Buddhism
Buddhism is, according to traditional views, a philosophy , a spirituality or religion , making it the fourth largest world religion. Buddhism presents a set of branched practices meditation , ethical practices, theories, psychological, philosophical, cosmogonic and cosmological , discussed in the context of the liberation of dissatisfaction and full development of human potential.
Origins
Buddhism originated in India almost at the same time that Jainism with whom he shares a certain tendency to the questioning of Hinduism as it was practiced at that time ( sixth century BC. J. -C. ). Buddhism has taken a lot of philosophical concepts of the religious environment of the time, giving them a sense but sometimes different. The historical Buddha Buddhism is based on the teachings of Gautama Siddhrtha (the "awake"), considered the Buddha history. The years of birth and death of Gautama Siddhrtha are not safe and would have lived in the sixth century BC. BC almost eighty years, but traditions do not agree on this . The oldest gives birth in 624 BC. BC and died in 544 BC. AD Thais are Buddhist calendar begin in 543 BC. BC, a year after his death. Western scholars of the history of ancient India, meanwhile, agreed to locate the Buddha's life rather in the fifth century BC. AD . Born according to tradition, Kapilavastu ( Nepal ) of Queen Maya , died seven days after birth, and King Suddhodana , he was called Gautama . He belonged to the clan Sakya (or Shakya) of the caste of the Kshatriya (warrior-nobles), hence its nickname of Shakyamuni, "the sage of the Sakya." It is the principal name that the tradition of Mahyna gives - Buddha Shakyamuni - and by which it distinguishes him from other Buddhas. It is also known as Siddhartha Gautama (Pali: Gotama Siddhattha) Siddhrtha because his name is given as in some sources , Buddha's life is rich in legends describing miracles and divine apparitions. But only 300 years after his death she began to be known through texts, along with his teachings, by the Emperor Ashoka that promotes it over the whole of its area and sends missions abroad. Buddhism is a way individual whose goal is the awakening , the extinction of desire and ego of the illusion causes of human suffering. Awakening is a basis for altruistic action. For Theravadins , enlightenment is the perfect understanding and realization of the four noble truths (see below), it is waking from the nightmare of successive rebirths ( samsra ). The enlightened man reached Nirvana (enlightenment), and completely escapes the suffering in his death (called parinirvana , complete dissolution of the five aggregates). The cycle of rebirth and death is broken. For the followers of Mahyna however, arousal is related to the wisdom and awareness of his own Buddha nature (the essential nature of every human being). He agrees that the leaves Mahayana bodhisattvas (those who are awake) can remain in the world without producing karma , compassion for living beings, then they will in turn lead to enlightenment. The Dharma is the set of lessons taught by the Buddha that form the Pali Canon. But the definition can change depending on context and may mean "what is established", "Natural Law", "juridical law," "duty," "teaching" or "the essence of all thing ". "Taking the Three Refuges" in Buddhism means to build on the combined forces of the Buddha , the Dharma (the set of teachings) and Sangha (the set of practitioners, see below) to s' secure his own release from the torments of samsra. The four noble truths indicate that it is essential to know for a Buddhist. They set the problem of existence, its diagnostic and treatment considered appropriate: These three characteristics of conditioned existence, which are also found in the four seals of Buddhist philosophy , are universal, valid in all times and in all places, and could be recognized by a direct vision of reality. The Nirvana , is not conditioned, escapes to the characteristics of suffering and impermanence. Buddhism believes that there are three poisons the mind: Some schools are adding to it two, jealousy and pride. According to the Buddha , the causes of human suffering can be found in the inability to see reality correctly. This ignorance and illusions that it entails, leads to greed, the desire to possess more than others, attachment and hatred for people or things. Her philosophy says that suffering arises from desire or envy. It is by removing both it would be able to Nirvana. Because the three poisons and interdependence, men are subject to Samsara (the cycle of rebirth). The 'world' ( Loka ) in which they will be reborn after death depends on their karma , that is to say their past actions. This renaissance has only just prolong indefinitely the suffering ("fatigue fill