Champa Kingdom
The Kingdom of Champa field or is a State growing Hindu and language Malayo-Polynesian which existed in the central area of Vietnam between modern eII and XVII centuries. The field name comes from a region of ancient Bengal , now in Bihar in India , whose capital was Champpuri. At Chau Doc in the province of An Giang on the border with Cambodia prosperous today Cham Muslim minority, with its traditions.
Summary |
The Cham
In the early fifth century , the Chinese traveler Faxian on the way back to India in China , including stops and describes the strong, straight nose and curly black hair of its inhabitants and their burial practices of cremation in sound of drums. The Chams were following a system of castes rather similar to that in force in India , but offered women a more prominent position in matters concerning family and marriage. However, they had adopted the custom of sati. They also banish beef from their table, a practice still observed in parts of Vietnam. Their written language was based on Sanskrit. The Chams were formed into two camps: Narikel Vamsa, the clan of the coconut , and Kramuk Vamsa, the clan of the betel nut , the first controlling the northern part of the kingdom, while the latter ruled the South.
Currently, reduced to a population of less than 80 000 members, the Cham ethnic group has preserved its culture and language, but a third of its members practice the Islam. There are also outside of Vietnam , a wholly Muslim Cham diaspora, particularly in Cambodia and Malaysia. Paul Mus has some very interesting studies on this region and population.
Language Cham is part of the Malayo-Polynesian family of Austronesian languages.
History of the Field
From the beginning of the Christian era, Annam Indian immigration had a small but who peacefully spread Hinduism and Sanskrit , probably one of the languages of communication are most prevalent in south-east Asia at the time (See article Indianization of the Indochinese peninsula ). Followed by Buddhist monks who introduced the Mahayana Buddhism. Despite this strong Indian influence, the Cham will keep special characteristics that will meet their Hindu statuary and which differ from those of India and Indonesia.
In 192 , following the chaos accompanying the collapse of the Han dynasty in China , the official in the region of Hue went independent and formed the foundation of the kingdom of Champa, named after its inhabitants, the Cham an ethnic Malayo - Polynesian installed in central and southern Vietnam and adopted Hinduism in contact with Indian merchants. Excellent sailors, their main activities were trade and piracy.
The social hierarchy was Hindu and the Cham were divided into four castes ( Brahmins , Kshatriyas , Vaisyas and Sudras ). Cham tradition often talk of two clans (lines) which divided the country: the clan of the areca palm (Kramuka) in the State of Panduranga and the coconut (Narikela) that dominated the North.
The mark of royal power was the single umbrella. The king's authority was absolute: he had right of life or death, appointed to offices and employments, and administration of the country was entirely in his hands. He often wore the title "King of Kings" (Rajadiraja) or "Lord of the whole earth from Champa (Raya Tana Po).
Champa was not a centralized state, but a kind of federation whose components each had on the internal political autonomy more or less effective. The hierarchy of provincial officials matched the territorial division of the kingdom. It was divided into large districts that were sometimes three in number, sometimes four in number:
- Amaravati where were Indrapura, a capital of Champa, and he used Sinhapura port. The location of Indrapura would be marked today by the ruins of Dong Duong. The Amaravati corresponds roughly to the modern provinces of Quang Nam and Quang Ngi , but it has spread to the door of An Nam.
- Vijaya, center, whose eponymous town became the capital from the year 1000. Its port was cry Vinaya. Vijaya is the province of Binh Dinh.
- Panduranga (Panran in its native form) had its capital Virapura, which also bore the name of Rajapur (around Phan Rang - Thap Cham). This principality was the largest constituencies.
It included Kauthara which at certain times, was detached and formed the fourth major territorial divisions with Yanpunagara as capital. The provinces of Khanh Hoa and Phu Yen are the Kauthara, Binh Thuan and those of Ninh Thuan on Panduranga.
These districts were divided into provinces. Municipalities, towns and villages were the last territorial division of the country. There have been over 100 with a population ranging between 300 and 700 families, the capital Vijaya in cash over 2500 in 1069.
