Background and Process

Entered the war the Ottoman Empire

On November ^1, 1914 , after being requested since August by Germany , the Ottoman Empire enters World War alongside the Central Powers. Then open new fronts, including one on the border Caucasian with Russia. The third Ottoman army that rushed unprepared logistics Transcaucasia , was crushed in January 1915 , at Sarikamish.

In Istanbul, Enver Pasha accuses the Armenians of the region of siding with the Russians . UPC leaders decide to take the opportunity of war to resolve definitively the extermination of Armenians by the "Armenian Question" (Ermeni sorunu) which, since the Congress of Berlin in 1878, is one of the most issue of 'Eastern Question' . In addition, motivated by nationalist ideology and Turkist Turkism , they see the Armenians a major obstacle to their unification ethnic in Anatolia and their expansion in the countries of the Turkish language of Asia Central .

The justification is that it is a reaction to the desertion of Armenians that occurred in some areas (partly due to the conditions imposed on Christians in the Ottoman army), but especially against the few acts localized resistance: the most important case, Van , will be presented by the government as a revolution, an uprising version contradicted by every witness reports Italian, German or American (consuls, missionaries, teachers ...) who explain that Armenians organized a defense of the city to avoid incurring a massacre ^, .

Massacres

Armenian corpses: photo taken by H. Morgenthau.

In February 1915 , the party's central committee and cabinet ministers of war, Talaat Pasha and Enver in particular, is secretly developing a plan of destruction that will be implemented in the following months . It was officially presented as a transfer of the Armenian population - as the government accuses of collaborating with the Russian enemy - far from the front. In fact, deportation is the mask that covers an operation to annihilate all Armenians of the Empire .

The first measure is the disarming of Armenian soldiers serving in the Ottoman army. They are employed on road works and transport, and during the year 1915, eliminated by small groups . Then the Young Turks, seeking evidence of a conspiracy Armenian, conduct searches and arrests, which particularly affect first Armenian intellectuals and notables of Constantinople , arrested 24 and April 25, deported and killed. This event marks the true beginning of the genocide. The death toll is estimated between two hundred and six hundred people. Once the "intelligentsia" (the elite) of a people is destroyed, it is easier to exterminate the rest of the population . The destruction of the Armenian population is effected in two phases: from May to July 1915 in seven provinces - vilayets - East of Anatolia - four near the Russian front : Trabzon , Erzurum , Van , Bitlis , three down: Sivas , Harput , Diyarbakr - where nearly one million Armenians and then at the end of 1915, in other provinces of the empire. The removal of casualties from the front during the various phases of the massacres, removes all probability to the charge of collaborating with the enemy.

Map showing the deportations

In the eastern provinces, the operation takes place everywhere in the same way. The following sequences occur systematically in cities and towns :

• searches in the homes of notable civil and religious;
• arrest of these leaders;
• torture to confess to an alleged conspiracy and weapons caches;
• deportation and execution of prisoners near the town;
• publication of a notice of deportation ;
• separation of men who, bound by small groups, are performed in the vicinity of the city;
• evacuation of the entire Armenian population distributed in convoys of women, children and elderly people who leave the city at regular intervals, on foot, with a meager baggage;
• removal in the convoy of women and children driven into Muslim homes;
• decimation regular convoys by gendarmes in charge of the escort, tapes or Kurdish militiamen recruited for this purpose.

Only a few thousand people survived the deportation . In villages, protected witnesses, all Armenians were killed, with the exception of a few women and children removed . In vilayets Bitlis and Diyarbakir, almost all Armenians were killed on the spot .

1915

In the rest of the empire, the program takes the form of deportation, led by rail on a portion of the trail, families sometimes staying together. The convoys of deportees - about 870,000 people - converge Aleppo , in Syria , where a branch of the Settlement of Tribes and deported distributes in two areas: south, to Syria , the Lebanon and Palestine - some survive on the east, along the Euphrates , where concentration camps, real hospices , are improvised. The deportees are being pushed towards Deir ez-Zor. There, in July 1916 they were sent to the deserts of Mesopotamia , where they are killed by small groups or die of thirst . The last groups of deportees along the railway from Baghdad to Ras-ul-Ain, to Intilli are also exterminated in July 1916. Survives only a third of Armenians who lived in Constantinople and Smyrna , the abductees, the Armenians of Van vilayet, saved by the advancing Russian army, or two hundred and ninety thousand survivors . several hundred thousand deportees survived the camps in the south also. , and some Syriac and Yazidis .

Review of massacres

The facts are known from May 1915 through the reports of diplomats and neutral witnesses from the many missions, schools and hospitals present in the Ottoman Empire. The contemporary press, particularly the United States and Canada , echoed the indignation raised by these revelations. After the war, the Young Turk regime have disappeared since October 1918, the trials show the reality of the massacres and reveal the existence of a criminal organization, the Special Organization, which masterminded the destruction of the Armenian population .

When, at the end of 1916, observers take stock of the annihilation of the Armenians in Turkey, they may find that, with the exception of three hundred thousand Armenians were saved by the Russian advance and some two hundred thousand people Constantinople and Smyrna it was difficult to suppress in front of witnesses, it persists for more than islet survival : women and girls abducted, disappeared in the secret Turkish houses or re-educated in Islamic schools as one that leads the apostle of Turkism Halide Edip , children in orphanages grouped drivers, and some miraculous hidden by Muslim neighbors or friends, or, in the central cities, a few families untouched by the firmness of a validation or a kamakan. These killings have claimed the lives of a number of individuals varies according to the authors, six hundred thousand to a million and half people ^, .

Subsequent Events

Minutes of the Unionists, Constantinople, 1919

In 1919 was held in Constantinople the trial of the Unionists. The main perpetrators of genocide are sentenced to death in absentia , having fled in 1918 , just after destroying most of the incriminating documents. The court martial establishes the willingness of unionists to physically eliminate the Armenians, via its special organization. Here is his conclusion:

"Immediately after the mobilization of 21 July 1914 , the party's Central Committee of Union and Progress had been a Techkilat Mahsouss-i (Turkish name of the Special Organization), which was entirely different in its aims and membership of the i-Techkilat Mahsouss already existing. By order of the Ministries of Interior and Justice, the same i-Techkilat Mahsouss accepted convicts released the i-Techkilat Mahsouss under the Ministry of War refused to incorporate. When prisoners were released, the Party, to mislead public opinion, spread the news that released criminals would be employed on the forehead when they were sent to training centers and were then used to plunder and destroy convoys of Armenian deportees. "

Treaty of Svres

This treaty was signed on 10 August 1920 by the powerful stakeholders (British Empire, France, Japan, Italy), and allied states represented by Armenia , the Belgium , the Greek , the Hejaz , the Poland , the Portuguese , the Romania , the Czechoslovak government and Yugoslav uniting Slovenes , Croats and Serbs. The ceremony took place in the great hall which now houses the Museum of Porcelain at Sevres. Among the main provisions of this treaty, we note two articles (88 and 89) concerning the Republic of Armenia:

"Turkey hereby recognize, as have done the allied Armenia as an independent state. "

"Turkey and Armenia, as well as the high contracting parties agree to submit to arbitration by the President of the United States of America, determining the border between Turkey and Armenia, in vilayets of Erzurum, Trabzon, Van and Bitlis, and to accept his decision, and any stipulations he may prescribe as to access all Ottoman territory adjacent. "

The mandate of enforcing provisions relating to the Armenian Republic is entrusted to the United States. Upon his return, President Woodrow Wilson faces opposition from a majority of U.S. senators, led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, refused to ratify the Treaty of Sevres and thus the American mandate over Armenia.

Minutes Tehlirian, 1921

img alt = "" src = "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/They_Shall_Not_Perish.png/200px-They_Shall_Not_Perish.png" width = "200" height = "303" class = "thumbimage" />

"They will not perish" American committee in support of Armenians in the Near East, Douglas Volk, 1918.

