy - where he found large quantities of supplies for his men. But success is not complete because Sempronius, enjoying the lack of vigilance of Hannibal, slips on his flank and joined the camp of Scipio beside the river near Piacenza Trebia . In December 218 , Hannibal has an opportunity to demonstrate once again its superior military capabilities during the Battle of Trebia . After exhausting the strength of the infantry Roman, he cut them off with a surprise attack that starts with an ambush on the sides ^, .

Battle of Lake Trasimeno

After the victories of Ticino and Trebia, Carthaginians rest at Bologna and then continue their descent into Rome. Having secured its position in northern Italy by this victory, Hannibal spends the winter with the Gauls, whose support decreases . In spring 217 he decided to establish a more reliable base of operations farther south. Believing that Hannibal would like to move towards Rome, Gaius Servilius Geminus and Gaius Flaminius Nepos , the new consuls, mobilized their armies to block roads in eastern and western Hannibal is likely to borrow to go to Rome. The only other route to central Italy lies at the mouth of the Arno. This route passes through a large marsh that is flooded more than usual at this time of year. Hannibal knows this road particularly difficult but it is certainly the safest and fastest in central Italy. As the historian Polybius says, Hannibal's men marched four days and three nights on "a road that was under water" and suffering terribly from fatigue further reinforced by the lack of sleep ^, .

General through the Apennines and the Arno allegedly impassable without objection. But in the plains swamps it loses much of its forces including, it seems, its last elephants. Arriving in Etruria (current Tuscany ), Hannibal decided to draw the main Roman army, commanded by Flaminius, in a devastating battle in his own eyes in the territory it is supposed to protect. As reported by Polybius:

"He . "

Hannibal's ambush by 217 on the shores of Lake Trasimeno

At the same time, Hannibal tried to break the allegiance of Rome's allies by showing them that Flaminius is unable to protect them. Despite all this, Flaminius remains entrenched in Arretium passively. Unable to lead Flaminius into battle by mere devastation, Hannibal decided to march in force against the left flank of his opponent, which has effectively cut him from Rome. This maneuver is recognized as the first turning movement of history.

Then progressing through the uplands of Etruria, Hannibal urges the continuation of Flaminius and on June 21 , surprising in a parade on the shores of Lake Trasimeno , destroyed his army in the waters or on the nearby slopes (the Romans left approximately 15,000 troops on the ground ) and killing Flaminius himself. It has now eliminated the only ground force that could thwart his advance on Rome, but, realizing that without siege engines he could not hope to take the capital , he prefers to exploit his victory by moving to the center and south of the Italy and encouraging rebellion against the central government generally. After Trasimeno, Hannibal said: "I am not come to fight against the Italians but in the name of the Italians against Rome" .

The Romans then called Cunctator Fabius as dictator . Disposing of the Roman military traditions, Fabius adopted a new strategy - which is later called "strategy of Fabius' - refusing frontal battle with his opponent while positioning several Roman armies in Hannibal's vicinity to limit his movements.

Having ravaged Apulia cause without reaching Fabius, Hannibal decided to cross the Sannio and Campania , one of the richest and most fertile provinces of Italy, hoping that the devastation Fabius decides to fight. This closely follows the route of Hannibal while still refusing to be drawn into battle, remaining on the defensive. This strategy is very unpopular among many Romans who regard it as cowardice. Hannibal decides it is not wise to spend the winter in the devastated lowlands of Campania but Fabius tried to block it by ensuring that all passes out of Campania. To counter this tactic, Hannibal lure the Romans into believing that the Carthaginian army wants to escape through the woods. While the Romans headed towards the forest, Hannibal's army is a free pass and crossed unopposed. Fabius is still at a distance to hit, but this time his caution against playing him. Anticipating, rightly, a ploy, it stays put. During the winter, Hannibal takes comfortable quarters in the plain of Apulia. In smuggle his army Hannibal succeeds Adrian Goldsworthy describes as "a classic of military tactics ancient finding its place in almost all historical accounts of the war and was used in subsequent military manuals . This is a severe blow to Fabius's prestige, and shortly after, the Romans forced him to share his command with his master of horse Marcus Minucius Rufus.

Cannes and its consequences

Hannibal, who does not intend to attack Rome in the first instance, is the Apulia , including the city of Capua . In spring 216 he took the initiative in attacking a large deposit of refueling Cannes. By this action, General ranks among the Romans and their crucial source of food . The Roman citizens elect Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus new consuls . Hoping to win, they raise a new army - when Rome has never formed an army so large - estimated at nearly 100 000 men . The latter thereby renounce the tactic effective, but slow, evasive and opt for a frontal impact .