In the sixth century , a new dynasty took power, China is freed from the yoke and began a period of prosperity. It will, however, almost perpetual conflict with its neighbors in Java , Chinese provinces to the north and the Khmer Empire emerged in the west. The capital was then located at Indrapura (Tra Kieu) near Da Nang.
In 875 , Indravarman Indrapura II established the dynasty, moved its capital in the northern province of Amaravati and adorns many palaces and temples.
In the tenth century , freed from the yoke of Chinese, Vietnamese kingdom of Djaya Vit hitherto confined to the delta of Red River , is seeking to expand and began a policy of extending southward or Nam Tien and conflicts with the field that must abandon Amaravati in 1000 and Vijaya in 1069. It is estimated that at this moment, part of the aristocracy and the coastal populations of these regions migrated to Sri Vijaya ( Malacca , Sumatra and Java ) Vietnamese Colonialism With the decline of the Tang Dynasty reappeared hopes of liberation of Viet Nam. Beginning in 938, brought a revolution in the following year, the defeat of the Chinese. In 940, the Vietnamese were masters of their country from the hills of Yunnan to the 17 th parallel. Now assured of their backs, they engaged in a policy of expansion at the expense of their neighbors to the south, to the fertile delta of the Mekong. In these regions were the Hindu kingdom of Champa, and Buddhist kingdoms of Cambodia and Siam (Thailand today). There followed a series of wars, interspersed with negotiations, treaties of peace more or less fleeting, of skirmishes. Founded in 192 , the kingdom of Champa, whose superb Indrapura capital was located near the present town of Hoi An on the coast of Central Vietnam, had prospered for centuries because of its maritime trade flourished and its powerful fleet war. One of them had even ascended and crossed the "Great Lake ( Tonle Sap ) in Cambodia to move to sack Angkor in 1177. Like the Normans (almost contemporary), the Cham kingdom was based almost entirely on the strength of its navy with all the advantages and disadvantages caused by a particular State. Powerful sea, Champa was vulnerable on earth . Gradually, the Vietnamese occupied the northern plains fields, sometimes by war, sometimes peacefully with the consent of the local lords Cham saw in this peaceful occupation as a source of enrichment for them. Through Vietnam and the Yunnan , the "rice field" was the richness of the Song Dynasty in the South. Village by village, delta delta, the process is repeated. There was some momentary stoppages and even a few brief setbacks in this "long march" towards the south, but towards the end of the eleventh century, all the coastal provinces to the north of Hue were placed under control in Vietnam. The next area that included Vietnamese Hue became the mid-fifteenth century through the marriage of the sister of the king of the field with the King of Viet Nam. But in 1471 , war resumed with harshness, Vietnamese subdued the second capital of the Cham, Vijaya (Indrapura having been previously lost) and the Cham kingdom, once thriving, well was near its fall . Dynasty Pandurang Bhrigu dynasty Dynasty Indrapura Vijaya dynasty Southern Dynasties Disintegration of the kingdom of Champa Po vassal dynasty in Vietnam's Thanh Chiem. vacancy vacancy Annexation by Vietnam last king took refuge in Cambodia. The My Son Sanctuary , in the political and religious capital of Champa, is entered in the World Heritage of UNESCO since 1999 Tower Thap Cham Cham Poshaknu near Mui Ne Cham Temple Nha Trang One of My Son Cham temple Cham Temple Nha Trang Dynasties the Champ
Miscellaneous
Gallery
Click on a thumbnail to enlarge 
Bibliography
Notes
External Links
Africa Axum Carthage 
Egyptians Kush Nok Numidia America See " Pre-Columbian civilization "(in this continent, the concept of antiquity extends until its discovery by Europeans). West Asia Akkadian 
Armenian Assyrians Babylonians Israel / Jews Hittites " Ancient Persia " Elamites , Achaemenids , Parthian , Sassanid Phoenicians Scythians Sumerians Europe Celtic Etruscan Germanic Greek Huns Italics Minoans Mycenaeans Romans Far East and India Fields " Ancient China ": Shang , Zhou , Spring and Autumn Period , Warring States , Qin , Han , Three Kingdoms , Sixteen Kingdoms Funan Indus Category "Civilization" Category "Ancient" Portal of the ancient world Portal archeology
(1 votes, average: 4.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ...