Balkan Linguistic Union
The common language or Balkan Balkan linguistic area is a set of languages used in the Balkans share many similarities phonetic , morphological , syntactic and lexical which does not derive from a common origin.
Can be considered part of the union the following languages:
- among the Romance languages : The Eastern Romance languages , that is to say, the Romanian in a broad sense History of concept
The first scholar to notice the similarities between the Balkan languages beyond their genetic affiliation was the Slovene Jernej Kopitar in 1829 , but it was not until the 1920s they were theorized, with the major contributors Gustav Weigand and Kristian Sandfeld-Jensen (Balkan Linguistics, 1930).
This was the Romanian linguist Alexandru Rosetti which launched the term 'Balkan linguistic union in 1958. Capidan Theodor went further by asserting that their structure was likely to be reduced to a common Balkan type. Opponents of this theory (eg Alexandru Graur ) argue that the use of linguistic term Balkan is unfit and that some of these common properties may result from the internal development of each language, while another is a simple "reciprocity language, "insufficient to establish a" Balkan Linguistics "autonomous, as are the Romance or Germanic Studies.
Possible origins
The source of the development of these common characteristics and their distribution have been the subject of much debate and led to various theories.
Substrate Thracian, Dacian or Illyrian
As most of the Balkans is not found outside the languages related to those of the union, the early scholars, including Kopitar, thought that they had inherited from the ancient indigenous languages which form the substratum of the modern Balkan languages: the Thracian , the Dacian and Illyrian. But as he reached us very little about these languages, one can not say that the Balkans were in attendance.
Influence Greek
Another theory advanced by Kristian Sandfeld in 1930 is of a purely Greek influence, because of the "superiority" of Greek civilization to its neighbors. However, none of the dialects of ancient Greek does typical of the Balkans, those who find themselves in modern Greek are innovations in posterior Greek Koine. Moreover, the Greek is not central to the Balkan linguistic union, it lacks some important features such as the postposition of the definite article.
Influence in Latin and Romance
The Roman Empire ruled the Balkans as a whole and it is possible that a local form of Latin left its mark on all indigenous languages, which later formed the substrate of South Slavic languages. The weakness of this theory developed by Georg Solti is that only some of the Balkan traits are found in other Romance languages , and there is no evidence that the Romans have been isolated long enough in the Balkans to develop them.
An argument in favor of this theory is the existence of Macedonian borrowing structure ( layers ) in Aromanian, which can be explained by a substrate Aromanian in Macedonian, but the problem of the origin Balkan Aromanian remains.
Multiple origins
The theory most widely accepted today was brought forward by the Polish Zbigniew Golab : all the innovations would not have the same source and influence of these languages have been reciprocal, some commonalities can go back to Latin, Greek or Slavic languages while others, particularly those that Romanian, Albanian, Macedonian and Bulgarian are only to share, be explained by a substrate effect during the romanization (in the case of Romania) or the Slavists (in the case of Bulgarian and Macedonian). The Albanian was influenced by both the Latin than Slavic, but retained much of its original features.
An argument in favor of this theory is that the turbulent history of the Balkans led many people to move from one place to another, inhabited by another ethnic group. These small groups often quickly assimilated, leaving traces in the new language they did. Another possibility is that before the modern era, the multilingualism was common in the Balkans, enabling rapid diffusion of linguistic change from one language to another. It is notable in this regard that the dialects of the richest regions of the Balkans are those who have had contact with many different languages.
Language contact areas most likely Chronology of contacts
(Developing)
It is likely that the first contacts have occurred between the ancestors of Romanians and Albanians, between I and V century , due to the existence of the Albanian words borrowed from Latin Balkan and Romanian words related to substrate with Albanian words.
The exact location of these contacts is debated, between Albania 's northern Transylvania (see Origin of the Romanian people ). All varieties are part of the Romanian linguistic unity, indicating that the contact was prior to their divergence.
The invasion of the Slavs opened a period of migration through the Balkans which made the emergence of multi-ethnic communities in the probable origin of the common language, from the eighth century , the majority of strokes in existence at the XII century the continuing balkanization however until the seventeenth century in some areas.
The Serbian was perhaps the last language to join, as indicated by the low number of features it has, and mostly in dialects Torlak only dialects of the Bulgarian transition to home relatively late, after most of the features common to the union were established in linguistics.
Traits common grammatical
System casual
The number of cases is small, many being supplanted by the use of prepositions, with the exception of Serbia. The declination of a typical par Balkan language includes the cases following:
- nominative
- accusative , prepositions used with the same shape as the nominative
- dative / genitive (merged)
- vocative
NB: In Bulgaria, the variations have disappeared.
Syncretism of the genitive and dative
In the Balkan languages, the genitive and dative or prepositional constructions corresponding thereto, are identical in shape. Example:
Language Dative Genitive French I gave the book to Mary. This is the book of Mary. Albanian Dhash e kam n fibrin Maris. sht i libri Maris. Bulgarian (Dadoh knigata Marija na)
; (Knigata e na Marija)
Romanian I-am dat Cartea Mariei. Cartea este Mariei. Macedonian . (I dadov knigata ja na Marija)
. Greek . or also (in colloquial language): .
