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Cairo

Cairo
Coat of Cairo
Heraldic
View from Cairo Tower 31march2007.jpg
Administration
Country Flag: Egypt Egypt
Governor Abdul Azim Wazir
Geography
Contact 30 03 '22 "North
31 14 '22 "East / 30.056111, 31.239444
Area 21 000 ha = 210 km 2
Area of the city 149 200 ha = 1 492 km 2
Demography
Population 8,452,409 inhab. (2010)
Density 40 249.6 inhabitants / km 2
Population of agglomeration 16,542,314 inhab.
Density of the agglomeration 11 087.3 inhabitants / km 2
Location
See physical map
Cairo
See the administrative map
Cairo

Cairo ( Arabic : , Romanization : the Victorious) is the capital of Egypt and has an official population of nearly 15.5 million inhabitants (17.6 in 2010), which makes the largest city in Africa and the Middle East. Its population was estimated at 700,000 inhabitants in 1920 .

Summary

Etymology

Cairo is a French language from the Arabic Al-Qahira, which means "the victorious." The name was officially given to the city in 973 to celebrate the arrival of the Caliph al-Muizz li-Din Allah , who came to settle there.

History

Main article: History of Cairo.

Early settlements

The region around Cairo today, especially Memphis has long been a major center of ancient Egypt through its strategic location upstream of the Nile delta. However, the origins of the modern city are generally connected to a series of stands during the first millennium AD. At the dawn of the fourth century , while Memphis lost its importance continuously , the Romans established a fortress city along the east bank of the Nile. This fortress, known by the name of Babylon , is the oldest building in the city. It is also located in the heart of the community Coptic Orthodox in Egypt, which broke the Roman and Byzantine churches in the late fourth century.

A man walks past donkey was a palm tree, With A mosque and market behind HIM.
A representation of Fustat taken from History of Egypt by AS Rappoport

After the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641 , the commander Rashidun Amr ibn al-As founded Fustat just north of the fortress of Babylon. At the request of the Caliph Omar , the Egyptian capital was moved from Alexandria to this new city . Fustat became a regional center for Islam , and instead of building the Mosque Amr ibn al-As , the first mosque in Egypt . When the Abbasids usurped the Umayyads in 750 , they moved the capital to Al-Askar , a city they had built north of Fustat. In 868 , during the reign of Tulunids , the Egyptian capital was again moved further north to Al-Qatta'i . However, neither Al-Askar, neither Al-Qatta'i only obtained the prestige or importance of Fustat. Indeed, Al-Askar and Fustat were indistinguishable from each other from the late ninth century, and Al-Qatta'i was destroyed by the Abbasids when they took over Egypt in 905. With this second conquest Fustat once again became the Egyptian capital.

Foundation and Expansion

In 969 , led by General Jawhar al-Siqilli , Berber troops, including Kutama under Fatimid rule, conquered Egypt and established a new walled city in North-East of Fustat (old al-Qahira founded in 641). The construction of the city lasted four years, and was originally known as al-Manriyyah and became the new capital of the caliphate. Meanwhile, Jawhar also built the al-Azhar Mosque , which became the second oldest university in the world. When the Caliph al-Muizz li-Din Allah came from the old Fatimid city Mahdia in 973 , the city was granted its contemporary name: al-Qahira ("the victorious"), referring to the caliph .

For nearly two hundred years after the founding of Cairo, the administrative center of Egypt Fustat remained. However, in 1168 , the Fatimids, under the command of vizier Shawar , set fire to Fustat to prevent the capture of Cairo by the Crusaders . The Egyptian capital was moved permanently to Cairo, which extended to encompass the ruins of Fustat and the previous capitals Al-Askar and Al-Qatta'i. Although the fire is being protected from Fustat, Cairo, incessant power struggles between Shawar, the King of Jerusalem Amalric I. and General Syrian Shirkuh caused the fall of the Fatimid power .

A multi-walled domed mosque Dominate The Citadel, tombs and ruined With a lone minaret in front.
The Citadel of Cairo in the late nineteenth century.

In 1169 , Saladin was again appointed Vizier of Egypt, and two years later he took power from the hands of the family of the last Fatimid Caliph, Al-Adid . As the first Sultan of Egypt , Saladin lays dynasty Ayyubid , based in Cairo, Egypt and tied with the Caliphate of the Abbasids , which was located in Baghdad . During his reign, Saladin also built a citadel , which housed the Egyptian government until the mid-nineteenth century.

