Breton Nationalism
Breton Nationalism characterized a number of movements which claim broad autonomy , if not the independence of Britain , or more basically the simple recognition of the Breton culture.
Traditionally, we divide the history of the Breton movement into three periods.
Prehistory of belonging
Catherine Bertho as stressed in his article "The Invention of Britain: Genesis of a social stereotype," published in 1980 until the French Revolution "there was no coherent discourse and organized the province and even least in the region. " In his study, devoted to scholarly representations of Britain, she noted the total absence in the literary corpus of works which Britain would be the special theme: so no economic study she chooses not to be the province of study, the observations nature ethnographic appear as "piecemeal" and never to identify specificity Breton. At most, we can note a specific interest to historians of themes related to the feudal relationship, and "the ancient liberties of the province." Before 1800, none of the stereotypes that will build regional identity, the celtitude rainy climate, is still in place. , .
The first Emsav (until 1914): Emergence of Breton
The Breton movement was born in the first half of the nineteenth century , during the romantic nationalism that hit across Europe and aroused interest:
- The story of the people and nations, while the story was then that the reigning princes,
- The popular cultural and national wealth, in the language of the people sometimes, when the culture was hitherto the case of the noble and powerful.
In Britain, the "Romantic Revival" was expressed mainly within a nobility Legitimist marginalized and falling back on his land. It is characterized by its anchor to the right and his nostalgia for the Old Regime : faithfulness to the spirit and monarchist in religion, traditions and feudal privileges. The darkness prevails: to maintain the traditions to preserve the Breton people of irreligion and new ideas from the Enlightenment.
The three pillars of this nascent regionalism Breton are:
- The collection of songs and folk tales from Brittany (in particular to the German and Finnish examples, cf. The Brothers Grimm , the Kalevala ). The symbolic figure of this work in the collecting of folk traditions is the Viscount of Theodore Hersart Villemarqu and Barzaz Breiz. This work met with great echo across Europe. He was followed by numerous imitators (including Narcissus Quellien , Penguern , Luzel and Anatole Le Braz ).
- The normalization of the Breton language written especially by Jean-Franois Le Gonidec , considered the father of Breton today.
- The creation of a real historiography with Brittany Arthur de La Borderie , considered the father of the history of Britain, on the model of Augustin Thierry and Jules Michelet.
Key dates: 1752 : First edition of Buhez ar Sent , in Breton book describing the lives of saints of the Catholic Church. This book quickly became the book in most households in Britain Bretons. It was read regularly, often in the evening vigil.
- 1791 : The Breton Association was founded by Armand Tuffin de La Rourie , Royalist and Liberal Freemason, hero of the War of Independence of the United States. Rourie rallied against the revolution, following the abolition of special laws and customs of Britain. The purpose of this organization was the return of freedom of Brittany and the continuation of the monarchy.
- 1805 : Foundation of the Academy Celtic by Napoleon I, the first organization studying the language and culture of Brittany. The president is Theophile Malo Corret the Tour d'Auvergne.
- 1823 : Creation of the first literary magazine Breton Armorican The school , which involved Emile Souvestre.
- 1838 : Publication of Barzaz Breiz of Theodore Hersart of Villemarqu , international literary success.
- 1865 : Creating Feiz ha Breizh (Faith and Brittany), weekly in Breton, which appeared almost continuously since that time.
- 1870 : Charles de Gaulle (Barz Bro C'hall) , uncle of the future generally , the government claimed the teaching of regional languages. Foundation of the Celtic Magazine.
- 1898 : Creation of the Breton Regionalist Union , the first true regionalist party, the conservative trend. Alongside this political movement, the Gorsedd of Brittany is created. In 1899 , the Association of British Blues is created with the members of this union. In 1900 , the Socialist Federation of Britain was created in Nantes by Charles Brunellire. In 1904 , Lionel Radiguet distributes 100,000 copies of its Constitution for a Republic of Brittany.
Released in 1909 and 1911 , two works by the Earl of Lantivy-Trdion synthesize claims Breton movement (...). The author suggests a reconstruction of Britain, its financial and administrative autonomy. Defenders of the project are up to imagine a 'tax strike'.
- 1905 : Creation of Bleun Brug , a continuation of Feiz ha Breizh , by the Abbe Perrot to defend the faith and traditions of Brittany.
- 1911 : Creation of the National Party Breton and Breton Regional Federation , following a split of the Breton Regionalist Union.
Breton Nationalist Party, both the first political party founded in Britain and the first Breton nationalist party, founded by Camille Le Mercier Erm. At that time, the Breton Nationalist Party will gather the bulk of Breton political movement. When the Bleun Brug created in 1905 by Abbe Perrot , a number of Catholic militants also defending the Breton language and culture, not a political movement.