. Syncretism of rental and directional
The term semantics rental (where it is) and directional (where it goes) is the same shape, the rest is also true of French , like other Romance languages , but languages like Latin or German mark explicitly the difference in their morphosyntax.
language "Greece" (rental) "Greece" (directional) Bulgarian Greek Romanian n Grecia n Grecia Verbal System
Formation of the future
The future is formed analytically using an auxiliary whose meaning is "wish" (as in English "will"), followed most often a subjunctive.
Language Register Training Example: "I see" Albanian "Do" (invariable) + subjunctive Do t shikoj Aromanian "Will" (invariable) + subjunctive Va s-ved Bulgarian "" (invariable) + This Greek "" (invariable) + subjunctive Macedonian "" (invariable) + This Serbian (Language Arts) "Htet (conjugated) + infinitive () (Colloquial) "Htet (conjugated) + subjunctive Romanian (Language Arts) "A voi" (conjugated) + infinitive Voi vedea (Colloquial) "O" (invariable) + subjunctive O vad its (Alternative familiar) "A avea" (conjugated) + subjunctive Am his vad (Archaic) "Will" (invariable) + subjunctive Will his vad Romany (Erli) "Ka" (invariable) + subjunctive Ka dikhav Perfect periphrastic
The perfect is formed analytically with the auxiliary "have", as in the Romance languages or modern Germanic languages. The origin of this trait may be sought in the Vulgar Latin. However, this does not apply to Bulgarian and Serbian, where the perfect is formed with the auxiliary "be" and the past participle Active : - "who promised" (past participle active); (Bul.) (Ser.) - "I am"; ; (Ser.) - "I promised (littralement." I have promised "), perfect. Macedonian for its part may optionally use "be" or "have" as auxiliary, depending on the dialect and the construction with "be" is characteristic of this language: "I promised"
Reducing the use of the infinitive
The use of the infinitive is common in languages related to those of the Balkans but outside the union, like the Romance languages and Slavic languages , is generally replaced by buildings in the subjunctive :
- Bulgarian, Macedonian, Greek and the dialect of Tosk Albanian, the loss of the infinitive is complete
- in Aromanian and in the southern Serbian dialects, it is almost complete
- Megleno-in Romanian and in the Geg dialect of Albanian, the use of the infinitive is reduced to a limited number of expressions
- in Daco-Romanian, Serbian and Croatian, the infinitive shares many features with the subjunctive
- Turkish spoken in Sliven and Shumen was also almost completely lost the infinitive.
For example, "I want to write" will literally say "I want to write":
Language Example Notes Albanian "Dua t shkruaj" Macedonian " " Bulgarian " " Greek " " Romanian "Vreau its scriu" as opposed to "Vreau has scri", which is OK but Restricted Serbian "Zelim da pisem" as opposed to the more common form in Croatian: "Zelim Pisati" where is an infinitive. Turkish Bulgaria "Isterim yazaym" In the Turkish Turkey was "yazmak istiyorum" where "yazmak" is an infinitive. Subjunctive in direct employment
The subjunctive may be used alone to express a wish, a wish, a request, an intention or a suggestion.
Below is the translation of "you go there" with the subjunctive constructions in Balkan languages:
Language Example Notes Macedonian ! Bulgarian ! Serbian (including dialect Torlak) Da ides! Albanian T shkosh! Greek ! Romany Dza te! Romanian Sa te duci! (Construction employs a reflexive pronoun ) Megleno-Romanian S-ti had! Aromanian S-ti Duts! Evidentiality
(Addition from the English version, to be developed)
Definite article postponed
With the exception of Greek and Romani, all EU languages use a definite article postponed , attached to the end of the name rather than in front. No related languages (the Romance and Slavic languages) has this feature, and is regarded as an innovation created and disseminated in the Balkans.
However, each language has independently created his own in-house items, so that the items are similar to Romanian articles (and demonstratives) Italian or French, while the Bulgarian match demonstratives in other Slavic languages.
Language Women Male unarticulated form articulated form unarticulated form articulated form Albanian shtpi shtpi has qiell qiell i Bulgarian Macedonian Romanian casa case some ul cer Serbian (Torlak) Training Numerals
The numerals between ten and twenty are trained in how slave "unit" + "to" + "ten". For example, "eleven" is said literally "one in ten." Modern Greek does not follow this trend.
Language "Eleven" Training Albanian "Njmbdhjet" nje + + mbe dhjet Bulgarian "" + () + Macedonian "" () + () + () Romanian "Unsprezece" spre a + + Zece Serbia "Jedanaest" jedan + (n) + (d) es (e) t Pronominal Enclise
The direct object and indirect object are redoubled by a weak form clitic of personal pronoun. This trait is found in Romanian, Greek, Bulgarian and Albanian.
Example: "I see it, George."