In 1250 , soldiers of slaves, the Mamluks , conquered Egypt and, like many of their predecessors, made Cairo the capital of their new dynasty. Continuing a practice initiated by the Ayyubid dynasty, most of the possessions of the old Fatimid palace was sold and replaced by newer buildings . Architectural projects launched by the Mamluks had resulted in the expansion of the city, while developing the infrastructure at the center of the city . Meanwhile, Cairo became the educational center of the Muslim world and an intersection along the route of the spice trade between Europe and Asia. Around 1340 , the population reached half a million, making it the largest city in Western China .

Ottoman rule and Stagnation

Although Cairo was preserved from stagnation known by Europe in the late Middle Ages , the city could not avoid the plague that struck the city more than fifty times between 1348 and 1517 . During the first waves, which were the most deadly, nearly two hundred thousand people died because of the epidemic and, accordingly, at the dawn of the fifteenth century the population of Cairo was only between 150 000 and 300 000 individuals . The city's status was further weakened after Vasco de Gama discovered a new sea route around the Cape of Good Hope , thus avoiding the spice traders to pass through Cairo .

The political role of Cairo was also decreased significantly after the Ottomans supplanted the Mamluks in the domination of Egypt in 1517. Officer since Istanbul , Sultan Selim I of Egypt relegated to a mere province , residing in Cairo its capital . For this reason, the history of Cairo in the Ottoman domination is often described as inconsequential, especially compared to other periods in its history , . However, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Cairo remained an important cultural and economic center. Although no longer on the Spice Route, the city facilitated the exchange of coffee Yemeni and Textile India , particularly to the Anatolia , the North Africa and the Balkans. Cairenes merchants were required on the supply of the Hejaz , especially during the Hajj annually to Mecca , . It was then that the al-Azhar University reached a certain status-still relevant today-among Islamic universities , .

Under the rule of the Ottomans, Cairo extended South and West of his heart, around the Citadel . The city was the second largest of the empire, only behind Istanbul and although immigration was not the primary source of Cairo in terms of population growth in the late eighteenth century 20% of its population was religious minorities and aliens from space Mediterranean . Yet, when Napoleon arrived in Cairo in 1798 , the city population was below 300,000, 40% lower than it was at the height of the Mamluk dynasty in the middle of the fourteenth century , .

The occupation French was of short duration, in effect, forces the British and Ottoman, including a large contingent of Albania , the country resumed in 1801 . The British left Egypt two years later, leaving the Ottomans, Albanians and Mamelukes, weakened long-standing quarrel over the country , . A civil war allowed an Albanian, Mehmet Ali , achieve the status of Commander and finally, with the approval of the ulema , becoming viceroy in 1805 .

Up Today

Until his death in 1848 , Mohammed Ali launched a number of important economic and social reforms, which conferred the title of founder of modern Egypt , . However, although it was behind the construction of many public buildings in Cairo , these reforms had little impact on the landscape of the city . More significant changes were made in Cairo during the reign of Ismail Pasha (from 1863 to 1879 ), which continued the effort to modernize the city initiated by his grandfather. Drawing particularly Paris , Ismail goal was a city of wide avenues. However, because of budgetary constraints, only part of the projects he launched resulted in what is now the business district of Cairo . Ismail also attempted to modernize the city by establishing a Ministry of Public Works and ensuring the supply of natural gas and lighting of the city. He was also behind the creation of a theater and opera. ,

High-Rises, Including a multi-story white building In The foreground, a sunset view Dominate ALONGSIDE of Cairo the Nile, Which Is Shown Under a flowing bridge Carrying a busy street
Today, the east bank of the Nile hosts many buildings in downtown Cairo

The huge debt that resulted from projects Ismail procured an excuse for the Europeans to increase their control, culminating in 1882 with the British invasion . The economic center of the city moved quickly towards the Nile , opposite the Old Cairo to the Islamic and European neighborhoods built by Ismail , . In the late nineteenth century, Europeans, who were also most positions of high public office, represented 5% of the population Cairo .

