Back cover of the Castle Flville

A facade (term ^seventeenth century from the Italian is the exterior of a building or a set of faces that we see globally outside along an axis perpendicular centered, with a cardinal mark position of the observer or a marker of situation in the immediate environment.

Definitions

Facade of the Palazzo Massimo in Rome

Central part of the facade of the prayer hall of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Kairouan, Tunisia

The term frontispiece from the Vulgar Latin was used to designate the main facade, the gear means the front side. The term was equivalent to up-front ^nineteenth century ). This difference establishes the notion of divergence of facade (including differing definitions of elements in the architecture components) between religious and public buildings, public buildings and private secular.

Faade or frontispiece

Facade of a villa by Palladio

Facade of the main building containing the entrance, the main gate.

Rear Panel

Rear facade of the Villa Caldogno

Facade opposite the main facade, which has the main door, often giving the park, garden or yard.

Side Panel

Front side of the cathedral of Chartres

Facade of a wing, corner or behind the facade of the main building.

A building element

The elements involved in the formation of a facade constructed are both elements of the shell (above or with the base if it is treated architectural) and the secondary work , those who offer a face part the siding of the building. They offer volumes do not equate them with body building (volumes can be separated from the whole and can keep a unit habitable) but forehearth (volumes in advanced) and afterbody (volume down) giving relief from the facade of "nude" from the main wall.

Exterior masonry (conventional)

Facade of the Lateran Palace

Masonry facade, called heavy modern construction as opposed to mild, consisting of walls with windows. This includes doors and degrees of access , the porch , the windows with shutters and balconies with railings , awnings , rain down, the ornaments (balustrade etc..), all topped possibly sloping roof with dormers , chimneys , ducts and channels that are not in the plan's wider elevation.

Light facade

Curtain wall to Paris

Facade consists of elements that are not part of the support structure pole slab or slab shear but can still be part of the shell for fillings (See detailed articles Light facade , curtain wall ).

Design of facades

There are two designs siding facades: the multiple ply wall panels (sandwich panels) and the facade panels suspended or anchored. The anchorage between the siding and the structure is mainly made of stainless steel. He must endure with minimal constraints of its own weight, the effects of depression or wind pressure, and the various deformations, eg due to the action of temperature.

There are several types of facades:

1 - The manufacture of sandwich elements is made of precast plant. During manufacture, poured concrete siding with his frame and anchors embedded fronts. Then we put the insulation layer and the metal frame of the carrier layer. To avoid stress, we use deformable connections such as pins, anchors combined with carriers.

2 - The front panels are suspended from large precast piece. During assembly on site, these wall panels are attached by two lines, with spacers and / or anchors wind. The connection and adjustment are done in a vacuum between the front panel and the supporting structure. A desk study determines in advance the type of fasteners and assembly technology.

3 - natural stone and precast concrete slabs suspended in a small area of less than 1.0 m will be fixed to the structure according to DTU 55.2 with individual anchors. Alternatively, one can use continuous rails. Because of the small thickness (typically 3 cm), the breaking of the pins will be calculated as for stone facades. The distribution of fasteners for assembling the elements characteristic of the sandwich depends on the carrier panels. For wall panels suspended, the characteristics are independent of the support structure and the subsequent attachment allows great design freedom. In comparison, the work load and mounting bracket is smaller for the sandwich elements.

4 - The facade of brick masonry shall be supported at each lintel and a splitting of both levels is imperative to avoid differential settlement. And thanks to the system console and angles, there is no interruption of the insulation.

See

• Glossary of Architecture

Notes

• Portal architecture and urbanism

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