- 1912 : Emile Masson wrote Antaeus or Britons and socialism: Socialism for a Breton, then started the following year a socialist monthly bilingual Brug.
The second Emsav (1914-1945)
The First World War is a real break. Britain, like the rest of France is bled white. More than half of men between 20 and Brittany 40 years died, the impression of having been consistently on the front line is very sharp and revives the victimization . After the war, regionalism (which claims to unite the small and large country), conservative, stagnant.
A new generation, more active, has ambitious goals, look to the future:
- It takes an especially in the field of language. Its leader is Roparz Hemon , and his newspaper reference Gwalarn , founded in 1925. Breton literature opens to the world by several translations, renovation and expansion of literary themes ( Jakez Riou , Youenn Drezen , etc..) creation of a modern literature in the Breton language. The Breton language is renovated and updated by writing numerous dictionaries and grammars.
- The importance of the artistic movement, including the Seiz Breur which includes dozens of artists, craftspeople, designers who want to give new life to artistic creation in Britain.
- Parallel to the cultural activism that is felt also in the political sphere.
- A splinter group that became known as the Gwenn-ha-Du blew up in 1932 the monument commemorating the union of Brittany to France , then commits some other symbolic bombings.
1918 : creation of the Youth Union of Brittany ( Breizh Unvan Yaouankiz ).
This entails the development, within the Breton movement, nationalism drive in a new generation that gathers around the newspaper Breiz Atao in 1919 member of Group Breton regionalist around Maurice Marchal.
The Emsav breaks explicitly with the French regionalism:
- This first generation nationalist invested particularly in the field of language. Its leader is Roparz Hemon , and his newspaper reference Gwalarn , founded in 1925 with Mordrel Olier. ( Jakez Riou , Youenn Drezen ...). Breton literature opens to the world by several translations, renovation and expansion of literary themes: creation of a true modern literature in the Breton language. The Breton language is renovated and updated by writing numerous dictionaries and grammars.
- Importance as the artistic movement, including Seiz Breur , who brings a high level of Breton art.
Parallel to the cultural success we must insist on changes in the political sphere:
- 1920 : a petition initiated by calling 124 associations and regionalization collected 360,000 signatures.
- 1921 : Founded in Rennes by Henri Quilgars Committee Advocacy Brittany and Brittany's full diary. He wrote a book: The Feeling Breton - Breton power.
It is in the inter-war years that the flag of Brittany is created by Morvan Marchal.
- 1923 : The Breton flag, named Gwenn ha Du (black and white), is created by the militant nationalist Morvan Marchal.
- 1928 : The Youth Union of Brittany becomes the Breton Autonomist Party. Establishment of the party Adsao in 1928 with the abbot Madec and Pierre Mocaer (elected from Ushant ) party Catholic regionalist.
- 1931 : dislocation of the Breton Autonomist Party , editor Breiz Atao at the Congress of Rennes in several trends more or less fragmented:
- Part of Breton nationalism is moving towards conservatism in the 1930s
- while others are common to pacifism, internationalism, the left-liberal, social federalism, "autonomism red" with the creation of the League's federalist Britain (LFB), and the ephemeral National Revolutionary Party Breton (PNRB) (see the work of the university, a journalist Erwan Chartier).
- Another party (the Breton National Party , founded in 1932 ) tends to shift towards an ideology National Socialism , hoping that eventually victorious Germany in Europe to allow independence to France. However they manage to continue their action on the Breton scene (like the Irish Republic), despite the pressures and repressions of the French Republic ( Francis Debeauvais , Olier Mordrel ). In 1938 , Erwan ar Moal said Dirnador condemn once again the fascism and Nazism in an article appearing in Breizh. It compares these ideologies to a plague.
- Several terrorist acts linked to Breton movement is performed by the organization Gwen-ha-Du of Celestine Laine , from 1932.
- Another part with Ar Falz , established in 1933 , represented by Yann Sohier and supported by Marcel Cachin is marked by communism.
- Another is near the left, as Charles Brunellire or Yves Le Febvre , and adopt a trend federalist for Maurice Duhamel , or with anarchist mile Masson.
- 1933 : Foundation of the cultural movement " Ar Falz "by Yann Sohier to educate public school teachers to teach the Breton language.
- 1934 : 346 Brittany Commons adopted the vow "er Skol Ar Brezhoneg (Breton in school), for the teaching of Breton.
Over this period, Morvan Lebesque , actor then says in his book How can we be Breton? that "activists of those years remember the makeshift village meetings on the steps of some old Ford audiences that was to surprise, picking at the door of the bistro or the Mass and, round eyes, saw the " autonomist "much like the Martians, sometimes hesitant to throw their jeers and stones. Sometimes they called the priest, the police, the local drunkard there was his number, mothers outraged accused the speakers of "do this in front of children" and there was no advantage to hold the meeting too close to a river .