On 15 March 1921 , Talaat Pasha , the great organizer of the extermination of Armenians, was killed by a bullet in a street in Berlin.

The shooter was arrested at the scene of the crime. This is a young 23 year old Armenian, Soghomon Tehlirian , survivor of genocide in which he lost his mother and his entire family. It was part of " Operation Nemesis ", mounted to execute the death sentence in absentia trial of the Unionists.

Soghomon Tehlirian is held shortly after, 2 and 3 June 1921 , the trial court in Berlin.

The testimony of Soghomon Tehlirian , Christine Terzibashian Johannes Lespius or even General Liman von Sanders, as well as the documents used, including five cipher telegrams sent by Talaat to Naim Bey, sent Andonian's documents in court, give an new dimension to the trial, the crime of genocide Talaat and the Young Turks in turn is indicted. The authenticity of the documents from Andonian was questioned by Turkish historians Orel and Yuca, authenticity, however, then reaffirmed by the Armenian historian Dadrian. The court acquitted Soghomon Tehlirian. The sensational trial and its outcome is interpreted as a condemnation of those responsible for genocide.

Treaty of Lausanne

This treaty, signed at Lausanne on 24 July 1923 back on the Treaty of Sevres. Armenia is no longer mentioned. Historian H.-L. Kieser says:

"For the losers as well as for international aid, the shadow of the conference was overwhelming. The Treaty tacitly accepted the facts of war: the genocide of Ottoman Armenians, the massacre of Assyrians Ottoman deportation of Kurds Ottoman (1915-1916) and the expulsion of the Ottoman-Greek Orthodox (1914 and 1919-1922), committed to benefit the Turkification Anatolia. The new government of Ankara barely hiding his birth in the Young Turk party directly responsible for crimes committed between 1914-1918. The complete treatment acts of war by transferring populations hitherto unheard of, that of Muslim Greeks (356 000) and Ottoman Anatolian Orthodox (290,000, with those already evicted with about a million and half people). With four generations behind, it has recently begun to publicly deplore the transfer, even in Turkey. With regard to past crimes, denial and apology sometimes grotesque, but tacitly allowed by the treaty, still widely prevalent. "

Recognition and denial of genocide

The issue of recognition of the Armenian genocide, little discussed during much of the ^twentieth century , was revived by the first appearance of the Armenian terrorism during the 1970s (including the CJGA and ASALA ), then the occasion of the opening of negotiations between the EU and Turkey for a possible accession of the latter. The European Parliament recognized the Armenian genocide 18 June 1987 . Several historians and Holocaust scholars, including Elie Wiesel and Yehuda Bauer , have made public their position June 9, 2000 in the New York Times , declaring "incontestable reality of the Armenian genocide and encourage Western democracies to officially recognize " . The Institute of Holocaust and genocide (located in Jerusalem ) , and the Institute for the Study of Genocide (located in New York ) have established as a historical fact of the Armenian genocide. Pierre Vidal -Naquet , a major figure in the fight against Holocaust denial, says "it is obvious that in the case of the massacre of Armenians, the Turkish state is revisionist" denouncing the same time, with other historians Renowned "policy interventions increasingly frequent in the assessment of past events and legal proceedings involving historians .

This historical analysis of the Armenian Genocide was built on the basis of testimonies of survivors, as well as foreign observers, and was enriched by the gradual opening of official archives ottomans. An examination of the archives has allowed historians to refine knowledge on responsibilities. Thus, responsibility for the genocide (design, premeditation, organization and execution) is mainly attributed to officials from the party's Young Turk Ittihad, the role of the party of the Young Turks being similar to that of Nazi Germany during WWII World .

The Turkish state and a "handful of historians orders" have developed studies denying the Armenian genocide . Turkish historians or those interested in Ottoman history and / or refuse the quality of Turkish genocide in these events, they just talk about more or less spontaneous massacres and deportations necessitated by circumstances, and also minimize the number victims. Even though many countries and governmental bodies and religious in the world have formally defined as genocide, Turkey continues to deny the magnitude of what she calls "killing" or "the alleged Armenian genocide," adding that there were also many Turks massacred during this period. This position was denounced by both survivors and by the community of historians in general.

However, the International Association of Historians specializing in the study of genocide (International Association of Genocide Scholars), representing the majority of historians from Europe and North America, published an open letter to Turkish Prime Minister on 13 June 2005 to remind him that it was not only the Armenian community, but hundreds of historians of different nationalities, independent of any government, who had studied and established the reality of the Armenian Genocide:

"To deny the factual and moral reality of the Armenian genocide is not the historical study but a propaganda designed to free the guilty of their responsibilities by blaming the victims, and erase the moral significance of their crimes . "

Other positions

The Turkish position

The current Turkish government maintains a strong position to refuse recognition of the genocide and strongly condemn any genocide recognition by foreign governments or parliaments. The Turkish government did not deny the genocide directly after the First World War ^, . It is presented as a cruel consequence of the war, called the 1915 tragedy, not a voluntary act and formalized.

The stakes for Turkey

Beyond the moral and psychological implications, both for States and for the descendants of the people involved, the official recognition of a genocide in 1915-1916 involves financial and territorial issues important for Turkey. Indeed, recognizing the Armenian genocide would pave the way for claims for damages which Turkey does not want to give ^, . Turkey could be forced to pay compensation for damage human, moral and material (such as Germany had done after the Holocaust ) or even to surrender territories to Armenia (the Treaty of Sevres , undermined by genocide and by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , gave the territories of Armenia on modern Turkey, but also in Azerbaijan and Georgia ^, ).

Knowing that they are the Young Turks and Kemalist who founded the Republic in 1923, most leaders of modern Turkey are drawn from the Young Turks. Thus, many of them do not want to jeopardize their political party.

Official Position

Today, the Republic of Turkey refuses to recognize the existence of the Armenian genocide, describing the events of 1915-1916 as "Szde Soykrm Ermeni" ("so-called Armenian genocide").

Forefront in the fight against referring to the genocide is the Turkish diplomatic corps: diplomats from Turkey are among those actively disseminate propaganda arguments on the international stage. That made it a priority target of the attacks of the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), which made some thirty casualties in the Turkish diplomatic ranks during the years 1970-1980.

On national soil, the judiciary and also provides legal sanctions for those violating the official Turkish version: the new Penal Code, which is supposed to bring Turkey closer to European standards in terms of human rights, has been denounced by several international organizations including Reporters Without Borders and AI , particularly because of its Article 305 that punishes three years to ten years imprisonment and a fine all "acts contrary to the fundamental interests of nation "the sentence may be extended to fifteen years imprisonment if this view is expressed in the press. Explanatory Notes indicate that this project could, among other things, apply to claims about the Armenian genocide . The British Parliament, for its part, considered that no mention of the "Armenian genocide" was made in this article of the Penal Code . But recent court cases made to people speaking about the genocide of Armenians (including Orhan Pamuk , cf. infra) show that the Turkish Penal Code (Article 301) permits the prosecution of human rights defenders, journalists and other members of civil society peacefully expressing their dissenting opinion .

The argument in favor of non-recognition of the term genocide is essentially based on three axes :

• a challenge to the extent of casualties (estimated at between three hundred thousand and five hundred thousand while the estimates are of Armenian and half million deaths );
• questioning the existence of premeditation on the part of the Young Turk government;
• the reversal of the conviction (the Armenians are responsible for what happened to them) and outrage at the dimming of retaliation Armenian militia on civilians in Turkey.

