Calligraphy
Calligraphy is, etymologically, the art of forming the character of writing. This word comes from the Greek radicals (kalos, "beautiful") and (graphein, "write"). Almost all civilizations practicing writing have developed an art of calligraphy. However, some of which have amounted to a special status based on historical or philosophical contexts individuals.
In many eastern civilizations calligraphy is part of the occult sciences , hierurgy (thinking, the brush, the stroke and the philosophical idea are inseparable). She is also the art of Western monks copyists, calligraphers but also great responsibility to contribute to the prestige of the monarchs and the aristocracy.
Summary |
Latin calligraphy is associated with the history of writing in Europe before and after using the print and on the basis of the Latin alphabet from the Romans. Manuscripts (the practice of manual copy of a book) have pushed to practice writing as an art often involving the illumination or illustration. She has been constantly evolving. Gradually new letters were created (the V and J), the spaces between words, punctuation and use of uppercase and assays from decorated letters.
The practice of calligraphy is traditionally associated with Latin copying of manuscripts by monks Christians. For them, it was much more than a job: it was a form of prayer, which was both praise and asceticism. Calligraphy, which requires - even if technically that - a high concentration, security gestures acquired by long practice, so a healthy lifestyle can actually go up asceticism, even apart from any spiritual consideration but often associated in fact, was until the late medieval religious activity, such as non-Western calligraphy.
It has evolved with cultural influences (the Chancellor and the Renaissance), political (Charlemagne and his Carolingian) and commercial (the Flemish Bastard) and technical innovations (the English). Depending on the media (wax, papyrus, parchment and paper), she played with a style , a calamus , a feather (feather, feather and metal), the brush flat or sharp. The monumental writing engraved on the stone, whatever its aesthetic qualities, can not be entirely equated with the calligraphy in the technical impossibility to perform a spontaneous "gesture" calligraphic.
The Latin alphabet beginnings gave rise to a multitude of variants grouped into families (including dead branches):
- Roman writes:
- capital , rustica , quadrata , uncial , half-uncial ;
- entries island (Celtic);
- writes Caroline and early Gothic ;
- Gothic writes:
- textura , pilaster capitals , bastardized English and Flemish Bastard , Fraktur , Schwabacher , rotunda , cursive;
- humanistic writings:
- capitals , Chancellor (Cancellaresca, or writing of Chancery, also known for printing "italic");
- writes French classic round, bastard, casting, in use until the twentieth century and often unfairly confused with the English.
- English entries.
- gestures (now practiced calligraphy brushes with various types of feathers, tools diverted as the cork-line, the folded-pen ...). The term should not forget that every gesture is calligraphy.
The arrival of the printing and press of Gutenberg signifies the end of the manuscripts in the books. At that time, calligraphy Latin influence in turn the first lead characters (the first Gutenberg Bible in Gothic textura ; the bastard engraved Geoffroy Tory ), then subjected in turn influence (English or copperplate in English, which means "copper plate Calligraphy Far East
Development
Tradition has it that Chinese characters were invented by Cang Jie (~ 2650). His compositions were based on observation of nature, so it was said that he had two pairs of eyes. Another tradition traces the invention of characters Fuxi , the legendary first emperor.
Chinese calligraphy is the foundation of Chinese art in the modern sense, the visual beauty of ideograms, the technique on which it relies and the issues associated with it plastic embody all the tenets metaphysical Chinese culture. She became an art major.
Chinese writing is a direct transcription of thought without the medium of sound. All words are monosyllabic, each sign represents an idea and written language can be read in all the languages of China. If the language has been codified chart 4000 years, the ideographs of Chinese classical language existed for almost 3000 years ( sixth century BC) and is around 210 BC that Li Sze said: "In writing a character that is not only the composition is important is also the force of the brushstroke. Make your line dances like the cloud in the sky, sometimes heavy, sometimes light. Only then immerse yourself in your mind what you do and you get to the truth. "
Calligraphy is the art form most characteristic of the Chinese cultural area, and styles of traditional paintings are a direct result. It is the very origin of art in the Western sense, creation is inseparable from the plastic covered utility of writing, calligraphy as part of writing.
The art of calligraphy in Chan Buddhism , akin to transcendental meditation.
Tools
East Asian calligraphy tool in the " four treasures of the scholar ":
- the brush Chinese;
- The paper , called by mistake "rice";
- the stick of ink ;
- the stone to grind the ink.
Character
The non-phonetic ideograms directory results in almost infinite graph (10,516 characters are listed in more than 121 and 40 000 are in the edition of 1717) because the printing , Chinese, far from slowing down the use the brush, contributed to the dissemination of calligraphic styles and repertoires of practice Arabic Calligraphy The use of writing as an art is one of the most characteristic features of Islamic art. Arabic is the language of the Quranic revelation to the Muslim religion. This language is spreading rapidly throughout the Islamic world during the Muslim conquest. The writing does the same, since very early, the Qur'an is copied, and writing becomes a major means of dissemination of the religious message. If the language is both a liturgical tool, communication and transmission of knowledge, writing thus has a parallel triple function: religious, utilitarian and ornamental. The writing varies depending on the nature and destination of messages and media. There are many calligraphic styles, divided into two broad categories: the Kufic script, characters corner, which comes early with writing Hijazi early Korans and develops, both in Iran and Egypt in cursive, characters loose. These two types vary widely, depending on the country and when they are employed. We can cite for example, angular calligraphy, the Kufic braided, where the poles are mixed, or the animated Kufic, whose letters end with human faces and animals. In cursive, there are usually six canonical styles: For foreign languages Arabic ( Persian , Turkish , Berber , Urdu , Croatian or Swahili ), other styles are developed, as nasta'liq, writing inclined mixing Naskh and Ta'liq, which serves particularly in the Persian manuscripts. Declination in a large corpus of calligraphy does not prevent a unit rarely present in the rest of Islamic art: writing is a powerful symbol of unification and distinction, which sometimes leads to the creation of pseudo-calligraphy , illegible, but markers of a strong Islamic identity. See also
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