From 1939 most organizations Breton, undermined by the discrepancies between the commitments of their members broke even most often disappear.
The Second World War
During the Second World War , the dark organized separatist movement as a whole in collaboration with the Nazi occupiers and / or the Vichy regime
In 1940 , General Carl-Heinrich von Stlpnagel , commander of the occupation troops in France, said his position on the issue Breton: supporting culture and the Breton language, refusal to support Breton separatists.
A daily newspaper covering the five counties of Brittany published until 1944 and a radio station funded by the Nazis in Breton also emits until June 1944. A draft of the Brittany region, truncated Lower Loire , is created and the teaching of history and language of Brittany are permitted during the occupation by Marshal Petain. All these measures are discontinued when the Liberation.
The behavior of each other are the subject of selective amnesia of war that still feeds controversy over sixty years later: "In reality, the liberation movement in Breton, it minimizes the collaboration, we create the myth of the savage treatment " .
According to the book by Jean-Jacques Monnier, over 250 activists of cultural movements, linguistic, regional or national policy Breton committed in armed resistance to Nazism, as a group (groups created their own initiative or networks conventional resistor) or isolated, but also in the cache Jews, airmen, refractory STO, many were deported or shot by the Germans. This work has been subject to several criticisms, including that of local committees of the townships of Lannion and Perros-Guirec of the National Association of Veterans of the Resistance (ANACR), at the request of their president-delegate Serge Tilly , who consider this book as a "cons-historical truth but also an insult to their memory," the fact "to assimilate the great figures of the Resistance movement in Breton," which was "very close ideologically to the extreme right in 20s and 30s. " They believe that "in the west of our department, almost all resisters spoke in their native language, Breton, is a reality, but none claimed the Breton identity . "
Even today, some are concerned about attempts to rehabilitate the collaborationist organizations led by separatist militants or Breton , , , . Conversely, others believe that, given the presentation of the facts, it is a pretext for media manipulation designed to attack the current aspirations, such as recognition of language rights .
The third Emsav (1945 to present)
Liberation
Nearly 2000 Breton militants were arrested and "administrative detention". Among the leaders of pro-Nazi, most will be condemned to Liberation. A number of them manage to escape justice and to win the Irish through the chain of fake passports up by Yann Four . Some other supporters are released within a few weeks, no charges were brought against them . The BNP activists are charged with having collaborated with the Nazi authorities. But few of them will actually be worried:
"About 15 to 16% of the GNP have been brought before the courts, few supporters have been tried. This makes the purification an epiphenomenon, the reality is very far from the mythical image of a massive crackdown, fueled by the memory traumatized Breton nationalists . "
The behavior of Breton nationalists has affected the culture of Brittany:
"This culture of hatred of foreigners and contempt of the people who lived nationalists led them to disrepute for a long time interest in the Breton language and culture in the region and even allow Breton to justify the cessation speak Breton. However, in December 1946 at the initiative of government, Pierre-Jakez Helias launched a new radio program on Radio in Breton Quimerc'h. "
Late 1940s and 1950s: Culture
Following the collaboration of most of Breton separatists movements , political activism is condemned by public opinion: The term "Atao Breizh" (the name of a pro-Nazi magazine autonomy ) was used to denote militants indiscriminately Breton nationalists. The term "Breiz atao mat lao da" (in French: "Breiz Atao, good to kill") does not date from this period. It is a formula devised by the pastor of Gouzec , in the late 1920s, he was rehearsing his flock to get them to attack the "autonomy" . But this expression will return to describe the "collaborators" Breton . The commitment of Breton militants will therefore field of cultural activity:
- Music with the introduction of ar Bodadeg Sonerion of Polig Montjarret ( 1943 ), which includes traditional musicians, including bagpipes , is the basis for the creation of the first bagado in the late '40s. The bagads are sets of traditional music inspired by the pipe bands in Scotland, and involving bagpipes, bombards and drums). There is a real boom in the 1950s, marks the Breton cultural revival. Jorj Cochevelou (father of Alan Stivell ) recreates the Celtic harp.
- Dance: these are often linked bagado also Celtic circles , which are groups of traditional dance. Bagado creations are very numerous in the 1950s. The Bagad Bleimor is associated with the Scout organization Breton Bleimor. It will include the crucible of many activists Breton ( Alan Stivell , Pierre Denis , Donald Lawrence , The Gwenc'hlan Scouezec , etc..
- Esotericism, symbolism and movement Celtic Druids , with Morvan Marchal , Rafig Tullou , Georges Pinault , etc..
These are the meeting places for reflection, for nationalist recruitment. It is through this that will be maintained and transmitted Breton nationalism to a new generation in the years 1940 and 1950. It is also thanks to dozens of former resistance that cultural movements and political Breton (eg regional) are launched or relaunched in Brittany and Paris .
The 1950 and 1960: the economy
From the early 1950's , the Breton movement is beginning to invest in the economic field also with in 1951 the creation of CELIB, the Review Committee and Liaison Breton interests by Martray Joseph and Ren Pleven.
1951 : creation of Study Committee and liaison interests Breton ( CELIB ) by Joseph Martray and Pleven / A>. The CELIB will cause the economic boost that will come out of Britain's deputy agricultural and industrial development by creating an informal forum for coordination of local authorities across the UK history (5 departments) in a Optical decentralism. In 1955 the Committee became a CELIB Regional Expansion (Coder).
A whole generation of farmers after the agriculture Christian Youth organized locally and regionally. A series of strikes in 1960 very hard to get the terms of the modernization of agriculture culminates in the "taking" by 2000 farmers in the sub-prefecture of Morlaix on 8 June 1961. The imprisonment of the leading triggers a wave of protests that engulfed the whole of Brittany until June 22 A "model farm Breton" is gradually being established.
1962 : The CELIB adopt a framework law for Britain prepared by Michel Phlipponneau. The state refuses to commit to a multiyear investment. 1092 Breton councils support the program act. Britain urges the battle to open up rail fares regional economy, forcing the state to divest.
From the late 1960s : the return of politics
Indirectly, the CELIB legitimizes the political rebirth of nationalism in Britain, and from the 1960s, there was the return of the Breton nationalist moderates in the political arena:
In 1957 , creation of the Movement for the Organization of the United Kingdom ( MOB ), the first political party created since the Second World War.
In 1963 , splitting the left of the MOB to create the UDB ( Breton Democratic Union ). CAB ( Action Committee for Brittany ) brings the CFDT, CFTC, the PCF, the SFIO, the PSU, the FEN, INS.
But all this remains very marginal during the 1960s, despite the unprecedented mobilization of nature and regional dimension in the worlds of workers and peasants.
In the 1960s the badge BZH blooms on cars. It was quickly banned (Ortoli decree of 7 August 1967). Several motorists have been prosecuted but overall the police turn a blind eye.
1966 The FLB (Liberation Front of Brittany) claimed his first attack. The Breton Road Plan of 1968 is considered a consequence of these actions since a long time in Britain appoint highways FLB two expressways that serve the peninsula. In 1972 the "trial of FLB" before the court of state security becomes a "trial of the French colonization in Britain", 2000 people come to support the FLB Palace Mutuality in Paris.
The same year 1966 , Alan Stivell began singing, which will spark a cultural revolution in France early next decade.
Decade of the 1970s
A real revival of a sense of regional identity in Brittany:
The Cultural Revolution in Music
Unprecedented expansion of Breton music, at the initiative of Alan Stivell. Do not forget the cultural influence of the singer and writer Milig Skanv Ar, ie Glenmor, who was the first to awaken the Breton culture.
Countless singers and musicians will follow suit, including Gilles Servat and Tri Yann , both in concerts in festo-noz (Breton festival with music and traditional dances). These noz-festo often "support" a cause "left" became the rendezvous of a generation, and gradually all generations.
Multiplication of social conflicts which become Breton marked
- Proliferation of social conflicts which become Breton marked Multiplication of the Breton nationalist parties
Multiplication Breton nationalist parties, almost all located on the left or the extreme left, like the Communist Party Breton , guidance mao - Guevara , or self-managed socialist Front Breton ( 1974 ). Creating Sav Breizh with Erwan Vallerie and Yann Choucq of the mole Breton with Jean-Yves Guiomar and Alain Le Guyader. The UDB is the most important regionalist party in Britain. Strollad Vro Ar is a catch-all movement in the line of the former MOB. In March parliamentary 1973 , Strollad Ar Vro features 32 candidates, UDB has five.
Self-management
The self , which is all the social conflicts in France, is available in Britain as a political point of view, autonomy, namely:
- the PSU is particularly well represented ( Yves Le Foll , Mayor of Saint Brieuc , is the only long-elect of the party);
- symposium Britain and self closer PSU, PC, CFDT and many Breton movements of all stripes;
- 1973 : Ar Strollad Vro features 32 candidates for the March parliamentary and UDB has five;
- in 1979 the Plan Alter Breton , a 40-page document developed by scientists members of the PSU, is already an alternative environmentalist and objectively autonomist year plan of the Ministry of Economy and has a significant impact among activists of all parties.