In April 2005, the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan proposed to Armenian President Robert Kocharian to establish a commission of historians. Despite this proposal, Cemil Cicek, spokesman of the Turkish Government and Minister for Justice, spoke of "betrayal" and "stab in the back of the Turkish nation" in connection with academic historians Turkish (unearned the official Turkish thesis) who wanted to participate in a symposium focusing on "Ottoman Armenians during the decline of the Empire" held in May 2005 that should have taken place in Turkish universities ^, . The Armenian Foreign Minister Vardan Oskanian responded by seeing in the proposal to establish a commission of Turkey's desire to "rewrite history so blatantly and wanting to spread into other countries" . It should also be noted that at the time, it is still not the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic, but it still prevents the historians do their work because it has not opened the Ottoman archives of this period. Even if the Turkish government said at the same time have opened all its archives, this assertion has never been certified by independent historians ^, .

Turkish public opinion

A free and objective information on the subject is impossible in Turkey. Thus, when the writer Orhan Pamuk said in 2005 to a Swiss newspaper, that "one million Armenians and thirty thousand Kurds were killed in Turkey", a sub-prefect of Stler (region of Isparta, southwest) ordered the destruction of all his books . On December 16, 2005, the trial of Orhan Pamuk opens in Istanbul for remarks considered "insulting Turkishness" and punishable as such for six months to three years in prison ; justice Turkish abandon the prosecution nevertheless January 23, 2006 . The public has access to the official version on the massacres of the early century and generally rejects the term genocide, at least openly. Privately, some Turks recognize the reality of the massacres. Where appropriate, the public does not hesitate to express his rejection of certain methods. On 19 January 2007, Hrant Dink , editor of the journal Istanbul Armenian Agos and principal promoter of the recognition of genocide in Turkey, is assassinated by a young nationalist. Nearly a hundred thousand protesters took to the streets of Istanbul on the occasion of his funeral, carrying signs proclaiming "We are all Armenians" , a first in Turkey, where the discourse hitherto remained strongly influenced by the official government position.

The majority of Turkish intellectuals and historians contend that it denies the genocide. However, some intellectuals, celebrities, activists, human rights or Turkish professors take issue against the historical version prepared by Ankara.

Among academics include:

• Taner Akcam who believes that the perpetrators of genocide are among the founders of the Republic of Turkey was born seven years later and that the Turkish government can not "accept that among the" great hero who saved the country "were some of killers " . It was the first Turk to have opened the Ottoman archives and assume the genocide ;
• HB (professor at the University of Istanbul) who does not hesitate to call "lullabies" theses Ankara, adding that "there are tons of documents proving the sad reality";
• Ahmet Insel (University of Paris I and Galatasaray), which denounces, in his own words, the "revisionist delusion" that prevails in Turkey, which translates, according to him, by the denial of the Armenian suffering, denial to recognize the genocidal intent of some of the Unionists to power, and finally by the accusations against the Armenians;
• Fikret Adana (see his contribution to the symposium organized by the ANC, "The news of the genocide of Armenians");
• Altan Gkalp, Engin Akarl or Gocek .

The defenders of human rights are numerous, but include particularly Ali Ertem (SKD and his association against the crime of genocide, "Soykrm Kartlar Dernegi), Blent Peker (Turkish Foundation of Human Rights) or Ragip Zarakolu (nicknamed "Mother Courage" by Armenians). Books and exhibitions on the Armenian community emerge and meet with some success, suggesting a change in attitudes.

On 15 December 2008 , four intellectuals, Cengiz Aktar, Ali Bayramoglu, Ahmet Insel and Baskin Oran, launched the petition zr diliyorum ("We ask forgiveness") . The authors, advocates have long been working for two years on this petition which seeks a state recognition of the Armenian Genocide Turkish. The text says: "My conscience can not accept that we remain indifferent to the great catastrophe that the Ottoman Armenians suffered in 1915, and the denial. I reject this injustice and for my part, I share the feelings and pain of my Armenian brothers and sisters and I ask forgiveness . "Unprecedented event in Turkey, the text has raised over one thousand signatures of intellectuals, artists and Turkish academics on the day of its launch . The Ten thousand signatures are reached two days later . But sites "competitors" refusing to apologize, denying or denouncing genocide contrary to the attitude assumed Armenian during the First World War quickly emerged and also collected many signatures .

