Dacia
45 42 'N 26 30' E / 45.7, 26.5
Dacia is in the ancient world , a territory of the region Carpatho - Danubian - Pontic corresponding approximately to that of Romania today. The word Dacia (from Latin Dacia) comes from the Roman name of its main occupants, the Dacians , which are very close to the Thracian Ethnic and Migration The Dacians spoke a dialect Thracian ( Indo-European language ). Dacia was also inhabited by the Sarmatians , and Scythians , and Bastarnae. There are also some stands Celtic , and probably a number of settlers Greek merchants and Roman. The enemies of the Romans and Dacians are sometimes some Celts. Their allies are the Thracians and the Greeks, until the conquest of Greece by the Roman Empire. After 256 , the Dacian tribes remaining allies are the Goths in a "federation of barbarians." The Goths are the last to have allies, but were a minority of these people called in historical "invaders goths". These invaders included mostly people as diverse as the Scythians / Sarmatians, Dacians / Getae / Carp as well as Vnthes the Dnieper , the ancestors of the Slavs today (the latter, who inhabited much of Europe, were virtually unknown Romans before the invasion). This confusion between Goths and other enemies of the Romans in Western Europe that the first historical studies tended to mix and Dacians Goths, believing it was the same people (before we discover the origin of the Germanic Goths). It also evokes late alliances with the Huns to the third century . Invasions, encouraged by the free Dacians, which appear on a background of insurgencies in the province of Roman Dacia is the main reason for the retirement of Aurelian Introduction The Dacians were divided into two classes: an aristocracy (tarabostes) and ordinary people (comatose). Aristocrats, the privileged class, only allowed to cover her head, wearing a felt hat (and tarabostesei = pileata). The others, soldiers, peasants and craftsmen, wear their hair long (capillata). They originally lived in wooden huts clustered into villages surrounded by a fence, then, at a later period, they built fortresses and towers conical stone. According to Plato ( Charmides ), a Thracian venerating Zalmoxis (so Dace), would have learned a melody to make a man immortal. It was discovered in a region of the Geto-Dacians (in Histria) a musical instrument, dating from the third century BC. AD consists of three wooden flutes. Two types of weapons are so positively: arms control and remote control weapons melee. The cavalry has a role to harassment, to attract the enemy, set traps, and put at a disadvantage. The Dacians did not seem to have never used techniques with massive rigid units and numerous. For the melee fighting, the Dacians prefer to wear a specific weapon, the sica , decorated with sacred symbols. This weapon is later adopted by some of the gladiators in Rome, called Thracian by the Romans. On Trajan's column , you can see Dacian wars using false (falx) with a blade size equal to the handle is a continuation of it. A version also exists a hand may be the romphe (romphaia) the Thracians. The Roman legionaries had to change their equipment accordingly, protecting the right arm by hinged plates to avoid being maimed by these false. Their religion is based on divination and initiation. The Dacians believed in the immortality of the soul, as a continuation of the self after death in another world, a world where Zalmoxis ahead. (Zalmoxis being the first man to have had access to this world). The presence of some deities, for life on earth, reflects a belief not fully monotheistic. This image is a detail in cons Aleksandrovo in south-eastern Bulgaria. The character was identified as Zalmoxis. The Dacians are given the names of those wolves that are similar to wolves. Thus, the Dacians have two types of symbols of war: the flag and the dragon with wolf head and tail of a serpent, which flies by inflating. The object here to find cons Biertan near Sibiu reflects Christian activity and latinized early 4th century. EGO ZENOVIUS Votum POSUI, "I, Zenovius, I offered this gift." Their main activities are agriculture and livestock. Horses are mostly used as draft animals. The wealth of the Dacians are composed of very large reserves of gold, salt and grain. They exploit the mines of gold and silver of the current Transylvania. They have developed an agricultural civilization, have gold and silver and practice the trade. Foreign trade is important, given the number of foreign currency found in the country, and is done mainly with Greece and the Roman Empire. From the late second century BC. AD, they begin to produce gold coins, probably with the help of Greek colonists. Most are perfect fakes of Roman coins, but some parts are not counterfeit, because also with inscriptions in Greek alphabet. The most numerous are the gold staters KOSON on behalf of, and named after registration KOSON therein, believed to be the name of the leader of the Dacians in the region after the assassination of Burebista in Dacia ( and Caesar in Rome the same year). The obverse of these coins, we see a Roman consul lictors surrounded by two and a monogram that seems to be the composition of the letters B and R. Highlight, KOSON in Greek alphabet. The reverse shows an eagle with outspread wings, a greenhouse on a scepter, and in the other greenhouse, a crown. 