the cemeteries," said the Assu Sutta ). According to Buddhist philosophy, it is neither the same nor another reborn. This is not, as in the principle of reincarnation, the soul is immortal "reincarnated." Indeed, the notion of reincarnation implies the existence of an immortal soul into and out of a body and re-enters another, but according to Buddhist belief, there is no such thing. What would remain after death would not be a "soul", but a psychic energy that then reappear in another form during the Renaissance (except for one who has reached Nirvana ). The Buddha has to wake up from this nightmare, to hunt the confusion and illusion to be illuminated by reality. Thus, the suffering and the karmic cycle would be broken. It defines the ultimate goal of his teaching as "the issue", the "outcome", "liberation from suffering" or Nirvana. The twelve interdependent links break the cycle of rebirth conditioned by links dependent of each other. The eight members of the noble Eightfold Path (Magga ariyagika) are: Instead of "just" reads sometimes "full" or "total". The four lines or pious feelings (brahmavihras) are also called the four immeasurable because they could be developed indefinitely. Grown without the intention to conduct all beings to the ultimate release, these four intentions lead to a rebirth in the celestial world of Brahma, developed with the desire to lead all beings to the ultimate release, the four lines become "incommensurable "and lead to" perfect awakening. " These positive emotions that could be developed by appropriate: In Theravada , emptiness (Shunyata) means that no thing has an independent existence (they seem to exist only through interdependence). There is a Vipassana meditation is the contemplation of the emptiness. But the concept of emptiness, as outlined in the literature known as the Prajnaparamita , and Nagarjuna , is taking a different direction with the Madhyamaka. The Madhyamaka teaching recognizes the interdependence but considers this wheel of life itself as emptiness. The Pali Canon refers to three bodies of Gautama Buddha : The concept is gaining importance in the school Sarvastivadin. But it subsequently acquires a meaning quite different. In Buddhism, ethics is based on the fact that the actions of body, speech and mind have consequences for ourselves and our surroundings, the other as our environment. There are two kinds of actions, actions kusala (word Pali means healthy, clever, positive, positive) and actions akusala (unhealthy, awkward, negative, negative). Buddhist Ethics proposes to humans to become aware of mental states in which it is located and from which he acts, speaks, thinks and to become responsible for both his state of mind that the consequences of its actions. The practice of ethics is a purification of body, speech and mind. It takes the form of precepts - the five precepts and the ten commandments are the most frequently encountered - which are not absolute rules but principles, guidelines for ethical behavior. The application of some of them varies from person to person but also according to tradition. These precepts are most often presented in negative form as a coach not to do something, but the canonical texts also make reference to their positive formulation as a coach to do the opposite. The five precepts, common to all Buddhists (monks and laity) of all traditions are: The ten commandments are found in several canonical texts (eg Ktadana Sutta in the Digha Nikaya ) . The ten precepts are: In their positive form, they are: (In this positive formulation, the 6th and 7th commandments 'negative' are merged into one). These ten commandments are not to be confused with another list of ten commandments, especially for monks (hence its description in the Vinaya Pitaka and not in the suttas), corresponding to the five precepts plus the following: Unlike other precepts, the last five precepts are rules of life that ethical principles. The Sangha is the community of those who follow the teachings of Buddha. This is one of three places of refuge. We distinguish the 'Noble Sangha' (Sanskrit Arya Sangha), consisting of beings who have attained a high level of liberalization and the Sangha ordinary beings involving all along the path of Buddha. The term is commonly used to refer to Buddhist meetings. Theravada Buddhism (in Pali "doctrine of Veterans' Sanskrit is the dominant form of Buddhism in South Asia and South-East ( Sri Lanka , Thailand , Cambodia , Myanmar , Laos , parts of Vietnam ), among the Chinese of Indonesia and Malaysia as well as among some ethnic groups in south-western China. Its location in the West is more recent than the current Zen or Vajrayana. As its name suggests, he wants the heir to the original doctrine of Buddha. In this regard, it