Activism clandestine "armed propaganda"
In the 1970s , nationalism appears clandestine "armed propaganda" Liberation Front of Brittany - Breton Revolutionary Army. These groups engage in symbolic violence through violent actions against the symbols of the oppression of Brittany against the French state, against capitalism. After an initial wave of bombings in the late 1970s, a relative lull following the amnesty granted in 1981 by Francois Mitterrand. In the 1990s , there has been a resumption of attacks claimed by a Breton Revolutionary Army whose links and affiliation with the Fas -1970s are unclear. Ties with the organization Basque ETA are uncovered during the case Plvin. On 19 April 2000 , an explosion causes the death of Laurence Turbec , employee at the restaurant McDonald's of Quvert the outskirts of Dinan , this act is not claimed universally condemned (eg, Brittany, that's life Cultural Council of Britain). This is the first time an innocent person is killed (so far only two bombers were killed by their craft in 1976 and 1985). In March 2004, four activists were acquitted prosecuted for this. The prosecution has appealed three of the four acquittals . The prosecution had appealed against this ruling, the Supreme Court gave him wrong. Activists pursued are permanently bleached .
Update on the Breton movement and nationalism Breton
A divided political movement:
The "Breton political movement" is represented by a regionalist party, the UDB , a nationalist party of centrist trend: the Breton Party , and various groups claiming to federalist circles even anarchists , as Disuj Treger , part of the Coordination UK Independent and Libertarian.
- The UDB is the most important regionalist party, very few hundred members. It has about 80 municipal officials from lists of unions of the left or anti-liberal left, especially since 2004 , three Regional Councillors (plus one related) through an alliance with the Greens.
- The " Breton Party is a nationalist party, Democratic and Reformers focused on gathering beyond the left-right divide, in a sense quite similar to the modem. It appeared in 2002 and boasts about 450 members. It now has dozens of elected members in the structure Askole , Breton Association elected for Democracy, including a mayor - Gwenole Guyomarc'h to Locquirec )
- The royalists reappeared in the 1980s, a legitimate movement, the Federation Legitimist Breton (FBL), includes most of the monarchists Breton in many circles. True to the spirit that animated the struggle of the great defenders of the autonomy of Brittany within the framework of the French monarchy (the Marquis de La Rourie , Cadoudal , etc..), the FBL is affirmed in its specificity Breton.
- at the extreme left : Emgann , some of whose activists were involved in the case of Plvin and anarchist circles as Disuj Treger , part of the Independent and Libertarian Coordination Britain.
- to the extreme right :
- Adsav . Created in 2000 by Padrig Montauzier , this independence party claims 720 members. He announced his first participation in the cantonal elections of 2008.
- Krvreizh : splinter group led by Yann-Ber Tillenon and Dominique Blanc defending a cultural approach based on the Breton contemporary ethno-differentialist in connection with numerous groups in Europe, Africa and Asia. The trend represented by Dominique Blanc has the special position of defending " national-communist ".
- Some French have elected party positions regionalist very assertive, like Patrick Mareschal , socialist president of the General Council of Loire Atlantique and founder of Britain together or even Christian Troadec Mayor Carhaix (city center's main west- Britain), with the call Carhaix.
- During the 1990s, the emergence of regionalist or nationalist student union moderate and progressive social transformation, Dazont , which becomes the middle of the decade's first student union in Britain in 1998 but disappeared. Creation of a national union Breton: Breizh Sindikad Labourerien (PES) which is a continuation of the union and Dazont obtained in January 2006 three elected at the University of Haute Bretagne Rennes II.
Area of education
The creation and promotion of education in Breton are not connected globally to nationalist political movement, although it is present in a discrete manner in the structures of parental management.
- 1977 : creation of the first school Diwan with teaching of Breton by immersion. Network development for 30 years now, thirty schools (including 4 colleges and one high school) and around 3000 students. But Diwan still experiencing a lot of problems: financial, administrative problems, not officially recognized by the French Republic.
- 1984 : French government (socialist) creates a bilingual program in public education, which is a real success.
- 1990 : same thing for Catholic Education, known as Dihun.
- Today (back in 2009 ), approximately 13 077 children are enrolled in Breton, or 1.38% of all children in Britain.
Public life and cultural movement
- The arts (including music and dance) are becoming increasingly popular for 50 years. The music industry is more dynamic with hundreds of diverse groups, thousands of players of traditional music inspired Breton remains very popular. More than a hundred bagado across Britain have now reached a very high level and there is the organization of many groups of fest-noz very inventive. Breton music is very creative and open to the world, with designs such as Celtic Symphony of Alan Stivell , or later, the legacy of the Celts of Dan Ar Braz , or the huge success of Celtic music festivals, as the Inter-Celtic Festival in Lorient. Breton dances are also very popular when a fest-noz is held, it usually includes more than 500 people.
