In language , the genitive is a grammatical case used to mark an additional name. He expressed particular possession in many languages (see possessive (cases) ).

It can be formed by changing the ending of the name owner (as in Latin), by adding a letter at the end of this name (as in English and Dutch), by changing the definite article (as in German) or using a preposition that marks possession (as in French). It means the notion of "possession" broadly, because the relationship generally includes any party to Mary's house and Mary's leg (the house of Mary / Mary's leg) does not refer to the same type of relationship; and parental relationships (Mary's mother = mother of Mary).

It may also, as in Slavic languages, for example, have a sense of partitive (eg a , drink a glass of water). This is because the numbers work (or worked at a time) as names (see "a dozen eggs).

Latin

In Latin, the genitive is most often the brand name of a supplement. Compared with the full name it, the genitive can mark multiple types of reports, such as possession (Ex: liber Petri, Peter's book) or kinship (Ex: filius Petri, son of Peter). The partitive genitive expresses the whole of which is mentioned part (Example: Petri caput, head of Peter fortissimi Romanorum, the bravest of the Romans; provinciae extremum, the end of the province). The genitive can also be used to supplement an adjective (ex: Vestri FACSIMILE, like you), or verbs like Memine (= remember) or oblivisci (= forget). The verb to be constructed with the genitive means "is peculiar ..." (Ex: Rider hominis is laughing is proper to man).

Greek

The use of the genitive is significantly larger in Greek than in Latin: in fact, the nominal declension Greek has lost the ablative , preserved in Latin, and the values of this case were mainly transferred to the genitive. Thus, the Greek genitive, in addition to the jobs reported for Latin, expresses the spatial or temporal origin, especially after the prepositions that have this (followed by genitive = ex monitoring of the ablative in Latin = outgoing; followed by the genitive = ab followed by the ablative in Latin = From, or since, etc.).. Similarly, the ablative absolute in Latin is the genitive absolute in Greek. The additional adjective to the ablative in Latin are in the genitive in Greek, worthy of being said dignus with the ablative in Latin, with the genitive in Greek. In addition, the use of the genitive as a complement verb is much more extensive than in Latin Greek (after verbs meaning "reach" or "poor" or verbs meaning "hear", "feel", "touch" etc.., or a value partitive after verbs meaning "eat" or "drink").

Dutch

In Dutch, possession is expressed by adding a letter at the end of the name, an "s" sometimes preceded by an apostrophe ("'s" as in English), or a single quote. The genitive is marked by adding an "s" "'s" or "'"

• for common names and names of countries, provinces and regions except those in "a, i, o, u or y", and the surnames and given names as titles and names customary

and not preceded by the article, except those which will be discussed in the next section, we add a simple - s: make

• names of countries, continents, provinces and regions not end a, i, o, u or y, and the surnames and given names that end with a, i, o, u or y, we add 's : and are
• surnames and given names ending in s, sch, sh, x or z are - ':

Ex: Mijn vader 's car: The car of my father.

Or do we form with "van", meaning "of", "du".

Ex: self van mijn vader From: Lit. The car of my father.

German

The German genitive may be postponed or placed before, after or before I put the name to which it relates. In the latter case, it then replaces the definite article, and we talk about saxon genitive).

Genitive "ordinary"

The strong brand is the genitive - (e) s in the masculine and neutral, and - (e) r feminine and plural.

The definite article is in the genitive:

• s masculine and neutral;
• r feminine and plural.

The indefinite article is in the genitive:

• (K) es ein masculine and neutral;
• (K) er ein feminine; er kein plural.

The genitive is also marked on the noun in masculine and neutral

• for nouns to declination strong, for the ending - '(s): der Vater das Kind Vater make s s s es Kind;
• for nouns with low variation, with the usual ending - (e) n: s Herr
• for nouns in declension mixed, with the ending - (e) ns: s ans Herz.