Annihilation of the Roman army to Cannes 216

The meeting, considered a masterpiece of tactics of Hannibal, was finally held on August 2 216 on the left bank of the river Ofanto (southern Italy ), near which the Romans set up their camp. The armies of the two consuls are met, the latter alternating daily command of the troops. Varro, chosen as leader for the first day, is determined to defeat Hannibal . At the head of 50,000 men , the Carthaginians capitalizes on the anger of Varro and drew into a trap by using a tactic of encirclement. It eliminates the numerical advantage of the Romans by reducing the area of combat. Hannibal puts his foot in the lower half-circle and reinforced by Gallic and Numidian horsemen on the flanks .

The Roman legions that are spread over a mile rush in the central part but the Carthaginian flanks the bandwagon and enclose the legionaries . The effectiveness of Hannibal's cavalry was irresistible, and Hasdrubal (not to be confused with Hasdrubal Barca which controls the left side), after passing the Roman troops from behind, attack the cavalry of Varro . The Roman army had no means of escape. At the end of the battle, Hannibal gets the rings of the Roman knights killed in combat, allowing it to provide irrefutable proof to the government Carthaginian victory over the Romans .

Hannibal counting the rings of Roman knights fell to the battle of Cannae in 216. Marble in 1704 by Sebastian Slodtz currently on display at the Louvre.

Thanks to his brilliant tactics, Hannibal, although with fewer men, managed to destroy practically all rival forces. The Battle of Cannes is the most disastrous defeat of the Romans . The loss of these are estimated at between 25,000 and 70 000 deaths . The dead included the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus and two former consuls, two Quaestors , 29 of the 48 military tribunes and 80 senators (25% to 30% of its total members). In addition, 10,000 Romans were captured by Hannibal . This battle is one of the bloodiest in history in terms of losses during a single day . As for the Carthaginians, they lose 6000 men .

This victory is due to the tactics used during the fight but also the political skill of Hannibal who uses the mistakes of his opponents. It grows well several times the consuls, eager to gain a victory before the end of their mandate, as the fault at Lake Trasimeno. This requires a detailed knowledge of Roman institutions and political actors. Carthaginian spies, often merely traders also play a big role in this war.

After Cannes, the Romans are not so excited to confront directly and prefer the Hannibal overcome by harassment based on their power play and for refueling. Therefore, Hannibal and Rome did clash over Italian territory until the end of the war . However, refusing to bow at any price, Rome rises even more troops. The effect of this victory Carthaginian forces many parts of Italy to rally to the cause of Hannibal . As noted by Livy , "the disaster of Cannes was more serious than previous ones, we have already a clue in the fact that the loyalty of allies, who until now had remained firm, began to falter, no Because, surely, if they despaired of the Empire . During the same year, the Greek cities of Sicily rebel against the political control of the Romans when King Philip V of Macedonia Supports Hannibal , by launching the same First Macedonian War against Rome. Hannibal also forms an alliance with the new King Hieronymus of Syracuse. It is often argued that if Hannibal had received the equipment from Carthage, he could lead a direct attack against Rome. For now, it simply harassing the fortresses which still resist and the only highlight of the year is the defection of some major Italian territories such as Capua , the second city of Italy, which Hannibal made his new base. However, only a small number of Italian cities Hannibal hoped to join rallying consent.

In reality, the desire of Hannibal, in addition to regain Sicily, is less the destruction of Rome as a city that as a political entity , hence its refusal to attempt to capture the city after the battle of Cannes and the famous phrase attributed to his chief of cavalry Maharbal:

"You know how to win, Hannibal; you do not know enjoy the victory . "

In fact, Hannibal used his victories to try to switch to his camp cities subject to Rome . The prisoners, for example, are divided into two groups. Roman citizens - who were reduced to slavery or offered redemption - and Roman citizens or allies who are sent home.

"Delights Capua"

Shortly after the Battle of Lake Trasimeno in 217 , Hannibal is releasing three knights of Capua who, after some time, asked him to take possession of the city. Hannibal expects more than a year to have the support of the notables of the city , which takes place after the battle of Cannae. The city (now known as the Santa Maria Capua Vetere ) would have "offered to the soldiers of many pleasures softening Carthaginian forces." In any case, the meaning of famous "delights of Capua , an expression that it is unclear whether it corresponds to reality. In fact, if temporizes Hannibal at Capua is that he expects a total disintegration of the Italian confederation and new alliances that would finally achieve dominance on the sea In fact, peoples and cities of central and southern Italy are likely to ally with the Carthaginians. In 216, Bruttium (now Calabria ) tilts as Lokroi Epizephyrioi (current Locri ) and Croton in 215. In 212 , it is also the case Metapontum in the Gulf of Taranto , Thurii near Sybaris , and Tarentum , in Puglia . These cities are added to the Gauls of Cisalpine and Capua. However, Rome is good and Latins , Etruscans and Umbrians remain faithful to him.