- The Breton language is still not recognized as part of the French Republic. Until the 1950s, it is forbidden at school and undervalued. There were in the 1950s, more than a million daily Breton. Still today in Lower Brittany than 250 000 but we must add the Britons of Upper Brittany and the Diaspora.
- The Breton flag , identified with the national indignity in the 1950s Economic Area
- Grouping patterns in many of the Institute Locarn to defend the interests of small and medium enterprises in Britain.
- These same leaders created the label " product in Britain , which wants a quality label to promote the image of Britain. It draws on an economic patriotism of the Britons and met considerable success.
- In 2001, creation of TV Breizh , 1st Breton television completely, but where the Breton language is very minor (barely more hours on public television France 3 Ouest )
- In 2002, launch of the drink Breizh Cola.
- In 2004, creation of a regional mobile operator Breizh Mobile.
Differences with other national, regional
It appears that the "Breton nationalism," or better named "Breton political movement," also differs quite markedly nationalism "official" than are those of Wales or the Basque country for example:
- It is divided between autonomy, the majority ( UDB , qualified party "regionalist" by voters and analysts are sometimes referred to himself as well), and independence.
- He has few elected officials, while elected officials sit on the nationalist Basque Country, Catalonia, Scotland or Wales;
- It has a limited audience that voters rarely exceeds 5%. The UDB has collected 2.81% of the vote in 2007 legislative elections, even if half of its candidates for the cantonal elections of 2008 have surpassed 5%.
- It does not define itself as nationalist, except when it is independence.
The separatists are mainly members of the UDB, the only party with regional politicians, but we must also mention a few groups of smaller audience, as the Breton Party , and various groups claiming to federalist circles even anarchists , as Treger Disuj or extreme-right as that Adsav.
Sense of belonging
Survey to the General Council of Finistre :
- Personally, you feel you belong very strongly ...
2002 2004 2005 to Europe 13% 21% 18% your town 46% 51% 48% to France 43% 61% 58% in Finistere 61% 70% 67% in Britain 65% 75% 73%
CSA poll in September 2000:
- You feel you belong to first ...
in Brittany (4 departments) in Loire-Atlantique Brittany 42% 24% France, 26% 32% your town 24% 20% Europe 6% 7% your department 1% 3% Region Pays de Loire ~ 14%
- Do you think the department of Loire-Atlantique is tied to Britain?
- in Britain 63%; in Loire-Atlantique 71%
Conclusion
Breton nationalism comes across the political spectrum, both right and left.
He has had only limited success despite the electoral dynamic Breton culture and identity increasingly claimed. Indeed, for 100 years, the Breton movement has experienced a real development, and an attempt to integrate successfully into society without Brittany.
But today the Breton movement seems to meet a deadline, not having invested heavily in politics (compared to similar movements in other nations without states, like Scotland , the Quebec , the Catalonia , the Galicia or Flanders ), nor in the economic field (except for the time of CELIB ).
Conversely, the themes of identity raised by the Breton nationalist policies are rejected by the population of the region's largest share. Nationalist rhetoric assumes:
- Recognition of the sovereignty of Brittany by affirming the lapse of the Franco-Breton in 1532 linking Britain to France and its strict compliance. Treaty would be "violated since the Revolution of 1789" Places, characters, symbols and events used by Breton nationalism
Personalities
- Anne de Bretagne , Duchess Anne
- Snipe (comics) , comic book character (see: Article on Snipe and Brittany).
- Cadoudal , cons-revolutionary.
- Duguesclin , which is considered the " Ganelon of Britain "by many nationalists Brittany , Tad ha Sover Breih in .
- Marquis Pontcallec , conspirator beheaded in 1720.
- Armand Tuffin , marquis de La Rourie, hero of the Revolutionary War and organizer of Conspiracy Breton.
Symbols
Events
- Festival of Saint Yves, May 19 , Yves Saint is considered the patron saint of Brittany and the Bretons , May 19 is the day of the "Festival of Britain" which is regarded by some as a "National Day" .
- National Day on September 29 .
- Administrative leave from the Loire-Atlantique from the rest of Britain (first posting in the creation of economic regions in the Vichy regime in 1941 , second detachment during the creation of administrative regions in 1955 / 1956 )
- The case of Camp Conlie (1870-1871) raised considerable excitement in Britain. A commission of inquiry is i> commissioned by the National Assembly to prepare a report on the actions of the Government of National Defense. The rapporteur is La Borderie. In 1873 , the "cross of Brittany" is built in the cemetery Conlie. In 1913 , we raise a monument on the hill Jaunelire Places
- Bains-sur-Oust , Battle of Ball , Brittany victory against the Franks in 845.