Language Example Romanization Albanian E shikoj Gjergjin " Bulgarian " ." (Colloquialisms, see note) "Georgi Vijdam go." Macedonian "o ." "Go gledam Djordje." Greek " " "Your tone vlepo Giorgio" Romanian "It vad pe George." Note: The following form unmarked order SVO without clitic ". The repetition by a clitic is nonetheless possible colloquial language: " . The clitic is obligatory in case of theming of the object, with orders OVS , which is an alternative to the passive voice in register familiar: " .
Common features of lexical
Vocabulary
The languages of the Balkan linguistic union have hundreds of words in common, mostly originating from Greek or Turkish Osmanli , because of cultural and economic domination of the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman empire in the region.
Albanian, Romanian and Bulgarian also share many words from various sources:
Source Language Source word Meaning Albanian Bulgarian Greek Romanian Macedonian Latin mensa table Tavolini (masa) - masa Thracian / Illyrian * Magar ass Magar (Magar) - Magar Ancient Greek (libdion) pre Livadhi (livada) (Livada) livada Ancient Greek (didskalos) Professor dhaskal (measured) (Daskal) (very familiar) (dscalos) Dascal Ancient Greek (kouton) box kuti (koutia) (Kuti) cutie (koutiya) Phraseology
Apart from the lexical borrowing itself, there are many layers of past Balkan language to another, mainly between the Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek and Romanian.
For example, the word for "ripe" (a fruit) is derived from the word "cook" in Albanian, Greek and Romanian.
Another example is a vow which literally means "for years":
Language Expression Romanization Greek khronia polla Latin ad multos annos Romanian multi ani Albanian shum pr word Bulgarian za mnogo godina Macedonian godina za mnogu Idioms meaning "we <verb> or not" form with the turn "<verb>-not-<verb>." . For example, for "we like it or not":
Language Expression Bulgarian - Greek Romanian vrea nu vrea Turkish ister Istem Serbian - Derivation
Some suffixes of lexical derivation are found throughout the Balkan linguistic area, as the diminutive of Slavic-ica - API - which is found in Albanian, Greek and Romanian.
Common features phonetic
A common feature of the Balkan languages "core" is the existence of a phoneme schwa (in IPA / / ), written in Albanian, Bulgarian , in Romanian. The schwa is also in the majority of the Macedonian dialects, but not in those of Central and Western, which is based on the written language.
Romanian and Albanian, the schwa is derived from a / a / in unstressed position. Thus, the Latin word Camisia ("shirt") became Romanian camas Notes
References
- (In) This article is partially or entirely from the article in English entitled " Balkan linguistic union (see the list of authors )
- According to the schools, the term Romanian is either used as a synonym of Daco-Romanian, the language spoken in Romanian and Moldova , to be extended to all Eastern Romance languages then regarded as dialects of Romanian.
- Winford, Donald (2003) An Introduction to Contact Linguistics, Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0-631-21251-5
Bibliography
- Batzarov, Zdravko. "Balkan Linguistic Union" (at the Encyclopdia Orbis Latini)
- Lindstedt, J. (2000) "Linguistic Balkanization: Contact-induced change by mutual reinforcement." Pp 231-246 in DG Gilbers et al. (Eds.), Languages in Contact. Amsterdam & Atlanta, GA 2000: Rodopi. (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics, 28.) ISBN 90-420-1322-2
- Donabdian, Anad. "From Armenian to Armenian classical modern typology, word order and language contact", in Journal of Linguistics INALCO 3, 2000, 34-54. [1]
- Du Nay, Andr. (1977) "The Origins of the Rumanian" Balkan Linguistic Union
- Grey Thomason, Sarah. (1999) "Linguistic Areas and Language History" (PDF)
- Hock, Hans Henrich. "Historical implications of a dialectological Approach to Convergence," in Jacek Fisiak, Historical Dialectology: Regional and Social, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 1988 283-328.
- Jakobson, Roman. "ber die phonologischen Sprachbund," in Proceedings of the Linguistic Circle of Prague 4, 1931, 234-240.
- Joseph, Brian D. (1999) "Romanian & the Balkans: Some Comparative Perspectives" (PDF)
- Kopitar, Jernej K. (1829). "Albanische, walachische Bulgarische Sprache u.. Jahrbcher der Literatur (Wien) 46, pp. 59-106.
- Rosetti, Alexandru (1965-1969). "History of the Romanian language" (Istoria limbii romne), 2 vols., Bucharest.
- Russu, Ion (1967). "The Language of the Thraco-Dacians" (Limba Traco-Dacilor), Editura tiinific, Bucharest
- Sandfeld, Kristian. Balkan Linguistics, problems and results, Champion, linguistic Collection of Linguistic Society of Paris, Paris, 1930.
- Tomi, Olga Mieska (2003). "The Balkan Sprachbund properties: An Introduction to Topics in Balkan Syntax and Semantics" (PDF)
- Andrej N. Sobolev (Ed.) Mali dialektologiceskii balkanskikh iazykov atlas. Muenchen: Verlag Biblion, 2003 -
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