Meanwhile, Hannibal sets the course in Sicily, which is its primary objective. The young king of Syracuse, Hieronymus , abandoning the Roman alliance and allows Carthaginian troops landed in 214 . The cities of Heraclea Minoa and Agrigento , both located in Sicily , also accept the alliance with the Carthaginians. It should be noted that Hannibal has the ability to propose an alliance system, less restrictive than the Roman model of subjection, leaving it to the people a bundle of rights rather reduced charges and claiming heavy human and financial.

Instead, inspired by the Greek model Hannibal, namely a hegemonic city that provides the security of its allies which is made of freedom. Hannibal and resumed the discourse on freedom of the Greeks. This idea, advocated in his time by Antigonus , whose descendant Philip V of Macedonia concluded an alliance with Hannibal in 215 , is thus taken up by the Carthaginian conqueror and allows him to reject, to some Greeks of Sicily and southern Italy, the Romans in the barbarian world.

Turnaround Situation

Bust of Scipio Africanus

From 212, Hannibal has problems becoming bigger. Since 215, the Romans return to the strategy of Fabius Cunctator and avoid face Hannibal in battle . They also increase their numbers through a policy of enlisting slaves and young men under 17 years. More importantly, they understand how necessary it is to regain the offensive on the political and ideological. Under the direction of a senator fond of Greek letters, Quintus Fabius Pictor , a Roman history at the turn anti-Punic is written. Hannibal and the Carthaginians are described as being untrustworthy, wicked and cruel . In counterpoint, the Romans are portrayed as friendly agreements, pious and practicing temperance. That's how that turns up the definition of "ancient custom", the mos majorum , which becomes the moral standard of reference for the end of the Roman Republic.

On the military level, the Romans, led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus , resume Syracuse at 212 and Capua in 211 after two successive seats. A cons-offensive to regain Capua Hannibal in 211 fails and a cavalry raid on Rome itself . The Romans managed to destroy a Carthaginian army in Sicily and pacify the island in alliance with the League Aetolian to counter Philip V, who tries to exploit the situation to conquer Illyria but attacked on several fronts, is quickly overwhelmed by Rome and her Greek allies.

In 210 , Hannibal again proved his tactical superiority by inflicting a severe defeat on the military proconsul Gnaeus of Fulvius Centumalus to Herdoniac (current Ordona in Apulia ) and destroyed in 208 a Roman force engaged in the siege of Lokroi Epizephyrioi. But the loss of Tarentum in 209 , which was taken by Fabius Cunctator and is treated harshly, and the gradual reconquest Samnium and Lucania (present Basilicata ) by the Romans - with a series of victories Salapia in 208 and Grumentum in 207 - make him lose control of southern Italy. Yet he managed to return to Apulia in 207 and awaits his brother Hasdrubal Barca to march on Rome .

Meanwhile, the Romans tried to attack-cons in Hispania under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus (217-212), but without much success except for the capture of Sagunto in 212. Both, killed the same year are replaced by Scipio Africanus who takes Cartagena 209 . Hasdrubal, however, manages to leave Hispania with a relief army and wins Italy by land. But he was killed on the banks of Metauro in 207 , following a bold strategic move of the Roman consul who oversee Hannibal, joined his colleague to deal with Hasdrubal. At the announcement of the defeat and death of his brother, Hannibal withdrew in Bruttium where he was stationed during the years that follow. The combination of these events mark the end of Hannibal's success in Italy. From 206 , hostilities ended in Hispania and Sicily in favor of the Romans . The same year, the second brother of Hannibal, Mago , defeated in Hispania, manages to bring the war in Liguria . He was finally defeated by Quintilius Varus and his brother tries to join with the remnants of his troops. In 205 , the Romans return to the port where Lokroi Epizephyrioi Hannibal waited in vain for a fleet of his ally Philip V and then, after the defeat of the latter against Aetolians > In 208, a fleet of Carthage which concentrates its efforts to safeguard its commercial interests in Hispania.

Battle of Zama

The Romans, led by Scipio Africanus, get a major diplomatic success in 206 acquiring the services of Prince Numidian Massinissa and lead the fight on his land .

