Garden (from the German meaning "enclosure") is an outdoor or indoor, enclosed or delimited where plants are grown, according with the use of hydraulic equipment, maintenance, support to vegetation, traffic, space, furniture and buildings functional and decorative. These plants can be flowers , and vegetables , and fruit trees or ornamental , a lawn , plant collections. The term is also accepted for a closed space forming a decoration entirely mineral typical Japanese garden.

The gardens are objects of universal culture and undeniable (though originally, in the narrow sense, only made from Eurasian cultures: Arab gardens, Persian, European, Indian, Japanese ... The garden is not part of Native American cultures, African and Oceanian ). Unlike a heritage that has permanently ended the same way, the vegetable gardens to provide even the most formal one irreducible dynamic dimension, which changes daily, with the seasons and years.

The garden in the heart of the French

In 2009, for the French, the garden is the second "room" the most important of the house just behind the living room but the kitchen before , French gardens cover more than one million hectares, is 4 times the total area of all nature reserves, which is why the NGO encourages them to protect biodiversity and particularly butterflies (considered a good indicator of biodiversity ) that for example in the UK declined by 71% in 20 years. This rate is close to those found in most industrial countries and agricultural Western Europe. Of ecological gardens and shared gardens appear especially in Europe since the 1990s, particularly in eco-districts , but not exclusively.

Future developments: In a prospective study to 10 years (funded by the association Promojardin, which focused on the gardens and their place in the life of the French in 2020 , their status should not change much, remaining becoming important even more important, their value as a refuge, a source of relaxation, intimacy and oxygen but also of family life remain privileged.
"The French are looking in the garden, privacy and personalization that values in their social environment", particularly in urban areas. They also appreciate the green spaces public, with three new elements emerge or confirm: some terrace, friendly, incorporating a dining area, followed by a rather restricted area to leisure and children and a vegetable mixed fruit and vegetable more natural space. The presence of a water source (pond, puddle-based environmental) and sometimes a pool seems to want.
In planning and plant selection, the survey delon naturalite takes and will grow in importance, and the garden will be more densely vegetated (with the help of tanks, pots, beds, hedges, creepers ..) in response to "new environmental aspirations, with a preference for grasses and wildflowers, but also a place for aquatic plants, aromatic and medicinal. The garden design should also aim to finally settle the envelope of the house with the green roofs and vegetated walls or the principle of the plant wall.
Nevertheless, the rose remains in 2011, according to this survey, the favorite flower of the French, and red tones are the favorite in the garden.

The different types of garden

The garden may be private or public, paid or free access, managed by an individual, an official institution, association, company or foundation:

• In the case of a public speaking instead of a public garden or a park when it is extended and enclosed garden adjoining a palace, a castle, a building official, a former factory, a museum like the Italian garden villas of Tuscany , the Parc Andre Citroen in Paris or the famous park of Versailles.

• A garden is usually a pen attached to a dwelling, used either for pleasure, then said " pleasure garden , whether for commercial or business such as production of vegetables or fruit , they say then " garden "or" orchard. " In China, it could serve as a place of silk production through raising silkworms in a part of the garden. In Persia, India, China and most Asian countries, the garden could serve as the culture of flowers for the decoration then, sacrifice, decorating or sales in addition to other revenues related to agriculture, handicrafts or trade. We have the famous English anthropologist Jack Goody descriptions and analysis on the place of cultivation of flowers within the daily life of many societies and communities, mostly in parks and gardens.

• When the enclosure is located in the dwelling, it is an indoor garden ( conservatory or winter garden), very common in regions with very contrasting temperatures between summer and winter, day and at night the plains and mountains. When it comes to crops grown for commercial purposes rather we talk gardening. These plantations are often performed under greenhouses.

• Bringing together collections of plants for scientific purposes (medicine, agriculture, industry) or leisure, we speak of " botanical garden "as the famous Jardin des Plantes in Paris created in the seventeenth century. Most European capitals created between the seventeenth and nineteenth century botanical gardens with their own interest is linked to the discoveries of new plant or animal species in the world during the same period. The botanical garden, particularly in the United Provinces (Holland), France, England and Germany, and sees its growth linked to both the exploration of the globe (the acceleration of globalization), the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, and the economic revolution of the eighteenth century.

• If the interview is really neglected, voluntarily or involuntarily, the garden is said to lie fallow , as can be found in the suburbs of large cities, border, or even at the end when urbanization is very dense Hong Kong, Tokyo, Beijing, Shanghai, New York, Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta, Jakarta, Paris, Moscow, Rome, Amsterdam ... Brownfield sites which are industrial or housing related individuals, are coveted by many actors in politics (municipalities), economic (real estate, businesses) or cultural (associations) of cities, large, medium or small.

Styles of Gardens

Conventionally distinguished:

• The Persian garden and gardens Middle East back to antiquity, the first human gardens, terraces, geometrically laid out around a basin: the Hanging Gardens of Babylon have shaped the imaginary ancient Mediterranean.
• the garden or Spanish Moorish , sensual and fragrant, is the continuation during the Middle Ages under the impetus of the Andalusian agronomists.
• the Mannerist garden , garden symbolism, Tuscan garden, enriched with Renaissance statues, grottoes, mazes etc..
• the French garden , the triumph of classicism, derives directly. Andr Le Ntre gives it a monumental dimension and normalizes.
• the English garden , only curves, dips and bumps, factories and ruined theater, his vocation to the romantic ballad, its apparent damage and the plant variety is a reaction to the formalism of the classical garden which breaks with history gardening.
• the Italian garden , characterized in particular by rockeries and ponds, the gardens of the Riviera are the modern version.
• The Chinese garden is more narrative than the Western garden.
• the Japanese garden expresses an aesthetic of scholarly perfection combined with respect for nature.
• the garden of natural history and botanical gardens are collections of plants collected for educational purposes, conservation or acclimation, they develop since the sixteenth ^century.
• The ecological garden is the protection and management restauratoire of biodiversity a priority.

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  Medieval garden

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  Italian garden

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  French garden

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  The Manor Gardens Eyrignac , French Garden

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  English Garden

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  Cottage garden

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  Japanese Garden

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  pleasure garden of a mansion in the Netherlands.

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  Chinese Garden

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  Spanish Garden

Elements of the Garden

Maze gardens Glendurgan

• Mixed border
• ornamental pond
• hedge
• maze
• garden gnome
• parterre
• lawn
• nursery
• kitchen garden
• rock
• Trail
• pile of compost
• orchard

The buildings of the garden or the garden in the building

• hut
• manufactures garden
• kiosk
• patio
• flag
• pergola
• orangery
• veranda
• Greenhouse
• gazebo
• on a terrace or a simple balcony
• on a wall planted wall
• on a roof hanging garden

The protection of parks and gardens as a historic monument

Late 2007 , 2034 parks and gardens were protected (including 579 classified and registered 1455) under the Act of 31 December 1913 historical monuments. The owners (although the gardens may be subject to multiple properties) are mostly private. The campaign "Visit a garden in France" was an opportunity to discover or public gardens, historic or contemporary, floral or botanical parks. The concern for a better understanding of their gardens and the historic character were much later than that of the elements more "traditional" heritage, monuments, works of art. The word garden is almost absent in the protection orders of the ^nineteenth century and very few before 1920. It is even more broadly than the 1930 date many protection orders parks or gardens. They are then identified, named, but rarely described.

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