The British occupation, which was supposed to be temporary, lasted until the twentieth century finally. Nationalists staged a massive demonstrations in Cairo in 1919 , five years after Egypt was declared a protectorate British . However, although this led to the independence of Egypt in 1922 , British troops remained in the country until 1956. Meanwhile, the urban area of Cairo experienced a major effort to build new bridges and development of its transportation infrastructure. Between 1882 and 1937 , the population of Cairo tripled - from 347 000 to 1,300,000 - - and its size grew from 1,000 hectares to 16,300 hectares .

The British left Cairo after the Egyptian revolution of 1952, but the rapid growth of the city showed no weakness. Tighter control exercised over the Nile begat the development of the island of Gezira. The city began to expand in space fertile Nile Delta.

Despite government efforts to limit population growth in Cairo, its population has doubled since the 1960s, now reaching almost seven million inhabitants (which must be added the ten million people living within its unit urban ). Moreover, Cairo was established as the political and economic center of North Africa and the Arab world , which today houses many multinational companies and organizations such as the Arab League.

Geography

Egypt rental relief map.jpg
Cairo
Cairo
Cairo seen from Spot satellite

The city of Cairo is located on the east bank of the Nile as well as some adjacent islands, north of Egypt , symbolizing the south where the river leaves the valley bordering the desert to be divided into two branches in the lower region of Nile Delta.

The oldest part of the city is - roughly - to the East River. From here, the town has gradually extended westward, including arable land around the Nile. These western areas, built on the model of the city of Paris by Ismail Pasha, the Magnificent in the mid- nineteenth century , are characterized by wide boulevards, public gardens and many open spaces. The old city is very different: it grows more hazardous qu'ordonne made it a place full of narrow streets and old crowded habitats. While the West focuses Cairo government buildings and modern architecture, half is proved, for its part, consisting of hundreds of ancient mosques, a real historical heritage.

The water supply system extended to the city allowed it to open to the east in the desert. Many bridges connect the mainland to the islands of Gezira and Roda, where many government buildings. Other bridges over the Nile attaching the city to the suburbs of Giza and Imbalah.

To the west, in the middle of the desert lies the city of Giza , which derives its name from the plateau on which it extends. It includes the ancient necropolis of Memphis, famous for its three large pyramids whose great pyramid of Cheops. The site of ancient Memphis is located approximately 18 km south of Cairo, near the necropolis of Saqqara and the suburb of Helwan.

Cairo has a desert climate , marked by occasional winter rains. Summers are hot, the winters milder.

Cairo
months January February March April May jul. jul. Aug. September October November December year
Average minimum temperature ( C ) 9 10 12 15 17 21 22 22 20 18 14 10 16
Average maximum temperature ( C) 18 20 22 27 31 33 33 33 35 29 23 19 27
Rainfall ( mm ) 4 5 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 24
Source: Weatherbase


Infrastructure

Health

Cairo and the nearby town of Giza are regarded as the greatest center of medical treatment in Egypt, and except in some cases, have the best quality of care in the country. Some hospitals include the As-Salam International Hospital, Maadi (the largest private hospital in the country with three hundred and fifty beds), Ain Shams University Hospital, Dar El Fouad Hospital and the hospital Kasr El Aini near downtown.

Education

Cairo has long been an educational center, not only throughout Egypt, but also the entire Arab world. Today, Cairo is home to many government services in education and knows the number of schools and universities, the highest in the country.

Universities in Cairo:

Cairo University
University Date founded
Al-Azhar University 975
Cairo University 1908
American University in Cairo 1919
University of Helwan 1975
French University in Egypt 2002

Transportation

Transportation in Cairo include a wide road network, a rail network , a metro and marine services. Road transport is facilitated by private cars, taxis, private buses and minibuses.

The subway is a fast and efficient travel within Cairo, although it is crowded with rush hour. Two train cars (the fourth and fifth) are reserved for women, although they can also travel through any other car.

A road network connects Cairo intense other Egyptian cities and villages. A new ring road skirts the edge of town. Bridges are numerous, as the 6th of October bridge that allows crossing the city quickly, outside of peak hours.

Cairo traffic is known to be oppressive and cumbersome . On 25 October 2009 two passenger trains collided near returned Giza , just outside of Cairo . Local newspapers conjured at least 25 dead .