In 203 , after nearly fifteen years of fighting in Italy, while Scipio progresses and the Carthaginians conducive to peace led by Hanno the Great tried to negotiate an armistice instead of reinforcing the troops of Hannibal, it is recalled by Camp supports the continuation of the war led by Barcids like his brother Mago, who died during the voyage home. After leaving a trace of his expedition engraved in Punic and Greek upon tablets of the temple of Juno at Crotona , he sailed for his return . The ship landed at Leptis Minor (present Lamta ) and Hannibal took, after two days of travel , winter quarters near Hadrumetum . Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans have better cavalry than the Carthaginians, who are catching them with a superior infantry. Roman superiority is due to the rallying of the Numidian cavalry Massinissa. Hannibal, suffering from a health weakened by his years of campaigning in Italy, still has the advantage of numbers with 80 war elephants and 15 000 veterans of the wars in Italy, even if the rest of his army is composed of mercenaries Celtic whose motivation is on or slightly seasoned Carthaginian citizens. The strategy used by Hannibal is the same as that used in Cannes. But the Roman tactics have evolved over 14 years, the attempt fails and encircling the Carthaginians were finally defeated .

Hannibal loses nearly 40 000 Men - 1500 cons for the Romans - and the respect of his people during the last major battle of the war. The Punic is forced to make peace with Rome and Scipio and renounce its war fleet and his army. It is also subject to a heavy price, payable in fifty annual installments .

After Zama

Political Career

Forced to sign the peace treaty with Rome in 201 that deprives its former empire Carthage, Hannibal at the age of 46 years decides to take part in politics Carthaginian leader in the Democratic Party.

The city is indeed divided into two major trends. First, the Democratic Caucus, which is mainly driven Barcids is very attached to an anchorage land in Africa, and therefore the conquests of land at the expense of Numidia. The second movement is an oligarchy , grouped around conservative Hanno the Great , whose prosperity depends on trade, port taxes and tribute imposed on cities submitted. Elected Suffet in 196 , Hannibal restores the authority and power of this function has become insignificant and thus represents a threat to the oligarchs . They do not take the risk to intervene directly against the Suffet, but nearly seven years after the victory of Zama, appeal directly to the Romans . Voluntarily chooses the latter then the exile in 195 .

Exile in Asia

He began by traveling to Tyre (now Lebanon ), the mother city of Carthage, then goes to Ephesus where he was received with honors by King Antiochus III of Syria ^, which is preparing for war against Rome . Hannibal soon becomes clear that the royal army is no match for the Roman army. He then advised the king to equip a fleet and a body of ground troops in southern Italy and offers to take command. But he can not make enough impression on the Ruler, listening to his courtiers, for he says something important position whatsoever.

According to Cicero , while he is at the court of Antiochus III, Hannibal attended a reading of the philosopher Phormion which covers a wide range of topics. When it concludes an essay on the powers of a general , asked his opinion on which Hannibal replied: "I saw my life during the worst of the old fools but this one beats them all." Another story about Hannibal in exile gives a strange view on his alleged Punic perfidy : Antiochus III, Hannibal reveals military training consistent and well armed, he asked if she would seem honorable to the Roman Republic , what Hannibal replied, "Yes, enough for the Romans, as they can be greedy." On this occasion, Hannibal does not receive the command of the army and Antiochus III, who has himself conceived the plan of battle, came to be defeated ^, . Afraid of being delivered to them after the peace agreement signed by Antiochus III, Hannibal fled to the court and his journey is so very uncertain.

We think, however, he goes in Crete while Plutarch and Strabo suggests that runs Armenia , with the king Artaxias ^I. , who attributes the planning and construction supervision of Capital Artaxata (current Artashat ). Soon back in Asia Minor , seeking refuge with Hannibal Prusias ^I. of Bithynia who is at war with an ally of Rome, King Eumenes II of Pergamum .

"Sovereign" Hellenistic

Hannibal then starts serving Prusias during World War ^I. . One of his victories coming at the expense of Eumenes II at sea is said that this would be an early example of biological warfare : he threw cauldrons filled with snakes in enemy ships .

Besides his military talents, he founded the city of Prusa probably (now Bursa in Turkey ) at the request of Prusias ^I.. This foundation, especially if we add that of Artaxata (current Artashat in Armenia ), Hannibal students to the rank of "sovereign" Hellenistic. A prophecy that is spreading throughout the Greek world between 185 and 180 mentions a king came to Asia to pay to the Romans that they require the submission to the Greeks and Macedonians. Many agree that the text actually refers to Hannibal. In this sense, the Carthaginians, yet original barbarian to the Greek, Hellenistic world fits perfectly with . The Romans can not ignore this threat and an embassy was sent to Platea.