is related to the currents defined as Hinayana by Mahayana Buddhism appeared in early Christian era. Hinayana and Theravada are terms often used interchangeably for each other, despite the objections of many practitioners of Theravada. The "doctrine of the Ancients" is based on a canon written in Pali named Triple trash or Tipitaka , including many texts based on the words of Buddha, compiled by his contemporaries but much later transcribed. Mahayana is a term Sanskrit () meaning "great vehicle". Mahayana Buddhism appears near the beginning of the Christian era in the Kushan Empire and in Northern India , where it spreads rapidly in Tarim and China , before spreading to the rest of the Far East. The Zen is a school of Mahayana derived. Vajrayana is a form of Buddhism, also called Tantric Buddhism, whose understanding requires mastery of the Mahayana and Hinayana. It contains elements which relate it to the Hinduism and especially Saivism Kashmir. In Tibet, Vajrayana and Bn , local religion, have influenced each other. His name Sanskrit means "vehicle", Yana, the vajra , that is to say, "Diamond" (brighter and indestructible as the ultimate reality), and "lightning" (destroyer of ignorance and lightning speed). Also called mantrayana vehicle and Tantrayana, since it uses the mantras and tantras , there is also the name guhyayna "vehicle secret", so esoteric (in Chinese and Japanese Mikkyo ). It is mostly practiced today in the Himalayan region ( Tibet , Nepal , Sikkim , Bhutan , bordering western and northern China , north of India ) and also in Japan since the 7th century through schools Shugendo & Tendai Shingon. It is the form of Buddhism that most characterizes Tibetan Buddhism. It is also found in Mongolia and some parts of the Russian Federation (Oblasts of Love and Chita, Republics of Tuva , the Buryat and Kalmyk , Krai of Khabarovsk ), as well as Japan ( Shingon and Tendai , see Buddhism in Japan ). It would be the form of Buddhism most often chosen by non-Asians, to the Zen. Although different in origin, Bonpo Tibetan Vajrayana almost every respect a non-Buddhist. Denotes Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism that developed in Tibet. There are four main schools: Nyingma , Kagyu , Sakya , Gelugpa. The latter being the best known of the fact that the Dalai Lama is a prominent member. Early Buddhism, known as the Hinayana Buddhism ("small vehicle"), includes several schools, only one has survived to this day. If several classifications are discussed, and Buddhist scholars agree broadly to recognize Buddhism in eighteen ancient schools. Buddhism developed in France following the arrival of the masters of various traditions who founded many centers as Ryotan Tokuda or Deshimaru for Zen and Kalu Rinpoche and Gendun Rinpoche on Tibetan Buddhism. French filmmakers like Arnaud Desjardins also helped to disseminate the teachings of Buddhism in France. Several Buddhist organizations are recognized as religious congregations by the Central Bureau of Religious Affairs, which depends on the Ministry of Interior , according to the law of 9 December 1905 on the separation of church and state. According to the Buddhist Union of France , in 1986 there were approximately 800,000 Buddhists in France with 3 / 4 were of Asian origin. A more recent survey, published by TNS-Sofres in April 2007, a figure of 500,000 Buddhists (aged over 15 years), representing 1% of the French population of this age. In 1999, sociologist Frederic Lenoir was estimated at 5 million "supporters" Buddhist French References The literature on Buddhism are very numerous and diverse. This bibliography is limited to introductory books, synthetic or encyclopedic most common. For literature, thank you to consult the bibliographies of related articles. The awakening or bodhi
Definition of enlightenment in Theravada Buddhism
Definition of enlightenment in Mahayana
Doctrine
Dharma
The Three Jewels
The Four Noble Truths
The three characteristics of existence
The three poisons
The Renaissance
The twelve interdependent links
The Noble Eightfold Path
The four immeasurable
Emptiness
The three bodies (or kaya) of Buddha
Indeed, in the Mahyna , the three body , manifestations of a Buddha are not separate entities but expressions of thusness (Tathta) are one. They are respectively: The Buddhist ethics and precepts
The five precepts
The ten commandments
The Sangha: the community of followers
Different schools
Theravada Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism
Vajrayana Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism
Former Schools of Buddhism
Buddhism in France
Notes
Introductory Books
Collections of texts
Encyclopedia
In film
See also
Internal Links
External Links
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