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Fourth Century Bc Ad
Second millennium BC. AD | first millennium BC. AD | First Millennium
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-390 Years | Years -380 | -370 Years | Years -360 | -350 Years
-340 Years | Years -330 | -320 Years | Years -310 | -300 Years
See also: List of centuries , Roman numerals
The fourth century BC. BC starts on January 1, -400 and ends on December 31 -301.
Summary |
Events
America
- Development of the culture of Chavin de Huantar, in Peru : large temple complex with priestly and religious objects.
Africa
- Foundation of Algiers , of Ruspina
- Copper Age in Mauritania.
- Nubian kingdom of Meroe.
- Foundation of the Kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia by the kings of Sheba (IV - XIII centuriesBC. ). The Sabians Minaeans and Homerites arrive kingdoms of Arabia Felix ( Yemen ) between 1000 and 400 BC. AD
Ancient Egypt
- XXIX and XXX Dynasties
- Persian periods in ancient Egypt
- Conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great
- Beginning of the dynasty of the Ptolemies
Middle East
- In Persia , the Seleucids succeed the Achaemenid
- After its conquest by Alexander the Great , the Palestine and the other provinces of the ancient Persian Empire s'hellnisent gradually, many Greeks settled there and their culture profoundly influenced the economic, social, philosophical but also religious.
- The Jewish community is becoming a minority in Palestine, especially as many Jews go live in many cities of the empire, from the Black Sea to the Aegean , but especially in the new capital of Alexandria. These migrations are so important they are appointed under the collective name of Diaspora (in Greek, "dispersion").
- Foundation of multiple cities with the name of Alexandria and Kandahar by Alexander the Great.
- Apogee of the city of Saba , the current Mareb , in the Hadramaut ( Yemen ), between 400 and 200 BC. AD
Asia
- In China , it's the end of the Period of Spring and Autumn and the beginning of the period of Warring States. Many northern states began to build walls on their borders. This practice finds its highest expression with the construction of the Great Wall was built after the year 221 BC. AD on more than 1600 km.
Europe
World Celtic
- Extension of the Celts : taking Rome in 390 BC. AD and looting of Delphi , the Boii settled in Italy.
- The Celts settled in Cisalpine Gaul through the passes of the Alps ( Lingones , Cenomani in Brescia , Verona and Cremona , Boii in Bologna , Veneti in Veneto and north of Illyria , Senonian , the most recent arrivals).
- The Boii settled in Bohemia. The Celts occupied the fourth century the north-western Hungary , south-western Slovakia and part of Transylvania.
- The Celts occupied Bohemia and Moravia High Silesia and Little Poland in Krakow.
- Legal sources of Roman Celtic people of Cotin, in Slovakia , specializing in working iron.
- The Britons settled in England and Scotland where they mingle with the Iberian background (agrarian culture and metallurgical attested to the second century BC. ).
- The Celts Gaels invaded the Irish and submit the Picts to the north and Erainn ( Eire ) south.
Scandinavia
- Iron Age Celtic (ending in 1 BC. )
- Strong influence of Celtic civilization, especially in Denmark. This influence is visible in dress (wearing trousers ), onomastics, art and religion.
- Scandinavians acquire the technology of iron ore and extract their marshes (myrmalm in Swedish). Growing importance of the boat in all areas.
- Climate cooling. The population is less dense and impoverished. It is not excluded that it migrates south.
- The gardens surrounding the houses are surrounded by a fence. The cultivation of rye and oats spread.
- Collective burials ( skibsaetninger ) topped stones drawing a boat hull and which may contain some 100 bodies.
- Tollund man , a corpse preserved in peat in Denmark , died circa -350. The man was strangled. His fingers intact suggest the absence of manual work, so a man of high rank (late third century).
Poland
- Civilization Lusatian attested Biskupin , Proto-fortified city of Poland.
- The Pomeranian civilization spreads from 400 BC. AD , from Silesia , in the region of Pozna in Greater Poland and the region of Krakw in Lesser Poland. Probably end of the previous ( 600 BC. ), but influenced by the Celts and the Illyrians, it is characterized by tombs "faces" or "small houses", which evoke the Etruscans.