Cartoon illustrating the poisoning death of Hannibal

For the latter, Hannibal becomes troublesome and the king betrays its host Libyssa who resides on the eastern coast of the Marmara Sea. Threatened to be delivered to Titus Quinctius Flaminius , the ambassador to Rome, Hannibal chose to kill himself during the winter 183 ^, by swallowing poison that, they say, he carries for long in a ring . The exact year of his death remains unclear . If, as Livy suggests , it takes place at 183 , the same year as that of Scipio Africanus , Hannibal would be 63 years old .

Burial

His body lay in a coffin made of stone on which the inscription is visible: Here is enclosed Hannibal .

Among the sites mentioned to locate the tomb of Hannibal contains a small hill topped with a few cypress and now located in an area industrial city near the Turkish Libyssa of (current Gebze) in Kocaeli. Regarded as the tomb of General, it is rolled back to 200 AD by the Roman emperor Septimius Severus , a native of Leptis Magna (now Libya ), takes the initiative to cover the grave of a plate marble white. The site is now in ruins. Excavations are carried out in 1906 by archaeologists , including Theodor Wiegand but they are skeptical about the reality of the location of the site .

Inheritance

Paradoxical Results

With the Carthaginians disappears without a doubt the greatest threat that has faced the Roman Republic . Yet his personal balance sheet is a failure. The western Mediterranean is a "Roman lake" and Carthage is on borrowed time. Rome also extends its control over the Greek world and Asia.

But at the same time, and this is the paradox of its balance sheet, trying to divert - by his speech on freedom of city - the Greek cities of the alliance with Rome, he forces it to legitimize its actions and to have a great imperialist power. This is where Hannibal is at the heart of Roman history and Greek.

Ancient World

Long after his death, the name of Hannibal continues to perpetuate the specter of a symbolic threat to the Roman Republic. They wrote that describes the Romans, who proclaim themselves the proud descendants of March , as representatives of terror. For generations, the matrons Roman continue to tell their children stories scary when they misbehave. Hannibal symbolizes so much horror, whatever disaster occurs, the Roman senators screaming Hannibal ad portas (Hannibal is coming!) To express their anxiety. This Latin phrase famous later evolves into an expression that is still commonly used when a client through a door or when someone is facing a disaster . Such expressions prove the psychological impact of the presence of Hannibal in Italy on culture romaine.

Statue of Hannibal at Schnbrunn Palace in Vienna

In this context, an admiration (force) is evident in the writings of Roman historians Livy and Juvenal. On the other hand, the Romans are going to erect statues of the Carthaginian general in the very streets of Rome to appear in front of their defeat such an adversary . It is plausible to think that Hannibal is causing the greatest fear that Rome had ever experienced in front of one of his enemies.

However, during the Second Punic War, Romans refuse to defeat and rejected all peace initiatives, including the release of prisoners against ransom after the battle of Cannae . Moreover, there is no text describing any revolution among Roman citizens, no faction in the Senate want peace, no treason to the advantage of Roman Carthage, no coup , and no establishment of dictatorship during this period ^, . Instead, aristocrats Roman remain in competition to assume positions of leadership to combat the most dangerous enemy of Rome. The military genius of Hannibal is never really enough to disrupt the political and military organization of the Romans. As noted in Lazenby:

"There are also plenty of texts in favor of their political maturity and respect for constitutional forms based on the fact that the complex machinery of government continued to function even during the disaster. There are few states in which an ancient general who lost a battle as Cannes would have dared to maintain, much less would have continued to be treated with respect to time as head of state . "

According to Livy, it does not diminish the fear of the Romans against Hannibal, especially on the occasion of his march on Rome in 211 :

"A letter of Fregellae, who had worked tirelessly day and night, threw a great terror in Rome. The influx of rural dwellers, whose stories added the lie to the truth, the agitation had spread throughout the city. It was not much to say that women resounded with their wailing private houses, the ladies of distinction, braving all eyes, ran in crowds to the temples of the gods, with disheveled hair, kneeling at the altar, hands outstretched to the heavens and the gods, they tear supplements Rome at the hands of enemies and save the honor and the lives of Roman mothers and their young children . "

In the Senate, this new "affects the mind based on the characters of each . He decides to maintain the siege of Capua while lifting 15,000 infantry and 1000 cavalry to strengthen the protection of Rome. According to Livy, the land occupied by Hannibal's army outside the city are sold between Romans even though they are busy and for a fair price . This may not be true but, as stated Lazenby, "it may well be because it shows not only the supreme confidence of the Romans in the ultimate victory but also the manner in which a semblance of normal life continued . After the battle of Cannae, the Romans showed considerable strength in adversity. An undeniable proof of the confidence of Rome is demonstrated by the fact that after the disaster at Cannes, the city is left virtually helpless when the Senate chose not to withdraw a single garrison of the provinces to strengthen the city. In fact, the troops of the provinces are reinforced and sustained campaign until victory is achieved first in Sicily , under the direction of Marcus Claudius Marcellus , then Hispania under the leadership of Scipio Africanus ^, . Despite the fact that long-term consequences of the war of Hannibal are indisputable, the latter is undeniably the "finest hour" in the history of Rome ^, .