Sports

The Cairo International Stadium and its 75,000 seats

The football is the most popular sport in Egypt, and Cairo has a number of sports teams within the national and regional leagues. The most famous are Al Ahly and Zamalek Sporting Club , whose annual tournament is one of the most watched sporting events in Egypt and even Africa. Both teams are known as "rivals" of Egyptian football and are the first and second champions of Africa and the Arab world. They both play their home games at the Cairo International Stadium (Stadium or Nasser), the largest stadium in Cairo and one of the largest in the world.

List of football teams from Cairo:

Cairo was the host city of the pan-Arab games for the 2007 edition.

Several other sports teams in Cairo are eminent in their respective sports, as sports club el Gezira, Al Shams Club , el Seid Club, Heliopolis Club and other smaller clubs.

Most of the country's sports federations are also located on the outskirts of Cairo including the Egyptian Football Federation. The headquarters of the Confederation of African Football in Cairo was once, before being moved a little further away from Cairo.

Culture

The Egyptian Museum seen from the Cairo Tower

Cairo is the most visited site in Egypt, because of its shelters, urban heritage and its proximity to the Great Pyramids of Giza. The city hosts major political and administrative institutions of the country and is also the headquarters of the Arab League , symbol of his role in the Arab world. Its universities, including the al-Azhar University, located in the eponymous mosque , are very famous and historical heritage is preserved by prestigious institutions - Egyptian Museum , founded in 1857 by the Egyptologist French Auguste Mariette , Museum of Islamic Art or Coptic Museum of Art.

Since 1992, more than a hundred monuments restored, the capital of Egypt found a long neglected heritage: the time Fatimid (eX - XII century), the stronghold of Saladin (XII - XIII century) , mosques and palaces Mamluks (XIII - XVI century) or caravanserai Ottoman (XVI - XIX century).

The city also organizes the annual International Film Festival in Cairo.

Economy

With large clusters of traditional industries - steel (factory of Helwan), automotive and textiles - the city has adapted in the second half of the twentieth century to the areas of high and new technology: aerospace, electronics and chemistry.

Cairo has an international airport (Cairo International Airport, IATA : CAI , ICAO code : HECA ).

Tourism

The modern Cairo

Click on a thumbnail to enlarge
  • Abdeen Palace

  • Entrance to the palace of Abdeen

  • Entrance of the Palace Museum Abedin

  • Entrance of the Palace Museum Abedin

  • View from the garden of the museum entrance to the Palais Abedin

  • Al-Manyal Palace

  • Entrance to the Palace Al-Manyal

  • Palace Garden, Al-Manyal

  • Palace Garden, Al-Manyal

  • Palace Garden, Al-Manyal

The center includes the islands of Gezira and Roda, and south-east, Mounir.

The area around the gardens Ezbekiyyeh was once a vast lake that was drained in 1837. The area was built on a strict, made under the instructions of the Khedive , who loved the entertainment and there was originally a circus, a theater and opera in the southern gardens, which remains today a theater puppets. The central post office, place Ataba, has a postal museum on the 1st floor. East of Ataba Square, the street leads Muski in Khan al-Khalili.

North of the street opens up Ataba Clot Bey (Khulud Street), named after a French doctor, Antoine Clot who was one of the founders of modern medicine in Egypt. Further north, one can see the minaret of the al-Fath. The street passes under the stone arches before arriving at Ramses Square in front of the station , built in 1856 , transformed by Arabic style in 1892 and restored for the first time in 1955. This is one of the neighborhoods that were urbanized modern Cairo as soon after the second half of the nineteenth century. The area is known as "Bab el-Hadid (door rail) with a colossal statue of Ramses II, which was shifted to the future Grand Egyptian Museum at Giza. In the National Museum of Egyptian Railways , at the east end of the station, we found some old locomotives in excellent condition.

The Gezira Island remained uninhabited until the mid-nineteenth century. After the development of modern downtown Cairo, Mohammed Ali built a palace at its northern end, this district is now called Zamalek. Later, the Khedive Ismail built a large palace in the center of the island with a huge garden, and a pier for easy access. At that time, the gardens were rich with exotic flora and a collection of African animals.

During the Pharaonic era, Rhoda was part of ancient Heliopolis. In Roman times, it was a fortress which remained unchanged until the seventh century. After the Islamic conquest, the Arabs also adding towers and arsenals.