- Conlie , Conlie Camp in 1870.
- Place Bouffay at Nantes , at the plaque commemorating the execution of the Marquis de Pontcallec.
- Monument Federation Brittany-Anjou to Pontivy.
- Town Hall Square at Rennes , a monument symbolizing the union of Brittany to France , the sculptor Jean Boucher destroyed in 1932 by the terrorist organization Gwenn ha Du.
- Saint-Aubin du Cormier , site of the Battle of Saint-Aubin du Cormier in 1488 (loss of independence).
- Chapel Koat-Keo to Scrignac , Finistere , where rests the Abbe Perrot assassinated by the Resistance.
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- Brittany Lane, Mordrel Olier , 1975 , Nature and Brittany, Quimper
- Le Breton, a Celtic language -. Nature and Britain. 1976 of Yann Brekilien
- Breizh hiziv -. Anthology of Song in Britain. PJ Oswald. 1976 of Philippe Durand.
- The origins of Breton nationalism -. General Union of editions. 1977. Tanguy Bernard. Volume I: The revival of Breton studies in the nineteenth century, Volume II: An Essay on the history of the Breton language by Hersart La Villermarqu tracking notes and clarifications
- Summarized history of the movement-Breton. Nature and Britain. 1977. by Yann Four.
- We knew that Breton and he had to speak French -. Memory of a peasant of Leon. Breizh hor bro. 1978. of Fanch Elegot.
- Brittany, problems of regionalism in France, Cornelsen-Velhagen & Klasing, Berlin 1979.
- Le Breton, the youth of an old language -. Britain presses popular. 1980. Fanch Morvannou.
- Catherine Bertho , "The Invention of Britain", in Proceedings of the Social Science Research, Vol. 35, No. 35, 1980, p. 45-62 See also
References
- Bertho 1980 , p. 45-47
- On January 3, 1789, states have been suspended by Louis XVI (king of France) because a list of requirements of the Third Estate, prior to their participation. It was established so that the two other orders could not accept it. The nobility and the clergy continued to sit despite the suspension, totally illegal Louis XVI states Britain
- Statement by the Abb Maury , "is the literal execution of the treaty of Vannes in 1532 demanding that the Britons. There is nothing more sacred among men, if such a title is not respected [ ...] all contract commitments are reciprocal. It is thus demonstrated, and I am not afraid to publish it in the presence of representatives of the French nation, that Britain is free, and we have no further right on this province, if we do not faithfully perform the terms of the treaty that reunited to the crown [...] One of the clauses of this contract is formally that Britain will have a parliament, chancery, a chamber of accounts, and it will be no change in the administration of justice in this province without the consent of its states. " The Constituent Assembly has clearly violated the terms of the Treaty [1]
- See Dictionary of the history of Britain, article "War" 14, pages 344-345.
- Michel Nicolas, History of the Breton movement, Syros, 1982, p. 102; Alain Deniel, P. 318; see also the bibliography Frlaut Bertrand, Georges Cadiou, Franoise Morvan, Kristian Hamon.
- Ronan Calvez, Radio in Breton: Roparz Hemon and Pierre-Jakez Helias: Two Dreams of Brittany, Rennes University Press, 2000, 330 pages, p. 91 ( ISBN 2868475345 ).
- http://www.letelegramme.com/ig/generales/regions/cotesarmor/resistance-et-identite-bretonne-contre-verite-selon-lanacr-20080124-2329569_1194071.php
- http://membres.lycos.fr/leguenne/documents/nationalisme/nationalisme.htm
- Georges Cadiou : "For several years I am interested in this subject. I got tired of reading rehabilitation of certain employees convinced. And I think in particular to an article which featured Yann Breizh Info Bricler as "a patriot Breton murdered by the Stalinists." It was in fact resistant FTP. 'We can not say anything to young activists. "Cape Finisterre in No. 453 of Friday, November 16, 2001, about his book" The ermine and the swastika. "
- Marhic Renaud : "It is in Britain of angry conversations. Those relating to the duty to remember are these. Because the range of Breton nationalism, red to brown, amnesia seems total. When the national press, in a volley of investigations, recalls the excesses of Emsav (Breton movement) during the occupation, an echo does not return until the Supreme anathema: "Jacobinism!" " http://www.amnistia.net/news/articles/bret/natbret/natbret.htm
- http://histoire-sociale.univ-paris1.fr/Collo/BERGERE.pdf
- Lookout L. Girard
- Four Yann, La Maison du Connemara, passim.