The majority of sources available to historians about Hannibal are of Roman origin. Hannibal is regarded as the greatest enemy that Rome faced. Livy tells us the opinion that it is extremely cruel. Even Cicero , when he talks about Rome and its two great enemies, spoke of the "honorable" Pyrrhus of Epirus and "cruel" Hannibal . However, a different picture is sometimes reported. When Hannibal's successes result in the deaths of two consuls, the Roman Hannibal vainly sought the body of Gaius Flaminius Nepos on the shores of Lake Trasimeno , organizes ceremonies in honor of Lucius Aemilius Paullus and makes the ashes of Marcus Claudius Marcellus in his family living in Rome. However, the bias of Polybius is more annoying since it seems to feel sympathy toward Hannibal. Yet Polybius remained hostage to Italy for a long period and is based mainly on Roman sources. So there is a possibility again this element of the propaganda Roman.

Modern world

The name "Hannibal" is common in the modern world and popular culture. Like other military leaders, Hannibal's victories over superior forces, and ultimately lost a case, give him a reputation that survives well beyond the borders of his country of origin in North Africa (present Tunisia ).

Snowstorm: Hannibal and his army crossing the Alps: Joseph Mallord William Turner, envelope crossing the Alps with a romantic atmosphere.

His crossing of the Alps and remains a fact among the most spectacular military wars of antiquity and mobilizes from the world's imagination so romanticized through multiple artistic productions.

Military History

Several years after the Second Punic War , Hannibal was then political adviser Seleucid kingdom , Scipio Africanus is sent on a diplomatic mission in Rome to Ephesus, although it is unclear the exact date of their interview, which is mentioned by Plutarch and Appian :

"They say when one of their meetings at the gym , Scipio and Hannibal had a discussion on the issue of jurisdiction of the generals in the presence of many spectators, and that Scipio asked Hannibal what he said was the greatest general , to which he responded: " Alexander the Great. "

Scipio approve, Alexander also in first position. Then he asked Hannibal whom he would place then. Hannibal replied ^I. Pyrrhus because he considered the boldness as the first quality of a general. He said that "it would be impossible to find two kings more enterprising than these."
Scipio was annoyed but he continued to question which one he would see Hannibal in third place, hoping it would be at least one. But Hannibal replied: "Myself, because in my youth I conquered Hispania and crossed the Alps with an army for the first time since Hercules. I went through Italy and you have all struck with terror, forcing you to drop 400 of your cities, and I often threatened your City of extreme peril, all without ever receiving money or reinforcements Carthage.
When Scipio felt that he would extend that praise, he said, laughing: "Where do you position yourself Hannibal, if you had not been defeated by me? "Hannibal, then perceiving his jealousy, replied:" In this case, I would put in first position. Hannibal then continued his own praises, while taking care to flatter delicate way of Scipio by suggesting that he had beaten someone over Alexander.

At the end of the conversation asked Hannibal to Scipio to be his guest, that Scipio accepted willingly subject does not live in Hannibal Antiochus III , a suspect in the eyes of the Romans. They showed well in the manner worthy of the great commanders, they had abandoned their hostility to the end of their wars ^, . "

Hannibal looking at the head of Hasdrubal c. 1725 display at the Kunsthistorisches Museum of Vienna

The exploits of Hannibal, and especially his victory at Cannes , continue to be studied in military academies around the world. In the Encyclopaedia Britannica of 1911 , the author of the article on Hannibal praises it as follows:

"As the military genius of Hannibal there can be no two opinions. The man who could remain for fifteen years in hostile terrain facing several powerful armies and a succession of able generals must have been an outstanding tactician. In its strategies and the use of the ambush , he undoubtedly surpassed all the other great generals of antiquity. As splendid as were his achievements, we still need more we delight in finding the bad grace with which Carthage supported him. In response to the disappearance of his veterans, he had to raise fresh troops there. Ever, we heard talk of mutiny in his army, although it was made up of North Africans, Iberians and Gauls. Again, what we know about him is for the largest share coming from hostile sources. The Romans were so feared and hated that they could not do it justice. Livy speaks of his great qualities but he adds that his vices were equally great, among which a peak perfidy "larger than the Punic perfidy "and" inhuman cruelty ". On the first point, there is no justification other than his ability in the use of the ambush. For the latter, there is, from our point of view, no basis other than the fact that he acted during some crises, according to the general spirit of ancient wars. At times, it gives a more favorable contrast of his enemy. No brutality stains his name only as was the case of those perpetuated by Gaius Claudius Nero to Hasdrubal defeated. Polybius notes only that he was accused of cruelty by the Romans and of avarice by the Carthaginians. It was definitely bitter enemies and his life was a continual struggle against fate. For the immutability of the objectives, organizational skills and mastery of military science he has perhaps never been equaled . "