8.41 grams gold, 18-21 mm diameter (description Constantin Preda). These pieces are like money in Brutus (the lictors) and Pomponius (Eagle of Victory). They could have been struck by Brutus to get the military support Kozon in the war against Octavian and Marc Anthony before the battle of Philippi. Appian asserts that Brutus minted coins with gold and the money provided to him by the wife of a member of the dynasty, a king of Thrace. Many Thracians fought in the ranks of Brutus in this decisive battle. The Dacians know and use a solar calendar sacred, which is kept within the City of Sarmizegetusa. That would be one of the most accurate of any antiquity, since the error of this calendar would be only 1hr 15 min 3 sec each year (8840 years if we apply corrections every 3 years) . They know many medicinal plants, and practiced medicine holistic. The names of these plants were saved by the Greeks, but their translation is properly provided. The Dacians are in Rome, with other populations from the current region of the Balkans , as the Illyrians , for example, from the period between 44 BC. BC (death of Julius Caesar ) and 31 ave. AD, when the introduction of the principate of Augustus. They have many occupations, the most important is that of Gladiator , which suits them well, given their individual taste for the fight. The gladiators are training in small arenas named ludus. It has four names of these arenas: Dacicus, Gallicus, Magnus Matutinus. The existence of the arena Dacicus suggests a significant number of Dacians lutant as gladiators. When Dacia becomes a Roman province, the Dacians are moving closer to military activities, becoming members of the Imperial Guard - and the praetorian guard on horseback. Dacian presence in Rome in the Imperial Guard is manifested in many inscriptions in marble dedicated to emperors and also points on which the names of soldiers with their place of origin: Aurelius Valerius - Drubeta , Antonius Bassinass - Zermizegetusa Titus Augustus Lempronius - Apulum. Of a total of 120 Dacian names, 15 are from Sarmizegetusa. Among them, one notices Claudiano, centurion of the 6th cohort. Another inscription relates Iulius Secondinus, nation Dacus, praetorian again called to service, aged 85, under conditions where at that time were rarely exceeds the age of 50. Entries stones funeral of soldiers belonging to the Imperial Guard are some distinction with the place of origin of the deceased. For example: nation Thrax - for the Thracians ; Lucius Avilius Dacus, whose name is written in marble (70 BC.), two centuries before the conquest of Dacia. Another inscription was found on the Via Flaminia, dedicated to the memory of Queen Zia, widow of King Costoboces , Dieporus, placed by his grandchildren and Natoporus Driglisa. It would appear that prisoners of royal and noble were received on the Via Flaminia. The Roman emperor Trajan said: "Receiving the decaying empire and low in all directions, this tyranny which had long worked in and the many invasions of the Dacians from outside, I was the only one who dared to challenge these people on the other side of the Danube. I even conquered the Dacians, the most warlike nations that ever existed, not only the body but also by those maxims of Zalmoxis , who lives with them in such reverence that he has touched so deeply into their heart. For not believing they die, but they change only their homes ... " See a List of Dacian cities. The capital of the Roman province Dacia Felix was Ulpia Sarmizegetusa Traiana , (named after the Emperor Trajan , Trajan Ulpius), is now in the Judet Hunedoara , Romania. Do not confuse it with Ulpia the ancient capital of the Dacians under Decebalus, Sarmizegetusa , located 40 km from Ulpia in the mountains Ortie. NB: dava means "city" in Dacian. See Chronology of Dacia. All these details about these two conflicts are in Dion Cassius , but also more explicit on the Trajan Column, built in Rome by Apollodorus of Damascus. For this occasion, the Roman Empire mobilizes more than 150 000 men for six years. They built a stone bridge over the Danube, the first of its kind in the world, used not for conquest, but rather after it (as seen on the Trajan column , since a new floating bridge has been used for attack, the bridge of stone and wood had been burned earlier). After the conquest of the cities which are obstacle before the capital (Blidaru, Costeti, Piatra Rosie Banite, Caplna, Tilisca), began the siege of Sarmizegetusa Regia. The city was conquered after a fierce resistance, was destroyed to its foundations. Only the sacred calendar is saved. All Dacian fortresses are destroyed. Part of the Dacians nevertheless succeeded in escaping from Sarmizegetusa with Decebalus at their head, and organize a resistance. As they are hunted down, to slow the prosecution and not to fall prisoner, their leader Decebal committed suicide. Traitors from the aristocracy Dacian Romans to help find the location of treasures (assessed by Jerome Carcopino to 165 500 kg of gold and 331,000 kg of silver - . She remains under the authority of a governor of praetorian rank. XIII Gemina Legion Auxiliary and its many neighborhoods in the province. Social organization
Religion
Activities
The Dacians seen by the Romans
Cities of Dacia
History
Dacian period
Roman period
Chronology
After the Roman retreat from Dacia
References
See also
Bibliography
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