In a noun in the genitive, as in other cases, the adjective takes the low mark in the presence of the article (which is still marked in the genitive). However, unlike other cases, it takes the strong brand in the absence of that article when the noun does not make: thus, we say gut st Gesellschaft (good company) but ( good taste).

These rules are some exceptions:

• some names ending in-s (especially the male ending ismus) are invariable in the genitive singular:
• proper names do not take the mark - (e) s when they are preceded by the definite article, they take it however they are used without an article. For example, the history of France will say

but the history of modern France will say (without-s), so the life of Mozart will say indifferently or (without the

Saxon Genitive

Is formed analogously to the ordinary genitive for nouns or proper names used with the article. For proper names used without an article is formed, all kinds (even female), by adding a - (s).

It is preposed and replaces section (set) name as it determines.

Widely used in poetic language, it works more common than language proper names without an article.

Moreover, for these names, the genitive formed by the addition of the brand - (e) s may also, unlike English for example, be postponed. The expression: Anne's dog can say - Annas Hund: Saxon genitive English "Ann's dog"; in German no apostrophe before s), note the absence of Article defined before the name given - der Hund Annas.

Basque

Possession is marked by the suffix "-en" in addition to the radical name. But there is also a genitive space-time which is a complement of place and time.

Breton

The following article about the Breton confuses genitive ("Ki ar / ur verc'h") and adding ("an tamm bara")

Since the word is completed by further defined (by the girl), the main word is considered to be sufficiently defined and loses his own article.

N1: ar c'hi (the dog) (with mutation after the article) N2: ar verc'h (the girl).

N1 + N2 = Ki ar verc'h (Dog's daughter) (added the word "Ki" has lost his article and following his transfer k / c'h) it is a relatively difficult problem that additional name in Breton, it should be appreciated because every time the nature of the complement (defined or undefined).

When we say that the complement of the name is defined and hence the name completed loses his article, it should be noted that the addition of the name is deemed sufficiently defined if it is preceded by an indefinite article: N1: ar c 'hi (the dog). N2: ur verc'h (a girl) (ie in principle an indefinite term but considered sufficiently defined for this rule) N1 + N2 = Ki ur verc'h (a girl's dog).

By cons in the following example the complement of the name is a real indefinite and therefore keep the full name thereof. N1: tamm year (piece) N2: bara (bread) N1 + N2: an tamm bara (the bread).

Latvian

In the first two versions of the feminine singular, the gerund is marked by the nominative suffix (in a or e) with s and is similar to the registered in ^the 3rd. For plural, add a u to the root of the word.

• mas have Maja (the sister), maja u (the house of the sisters)
• zil are sparna (the wing of the tit), Zil sparna u (wing tits)
• gov s Kaja (the leg of the cow), gov u Kaja (leg cows)

In the first two of the masculine singular, we add to the root of the name, the third remains unchanged. For the plural, we add u to the root of the name.

• gald has kaja (the foot of the table), gald u Kaja (foot tables)
• Gulbis sparna (swan's wing), u sparna Gulbis (Swan's wing)
• tirgus gald us (the table of the market), tirg gald u (the table of markets) the plural of this variation is not really possible even if there is unquantifiable because it brings together (ice, honey, beer. ..)

Slovene

Possession is not marked by the genitive, but by a suffixation of the nominative.

Russian

In addition to its usual job, the genitive in Russian (as in other Slavic languages) is used in a denial:

-. (He is at home. = nominative).

. (It is not at home. = genitive, word for word from him not at home).

Examples

  German: der Mdchen Hund of s 
            The Saxon genitive, nowadays 
            archaic or poetic except for proper names, 
            replaces the specified item name: 
              Mdchens of Hund
  Breton: "ki ar verc'h" "ki ur verc'h" 
  Latin: canis Puell 
  Slovenian: punc in pes
  Basque: Herri kb etxea
  Finnish: Tyto n Koira
  Russian   

See also

• Genitive (astronomy)

• Portal Language

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