Even his Roman chroniclers admit a supreme military command writes that he "had never asked of others what he has not done himself . According to Polybius, "as a wise governor, he was able to subdue and contain so many people in his duty, that they never revolted against him and that he never arose among them no sedition. Although his army was composed only of soldiers from various countries, Africans, Spaniards, Liguria, Gauls, Carthaginians, Italians, Greeks, who had nothing in common between them neither laws nor customs, nor language, he succeeded by his ability to bring all these different nations, subjecting them to the command of one chief, and to bring them within the same views as him .

The document of Count Alfred von Schlieffen (the eponymous title as the Schlieffen Plan ) is developed from his military studies and emphasizes heavily on wrapping techniques used to encircle and destroy the victorious Roman army at Cannae ^, . George Patton thinks about him he is the reincarnation of Hannibal (among other incarnations like a Roman legionnaire and soldier of Napoleon ^I ) . Norman Schwarzkopf , the commander of coalition forces during the first Gulf War , for his part said that "the technology of war may change, the sophistication of the weapons changes for sure. But the same principles of war apply in the time of Hannibal, still apply today .

Finally, according to military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge:

"Hannibal excelled as a military tactician. In the story, does not battle a finer example of the tactics of Cannae . "

Barcelona Foundation

Inscription on marble Colonia Julia Augusta Paterna Barcino Faventia abbreviated

img alt = "" src = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hannibal.gif/220px-Hannibal.gif" width = "220" height = "101" class = "thumbimage" />

Part of two shekels in money c. 230 exposed to the British Museum

An ancient legend and spread into the academic community, although false, assigns Barcids in general, Hamilcar and Hannibal in particular, cited the founding of the Catalan of Barcelona (aka Barcelona) ^{Miscellaneous}

Some qualities are recognized since the ancient times : boldness, courage and pugnacity. They are mainly implemented in a raid nature leaving Lyon and leading to Turin through the Alps and which bears his name: the raid Hannibal .

Hannibal covered with plantations of olives most of North Africa through the work of his men whom he considers detrimental to the resting state and their generals.

Works inspired by the character

Filmography

Literature

Miscellaneous

5 bill TND

In Les Troyens , opera in 1858 in five acts of Hector Berlioz , Hannibal appears in a vision of Dido , just before she died.

Profile of Hannibal is on the ticket of 5 dinars circulated on 8 November 1993. His name is also given to a television channel private Hannibal TV.