Greek World
- Expansion of the kingdom of Macedonia : the conquest of Thessaly and cities Greek.
- In Crete , Gortyn ruin Phaistos and fight against Knossos.
- Foundation skepticism by Pyrrho of Elis
Roman World
- Development of the power of the tribunes of the plebs , which threatens to paralyze the institutions of ancient Rome in order to obtain more political rights for the plebs.
- The Lucanians defeat the coalition of Greek cities along the coast.
Significant Figures
- In China :
- Sun Tzu , military strategist and author of the art of war , an idea taken up and adapted by different authors for corporate strategy and economic intelligence.
- Greece:
- Plato ( Athens , 427 - id., 347 BC. ) founded the Academy in Athens.
- Aristotle ( 384 - 322 BC. ) founded the Lyceum in Athens.
- Alexander the Great
- Timoleon , General
- Callippus of Cyzicus , an astronomer at Cyzicus.
- Theopompus , orator and historian. Dinarque , speaker of the Macedonian party in Athens.
- Nausiphans philosopher atomistic Teos. Aristippus "the Cyrenaica, hedonistic philosopher. Zoilus , sophist. Menippus , philosopher and poet cynical. Phaedo , the disciple of Socrates.
- Apelles , painter and Lysippus , sculptor, official portrait of Alexander the Great.
- Protogenic painter Carian at Rhodes and Athens. Praxiteles , Athenian sculptor, lover of the courtesan Phryne. Scopas of Paros , sculptor.
- In Egypt
- Nphrits (399-393)
- Psammouthis (393)
- Achoris (393-380)
- Nphrits II (380)
- Nectanebo (380-362)
- Teos (362-360)
- Nectanebo II (360-342)
Techniques
- In China :
- Invention of the crossbow.
- Invention of dental amalgam
- In Korea , the invention underfloor heating ondol said. Introduction of iron working.
- In Greece :
- Discovery of heating hypocaust
- Diophantus discovered the Diophantine equations
- Relative depletion of the silver mines of Laurion which provided significant revenue to Athens
- Discovery of the first antipyretic by Hippocrates.
- In Gaul , Armorican pottery productions Italian-inspired dishes Celtic bronze embossed patterns.
- The Celts generalize the use of iron, previously a precious metal and that of the pottery tour.
- Earliest examples of Celtic art in the British Isles (IV-III century).
- In Africa :
- Spectacular development of the extraction and use of iron to Meroe ( 400 - 350 BC. ). From this center, steel techniques spread northward into Egypt, south to Marsh Soudd, westward towards Lake Chad.
- Iron metallurgy in the west of Lake Victoria in Tanzania and western Rwanda. Brick furnaces are used to produce a high carbon steel. To the east, the pastors of the Rift Valley are still using stone tools for a millennium.
Culture and religion
- In Greece :
- In India , composition of the Nyaya Sutra by Gautama Aksapada
- In Mesopotamia , writing the Song of Songs that is added to the Bible.
- In Palestine , writing of Chronicles by an unknown author, dubbed the Chronicler. He is not afraid to change their traditions to emphasize the idea of personal responsibility.
- In the fourth century, a new culture adapted to changes in society, is set up in Rome. It feeds on the classical Greek world by the relay Tarentum and Syracuse and is defined as "Koine". We witness the great achievements of urban recovery, construction of public or sacred buildings and urban infrastructure. Individual memorials of great generals or members of the ruling class is growing. Painters and sculptors are the narratives of Res Gestae and symbolic figures of the status of magistrate. This culture of "Koine" in crisis since the third century, but is exported, however, in the provinces and lasted until the Empire.
- The Viereckschanzen (square enclosures) are sanctuaries quadrangular, delimited by one or more trenches or earthen berm, used by the Celts between the fourth and the first century BC. BC Centre of France until Bohemia and Moravia. The interior complex, seem to obey any rules. Only the smallest (about 60 m long) contain remnants of construction in its central area reserved for ceremonies. Worship wells are sometimes drilled.
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