The last sultan Ayyubid transferred the seat of government on the island and built a new fortress palace and barracks around 1240 , but the Mamluks eventually brought back the Government in the citadel.

In the extreme south of the island is the Manasterli palace, built next to a Nilometer , built in the eighth century to measure the annual flooding of the Nile. Going up north, cross the gardens Manyal which covered most of the island and are now a residential area. Many of the buildings date from between 1925 and 1935, the era Art Deco.

North of the island lies the Al-Manyal Palace , a museum containing a collection of objects that belonged to Prince Mohammed Ali tawfig, the uncle of the last king of Egypt, Farouk.

Old Cairo (Coptic quarter)

This part of Cairo is the oldest part of town. The fortress of Babylon , built by the Romans , became an early Christian and Jewish enclave. This area contains the Ben Ezra Synagogue , founded in 1115 , and had a score of churches which only five are still with, including: the Hanging Church dedicated to the Virgin, probably the oldest Christian church in Egypt dating from the fourth century , the Church of St. Sergius built in the late fourth century over a crypt where the Holy Family took refuge when fleeing to Egypt and the church of St. Barbara , the name of a young girl martyred for trying to convert her father to Christianity, rebuilt in the eleventh century. The churches are not distinguished by their external ornamentation but by a very rich interior.

Click on a thumbnail to enlarge
  • The church al-Muallaqa

  • The Hanging Church (al-Muallaqa) dedicated to the Virgin Mary

  • The Hanging Church (al-Muallaqa) dedicated to the Virgin Mary

  • Entrance to the Hanging Church (al-Muallaqa) dedicated to the Virgin Mary

Islamic Cairo

Cairo, Museum of Islam
Cairo, Museum of Islam
Contact 30 3 '0 "North
31 15 '39,996 "East / 30.05, 31.26111 Country Flag: Egypt Egypt Type Cultural Criteria i, v, vi Number
Identification 89 Region Africa ** Year Registration 1979 (3rdSession )
* Name UNESCO
** UNESCO Geographical Classification change Consult the documentation of the model

Islamic monuments of Egypt are almost entirely concentrated in Cairo. They are inscribed on the List of World Heritage of UNESCO since 1979.

The Fatimids endowed numerous mosques in Cairo. After them, the sultans Mamluks continued to erect other and numerous Koranic schools, medreseh; amalgam sabil (fountain) and Kottab (writer) in a madrasa may seem strange, but it is to follow recommendations of the prophet, for whom the water allows the material and spiritual cleanliness, the school is around the fountain.

Mausoleums are gathered in real cities of the dead.

Mamluk Dynasty, the city expanded considerably and became the capital of the Muslim world.

Thus Ibn Khaldun could say:

"Whoever has not seen Cairo does not know the greatness of Islam. It is the metropolis of the universe, the garden of the world, the nest of the human species, the portico of Islam. "

The Citadel of Saladin

Main article: Citadel of Saladin.
Click on a thumbnail to enlarge

The Khan al-Khalili

The Khan al-Khalili , known as the Turkish bazaar during the Ottoman period, is now usually called the Khan, is often confused with the market Muski - and vice versa. The Souq Khan al-Khalili, 600 years old, was established in 1382 by the Emir Djaharks the heart of the Fatimid city. Like Al Muski market in the west, it includes one of the areas of craft workshops of Cairo's most important. These two markets are the symbol of tradition that has made Cairo a major center of commerce.

The Khan is located in a corner of the triangle of markets that is the southern gate to the west Zuwayla Azbakiyyah. The Khan is bordered on the south by the Al-Azhar Street and west by the market Muski. It consists of passages and alleys full of craftsmen, jewelers, vendors of perfumes and spices. On a narrow street from Al-Badistand can find the famous and picturesque El Fishawi coffee , or coffee mirrors, which was once a meeting place for local artists, and has not changed since nearly 200 years. It was attended by the Nobel prizewinner Naguib Mahfouz , one of Egypt's most famous authors.

Egyptian consumers generally do their shopping in the north and west of Al-Badistan sector, where prices are lowest. Markets of gold and silver are located west of Khan along the street of goldsmiths.