References

1. (en) Gilbert Keith Chesterton, "The War of The Gods and Demons," The Everlasting Man, 1925
2. (en) Biography of Hannibal (Forged By Lightning: A Novel of Hannibal and Scipio)
3. ^{a , b , c , d , e , f , g and h} (en) Cornelius Nepos, "Hannibal," The Lives of the Great Captains
4. ^{a , b and c} The date of death of Hannibal is usually located in 183, but according to some authors, it could date from 182.
5. (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXXIX, 50-51
6. Alfred John Church and Arthur Gilman, The Story of Carthage, ed. Biblo & Tannen, 1998 269
7. (en) Christopher S. Mackay, Ancient Rome. A Military and Political History, ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004, p. 68
8. John Francis Lazenby, Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War, ed. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1998
9. ^{a , b , c and d} Theodore Ayrault Dodge, Hannibal. A History of the Art of War Among the Carthaginians and Romans Down to the Battle of Pydna. 168 BC, ed. Da Capo Press, New York, 1995.
10. ^{a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l , m , n , o , p , q and r} (en) Biography of Hannibal (Insecula)
11. In Latin punicus
12. In Latin Poeni
13. Encyclopedia 360, ed. Rombaldi / Paris Match, 1970, vol. 3, p. 21
14. ^{a , b , c and d} (en) Cornelius Nepos, "Hamilcar," The Lives of the Great Captains
15. Polybius calls him the "parade of the Saw," but Gustave Flaubert ( Salammbo ), which uses the translation of Dom Vincent Thuillier (1727-1730), called "Pass of the Hatchet."
16. ^{a , b , c and d} (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 1
17. ^{a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l , m , n , o , p , q , r and s} (en) Richard Beds, Hannibal V Rome BBC Atlantic Productions, London, 2005
18. Will Durant , Caesar and Christ, ed. Simon & Schuster, New York, 1944, p. 45
19. ^{a , b , c , d , e , f , g and h} (en) Aurelius Victor, Liber de viris illustribus, XLIII
20. (en) Patton, The Second Coming of Hannibal (Reverse Spin)
21. ^{a , b , c , d and e} (in) Biography of Hannibal (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia)
22. ^{a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l , m , n , o , p and q} (in) Biography of Hannibal (Carthage Lives)
23. ^{a , b and c} (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 2
24. ^{a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l , m , n , o , p and q} (in) Biography of Hannibal (eleventh edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica)
25. ^{a and b} (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 4
26. ^{a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l , m , n , o , p , q , r , s , t and u} (in) Biography of Hannibal ( Livius.org)
27. ^{a and b} (in) Family of Hannibal (Carthage Lives)
28. (en) Polybius, History, Book II, 7
29. ^{a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j and k} (in) Biography of Hannibal (The Columbia Encyclopedia)
30. (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 3
31. (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 5
32. Theodore Ayrault Dodge, Hannibal. A History of the Art of War Among the Carthaginians and Romans Down to the Battle of Pydna. 168 BC, p. 143
33. ^{a and b} (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 6
34. (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 14
35. Most people sacrifice themselves in an episode famous.
36. (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 18
37. (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 21
38. ^{a , b , c and d} (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 23
39. (en) Serge Lancel, Hannibal, ed. Fayard, Paris, 1995 225
40. John Previs, Hannibal Crosses the Alps. The Invasion of Italy & the Second Punic War, ed. Da Capo Press, New York, 2001, p. 86
41. ^{a , b and c} Sandrine Crouzet, "Hannibal. The man who made Rome tremble, "History, No. 308, April 2006, pp. 76-80
42. ^{a , b , c and d} (in) Punic Wars (Carthage Lives)
43. (en) Mary Macgregor, "Hannibal crosses the Alps," The Story of Rome, p. 178
44. ^{a , b and c} (en) Polybius, History, Book III, 16
45. ^{a , b and c} (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXII, 2
46. (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 24
47. (en) Serge Lancel, op. cit., p. 60
48. (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 32
49. (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XXI, 29
50. (en) History of the Chalet Lavis-Trafford
51. ^{a and b} (en) Polybius, History, Book III, 11
52. (en) Livy, Roman History, Book XI, 31 and 35
53. Today, the Internet took over in search of a hypothetical response with many sites dedicated: Bibliography

    French

    • Abdelaziz Belkhodja, Hannibal, Hamilcar's son, ed. Apollonia, Tunis, 2008
    • Giovanni Brizzi English
      • Elias J. Bickerman, "Hannibal's Covenant", American Journal of Philology, Vol. 73, No. 1, 1952, pp. 1-23
      • Leonard Cottrell, Hannibal. Enemy of Rome, ed. Da Capo Press, New York, 1992 ( ISBN 0306804980 )
      • Theodore Ayrault Dodge, Hannibal, ed. De Capo Press, New York, 1891 ( ISBN 0306813629 )
      • Mark Healy, Cannae. Hannibal Smashes Rome's Army, ed. Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 1994
      • Dexter Hoyos, Hannibal's Dynasty. Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean. 247-183 BC, ed. Routledge, New York, 2003 ( ISBN 041529911X )
      • Dexter Hoyos, Hannibal. Rome's Greatest Enemy, ed. Bristol Phoenix Press, Exeter, 2005 ( ISBN 1904675468 )
      • John Previs, Hannibal Crosses the Alps. The Invasion of Italy & the Second Punic War, ed. Da Capo Press, New York, 2001 ( ISBN 0306810700 )

      See also

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Related articles

• History of Carthage
• Carthaginian civilization

External Links

• (En) Series of articles on Hannibal on Nimausensis
• (In) The route of Hannibal over the Alps by Jona Lendering on Livius.org

Carthaginian famous
Adherbal Dido Hamilcar Barca Hannibal Barca Hannibal Gisco Hanno the Great Hanno the Navigator Hasdrubal Gisco Hasdrubal the Fair Hasdrubal the Botharque Mago the Carthaginian Mago Barca St. Perpetua Sophonisba

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Metadata person
NAME	Hannibal Barca
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Hannibal Hannibal
SHORT DESCRIPTION	General and politician Carthaginian
DATE OF BIRTH	-247
PLACE OF BIRTH	Carthage
DATE OF DEATH	-183
PLACE OF DEATH	Bithynia

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