- Some special cases: A hotel is being prosecuted because of the black market and have joined the GNP, explained that his school had been requisitioned by the German army and had to provide food for the occupants, he does not have denied had some sympathy for the GNP, he was acquitted "due to numerous services to patriots "(Annick Le Guen, Purification in Morbihan, page 97, November 1992, ISBN 2-909750-24-8 ), a baker, continued to have acceded to the GNP, was acquitted His house was used as a PC local maquis (Annik Le Guen, Purification in Morbihan, page 97, November 1992, ISBN 2-909750-24-8 ), "Pierre Roper, former president of the "White Sheep" of Pontivy , who is dying in a concentration camp in Germany is covered by a warrant ( Herve Boterf , The Britain in the war, cited in Charles Floquet, Pontivy , freedom found on page 94, ditions Keltia Graphic, Spzet , 2003, ISBN 978-2-913953-65-9 ). Peter Roper is actually dead in exile in Germany March 28, 1945 ( List of political exiles born or adopted in the Morbihan, according to the OJ 161-14/07/1998 )
- http://www.fondationresistance.org/pages/rech_doc/bretagne-identites-regionales-pendant-seconde-guerre-mondiale_colloque7.htm
- report of the work by Luc Capdevila appeared in No. 73 2002 / 1 Twentieth Century. History Review , p. 211-237 ,
- According to Nicolas Michel "We need the truth to say that almost all of the Breton Movement organized politically collaborated in one way or another during the war. "History of the Breton movement, Syros, 1982, p. 102.
- Yeun ar Gow, "Evorenno" (souvenirs), Al Liamm, No. 178, 1978, p. 343?
- Francis Favereau, Dictionary of Contemporary Breton, P. 874, Skol Vreizh, 1992.
- Francis Favereau , contemporary Britain, culture, language, identity, Skol Vreizh, page 146 and following, Morlaix, 2005 ( ISBN 2-911447-72-7 )
- Peter Dharrville, "Nebula Breton nationalists" , L'Humanit, April 20, 2000.
- The prosecution has appealed the acquittal of Christian Georgeault, Paskal Laiz and Gael Roblin for attacks against the MacDonalds of Pornic and Quvert and the attempted attack against the post office mail Mitterrand of Rennes, a trial call is announced for November 2008 -Ocean Press , June 2008
- Open Monday, November 17, 2008, the appeal process runs short, the special criminal court had "ruled inadmissible the appeal of the prosecution, the Prosecutor General's Office with five days to lodge an appeal" Ouest-France , November 20 2008, pages 1, 4 and 6
- The Supreme Court in June 2009 confirmed the inadmissibility of the appeal. This criminal case is closed The Telegram , P. 10, June 26, 2009
- http://cantonales2008.blogs.letelegramme.com/tag/ADSAV Article from Telegram from 23/01/2008 - "Service Order impressive party colors, singing in Breton accent paramilitaries, welcome to the annual convention of Adsav. Saturday, the extreme right was met Brittany in Lorient to designate its candidate to cantonal "
- Council of Finistre - Home -
- Arthur de La Borderie , History of Britain awarded him the qualifier Tad ar Vro, that is to say "father of the fatherland"
- (br) Isto Breih pe ar hanes Vretoned (p. 93)
- [ http://www.la-croix.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2435504&rubId=4078 Trguier Yves, patron saint of Brittany Cross 13/08/2010
- Website of the Regional Council of Brittany
- see interview with Jean-Michel Le Boulanger , Vice-President of the Brittany Region Agence Bretagne Presse
- Historian Soviet Boris Porchnev described the revolt as an anti-tax, broadens causes a revolt against the taking of landlords and also offers an analysis of the patriotic uprising in Brittany citing an article by N. Ia. Marr: The talk of the national minority Breton, in Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 211 (in Russian) which draws a parallel between the situation of the Bretons in France and "alien" in the Caucasian Russian Tsarist. Porchnev Boris wrote: "The connection definitely Britain to France, confirmed by the States of Brittany, had place in 1532. Can we speak of national subjugation and national liberation struggle of the Britons, since the Breton nobility had already completely Anglicized, and, basically, only Britons remained peasants? The answer is contained in the current issue Breton in France. Despite an ongoing denationalization of some of the Britons, this problem remains typical of "national minorities" and can not be resolved under the conditions of a bourgeois regime. " Boris Porchnev, goals and demands of peasants at the Breton uprising of 1675. Boris Porchnev concludes: "We find ourselves precisely in the seventeenth century distant historical roots of this struggle." Boris Porchnev, goals and demands of peasants at the Breton uprising of 1675
- Camille Le Mercier Erm , The Strange Adventures of the Army of Britain
- France-Culture, Passing remember (3 / 4): Camp Conlie, Issue of February 16, 2004
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