Click on a thumbnail to enlarge

  • Explanation of the origin of the House are Suhaymi before it

  • Courtyard, House're Suhaymi

  • Reception room with great Moucharabieh

  • Moucharabieh views of the court

  • Pit in the middle of the court

  • Details of a Moucharabieh

Pollution

The smog in Cairo

Cairo is a city with rapid growth, which raised a number of environmental problems. The air pollution in Cairo is a concern. The levels of aromatic hydrocarbon found in the Greater Cairo are higher than many similar cities .

There are also many lead smelters and iron that are not reported, and heavily pollute the city. Therefore, one can always see a mist floating above Cairo. According to estimates, between ten thousand and twenty-five miles Cairenes die each year because of air pollution in Cairo. In 1995 , the first environmental laws were passed and the situation has since improved.

The city also suffers from a high level of pollution in soil. Every year, Cairo sends ten thousand tons of waste, four miles are neither collected nor supported. This is a major risk to health, and the Egyptian government is looking for ways to combat it.

Finally, water pollution is a major problem in Cairo, in fact, are often faulty sewers and drains into the streets. A new system of all access to sewerage facilities, developed by the European Union is supposed to address this risk. Municipal water is also contaminated with mercury , which causes significant health risks.

Twinnings

Cairo has signed cooperation agreements with eighteen cities .

Istanbul , Seoul and Los Angeles are recognized as the only cities twinned with Cairo, but the city has also signed "treaties of friendship" with Stuttgart , Paris , Ottawa and Minsk. The remaining cities have signed similar agreements stating intentions of cooperation, friendship or understanding with Cairo.

Famous Cairenes

Notes

  1. In Living Geography of Onesimus Reclus (preparatory course and CM1) in 1926
  2. http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/nom-commun-nom/cairote/29829
  3. Hawass and Brock 2003 , p. 456
  4. "Memphis (Egypt)". Encarta. Microsoft. 2009. Accessed July 24, 2009.
  5. http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/afrika/aegypten/EncJud_juden-in-Kairo01-641-1250-arabisch-ENGL.html
  6. Butler 2008 , p. 341
  7. Butler 2008 , p. 342
  8. Raymond 2000 , p. 23-9
  9. a and b Glass and Smith 2003 , p. 96
  10. Daly and Petry 1998 , p. 213
  11. Daly and Petry 1998 , p. 213-5
  12. Daly and Petry 1998 , p. 215
  13. Shillington 2005 , p. 438
  14. Raymond 2000 , p. 122
  15. Raymond 2000 , p. 120-8
  16. a , b , c , d , e and f Shillington 2005 , p. 199
  17. Shoshan 2002 , p. 4
  18. Bryne 2004 , p. 104-5
  19. Shoshan 2002 , p. 1
  20. Shillington 2005 , p. 447
  21. a and b Winter 1992 , p. 225
  22. Inalcik et al. 1997 , p. 507-9
  23. Winter 2004 , p. 115
  24. Daly and Petry 1998 , p. 94-5
  25. Winter 1992 , p. 226
  26. a and b Winter 1992 , p. 226-7
  27. Sicker 2001 , p. 103
  28. Sicker 2001 , p. 104
  29. Afaf Lutfi Sayyid-Marsot 1984 , p. 39
  30. Sicker 2001 , p. 104-5
  31. Afaf Lutfi Sayyid-Marsot 1984 , p. 1
  32. McGregor 2006 , p. 53
  33. Shillington 2005 , p. 437
  34. Raymond 2000 , p. 291, 302
  35. Raymond 2000 , p. 313-4
  36. Raymond 2000 , p. 311-3
  37. Abu-Lughod 1965 , p. 436-44
  38. Abu-Lughod 1965 , p. 429-31, 455-7
  39. a and b Hourani, Khoury and Wilson 2004 , p. 317
  40. Abu-Lughod 1965 , p. 431
  41. Raymond 2000 , p. 319
  42. Raymond 2000 , p. 322
  43. Al-Ahram Weekly | Features | Reaching year impasse , in February 2006. Published on 2009-05-05
  44. Egypt Train Crash Death Toll Rises , smh.com.au. Published on 2009-10-25
  45. 9 & 10 News: The nuclear issue ... National Emergency ... Deadly train crash , www.9and10news.com. Published on 2009-10-25
  46. MI Khoder, "Ambient Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere of Greater Cairo", in Atmospheric Environment, Air Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, vol. 41, No. 3, January 2007, p. 554 -566 Bibliography

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