Diphthong
The notion of diphthong is a concept language used in phonetics and phonology , which evokes a specific form of vowel.
The word comes from the Latin of Greek origin "diphthongus" (from "diphthoggos' doubles) and appeared in French from the thirteenth century (in simplified form "ditongue).
A diphthong is a phone (and therefore the realization of a phoneme , a sound approached from the linguistic angle) with the pivot point varies continuously (slide or glide) for its realization: that is to say that a phonetic vowel chart, it will be represented as a vector The diphthong is a phenomenon in the phonology or phonetics which is identified in the spoken language and regardless of the chosen graphic transcription. It should be distinguished from the digraph , the sequence of two vowel letters, which depends exclusively on writing. The ratio of oral to written is arbitrary, a digraph can transcribe a monophthongs as well as a diphthong. In contrast only one letter can easily transcribe a diphthong in some languages, such as frequently in English. Thus in the English words scabies and past, the note has a diphthong in the first word and monophthongs in the second. It is the phonetic inventory of a language that gives a list of phones , regardless of their conventional notations. From this initial inventory can search the list of phonemes. This review is the phonemic method of minimal pairs, which is to try permutations minimum of sounds to obtain new words, and thus establish the relevant contrasts in the language considered. Two independent researchers using this method should normally establish an identical list of phonemes, but some phenomena can complicate this research. The inventory of phonemes is not normally bothered by the existence of allophones , easily assembled into a single phoneme, for cons, it is known that the existence of archiphonemes (several distinct phonemes appearing in some contexts and in identical others) can actually hinder counting. Similarly diphthongs in a language may be interpreted as a sequence of two phones, so two phonemes (especially if their points of departure and arrival as monophthongs exist in the same language) unless there allophones monophthongs and other diphthongs of the same phoneme in different dialects. Since the notion of phoneme, in practice, is commonly used by both phoneticians phonologists only by a dispute over the number of them in a language may arise between these two disciplines. Such a conflict could be resolved by adopting the theory most "economic" or by the use of parallel disciplines such as morphology. In practice, whether in phonology or phonetics , the diphthongs are rarely taken as examples in the opposition and rarely included in the tables of vowels. Yet they would oppose the other vowels of diphthongs their single character (a dimension not often taken into account in the tables qu'affectent phoneticians) and could then be classified in a contingency table according to their starting point and arrival. There are apparently few pedagogical examples of the characterization of a diphthong by the method of minimal pairs in any language whatsoever. Phonetic notation , given their dynamic nature, the diphthongs are denoted by two letters: Each of the two qualities being a phone-vowel or semi-vowel. Phonological notation , while phoneme must normally be represented by one grapheme. Phonologically to represent a diphthong, a fortiori triphthongs, a conflict arises between the interests of simplicity (as close as possible to the phonetic and not having to introduce special characters) and the sake of thoroughness, which normally requires a sign separate one for every phoneme. This issue is rarely discussed in scientific literature. A solution might be to paste multiple letters (such as in the French notation "") to represent the diphthong, which is possible using specialized software but not the current word processors. The processes that lead to the appearance (or modification) of diphthongs are mainly studied by phoneticians because they usually have a dynamic phonetics. However, this appearance will be consequences sooner or later the system phonological. In theory, there are three possible origins for a diphthong: the evolution of an ancient diphthong, the diphthongization and coalescence of two phonemes. Moreover, it is logical in this research to study the fate of diphthongs symmetrically disappear. A diphthong current language may simply be an older diphthong (or triphthong) whose pronunciation will be varied either at the point of departure or point of arrival, or both. The other source is well documented diphthongization, which is to obtain a diphthong from a former monophthongs, often under the influence of the tonic accent or neighborhood. This is not necessarily the phoneme in all instances that undergoes change, as in a regular trend, but only some of its occurrences. Because of these factors, the words of the same radical may be affected or not by their diphthongization a vowel depending on their morphology (in fact the vowel has several allophones in the first instance). In the phenomenon known in French as the vowel alternation , we find the result (still visible in the writing) of the former French diphthongization which affected differently words of the same strain as: wheel / molecular / grinding . We see that a process, phonetic initially led to the emergence of phonemes in words separated today. The culmination diachronic diphthongization of a phonetic process, can then be observed synchronously , by comparing the different avatars of the original root, as well as phonetically phonologically. The diphthongization, the evolution of an ancestral monophthongs monophthongs (s) present (s) a part (or not similar in pronunciation to the original one) and / or diphthong (s) on the other hand may be observed: A third possible source is the coalescence of two phonemes, not necessarily two vowels besides, who systematized the point that they eventually become inseparable, forming a new phonological unit. The existence of diphthongs in modern French can be two different tests, depending on the perspective adopted (rather than phonetic or phonological rather) and Francophonie considered (diphthongization phenomenon, especially in Canada). These apparently contradictory views held primarily to the exact definition is given to both terms used: According to the commonly accepted definition and is included in all works everyday : "The diphthongs no longer exist in modern French. " The same sources note that: "In French, no vowels in hiatus (eg chaos), or inheritance vowel / semi-consonant (eg work) or inheritance semi-consonnes/voyelle (example: yes) are diphthongs. These assertions, very unambiguous and that do not seem to suffer no exception, however subtle or even challenged by some experts in phonology . We must confound the digraphs (two vowels written after) the true diphthongs (as in "done"). The former French had, however, diphthongs, whose traces remain in the spelling modern example in flower or above. This position is also supported by many secondary sources (citations on the Internet) . A site expresses even a "warning" that the existence of diphthongs in standard French would be an English concept. Probably many printed works do the same A competing theory The traditional position on the French diphthongs seems to come from a primarily aural directly transposed on the phonemic level. Since it is not prohibited to use multiple phonetic graphemes to refine the description of a sound phenomenon, and thus if a slippery phonation, both as a starting point as that point of arrival of other phones already known language, it will tend to note phonetically by the same signs as the phones simple language left to use or introduce semi-consonants (ie, the idea that certain vowels are in fact used locally as consonants). This rating by several graphemes brackets will naturally tend to see in the notation between phonemic slashes, if you skip the step of the examination including phonemic. Given the inherent problem with phonemic notation raised above, the rating obtained because of the rule "a = a phoneme symbol will automatically be interpreted in reverse as a sequence of two phonemes. Various arguments in favor of this theory. It should already take into account the abundant literature on diphthongization in regional French or a bilingual context , , , . Sites that trace the evolution of ancient diphthongization the French do not diagnose the complete extinction of all diphthongs obtained , . At least one publication refers to the fate of Canada at a diphthong made elsewhere . On the pages of the French page, the French Canadian explicitly recognizes the existence of diphthongs in this variety of French. Denying the existence of diphthongs in French would thus exclude the French of Canada, not to mention other forms over minority of French does not seem to care about their existence, but deny it explicitly. The analysis of a complex by semi-vowels do not seem inconsistent with the existence of a diphthong as apparently this is provided in the definition of the semi-vowel Study of the word "king" The word "king" is cited as an example of diphthong in English on the page of this article. Write the phonetically If the Consider the list of words: thirty, thirteen, tricycle, scooter, trampling, third and third. We see that if the word three began with three consonants, it would be the only one in her family have a phoneme / w / in the root / trw / + / vowel /. Other words are formed only / tr / + / vowel, or / T / + / vowel / in some cases. Three Comparison of the word "three" with his cousins We have very Spanish and Italian to be the branch Romanesque well as three in English and German drei for class Germanic. In none of these languages does the trace of such a phoneme W but their structure is quite recognizable (dental) + R + vowel (s) as in French . When the complex . This supports the idea that in the traditional words, it Viewpoint phonological and lexical It is found that, in terms of phonology, the digraph <oi> note seems a diphthong in French because this hypothesis is an explanation much more economical than making two phonemes. This position is also supported by the lexical study and comparison of related languages. Finally, other phonemes that References Identification
Notation
Phonetics
Phonological
Origin of diphthongs
The evolution of an ancient diphthong
The diphthongization
The coalescence of two phonemes
Existence of diphthongs in modern French
Position customary, traditional and dominant
Publications
Analysis
Family Studies of the word "three"
Behavior in the initial complex
- See eg Comparison of French and American vowels
- This is frequently the case in French. For example in the word "fault" in the digraph note the same sound See also
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