However, according to surveys, eight out of ten Turks believe their country should break the accession negotiations with the EU if it required the recognition of the genocide.

Since 1993, a chapter of history textbooks is devoted to arguments refuting the allegations of genocide. A 2003 circular from the Ministry of Education encourages teachers to "denounce the claims of the Armenians." Essay competitions are held in schools, including the few remaining Armenian schools in Istanbul. The Turkish press eventually be touched.

The Turkish Ministry of Culture stands on its website the official version of history and, according to a report by the French parliament, subsidizes many websites defending this thesis.

The 24 and 25 September 2005 was held for the first time in Turkey, in an atmosphere of high tension , a conference on Ottoman Armenians at the time of the decline of the empire. Canceled the day before on the orders of the Administrative Court of Istanbul, which had been discussed by the European Commission as a provocation, this conference, which was supported by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan , could finally take place at the Bilgi University of ' Istanbul. The only politician to be involved is a member of the CHP (left) Erdal nn , the son of smet nn , the closest companion of Mustafa Kemal.

The international community

Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in the world.

Countries or national chambers having recognized the Armenian genocide are: the Uruguay , the House of Representatives of Cyprus , the House of Representatives of the United States , the State Duma Russian , parliament Greek , the Senate of Belgium , the parliament of Sweden , the parliament of Lebanon , the Vatican , the parliament French , the Swiss National Council (against the advice of the Federal Council ) ^, , the Argentina , the Italian , the Netherlands , the Slovak Republic , the Canada , the Polish , the Lithuanian , the Venezuela and Chile .

Some international and regional institutions have also recognized the genocide: the case of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal , a subcommittee of the United Nations for the prevention of human rights and protection of minorities , the European Parliament , the Council of Europe and Mercosur.

In Germany , the Bundestag issued a resolution condemning the killings without using the word "genocide." Other countries have refused to consider the Armenian massacres as genocide: the case of the United Kingdom (the Wales , the Scotland and Northern Ireland have recognized the Armenian genocide) and the State of Israel , but the highest religious authority of Israel , in the person of the Chief Rabbi, has recognized the Armenian genocide .

Notes and references

1. There were massacres in 1917 and even 1918 , but they are more of completing the genocide against a genocidal process (1915-1916) itself. Ternon Yves , Armenians, history of genocide, Le Seuil Paris, 1977 ^(2nd ed. 1996) ( ISBN 2-0202-5685-1 ).
2. Claire Mouradian , Armenia, Presses Universitaires de France , coll. "What do I know? ^"(No. 851), Paris, May ^1996, 2nd ed. ^(1st ed. 1995), 127 p. (ISBN 2-13-047327-851), chap. 4 (" The upheavals of World War world center : genocide in Anatolia, the Caucasus independence "), p. 62:

   "In both cases, the proportion - two-thirds of the population - is identical. "

3. Anahide Ter Minassian wrote: "From 1915 to 1918, the Armenian genocide wiped out nearly half the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire" in "The Armenians in the 20th Century, Twentieth Century. History Review , Year 2000, Volume 67, Number 1, p. 137. [ read online ]
4. This figure is generally accepted by the community of historians, but their character as genocidal, the toll of killings and deportations of Armenians, however, does not unanimously. Ter Minassian Anahide wrote: "If no one today disputes the lethality of forced displacement or the massacres that accompanied the controversy since 1919 the number of victims (1.5 million according to the Armenians, 600 000 to 800 000 by the Turks), the cause of the deportations on [...], [...] shared responsibility "in" The Armenians in the 20th Century, Twentieth Century. History Review , Year 2000, Volume 67, Number 1, p. 140. [ read online ]
5. imprescriptible.fr
6. Marcel Leart, The Armenian Question in the light of the documents, 1913, Raymond Kevorkian, The Armenians in the Ottoman Empire on the eve of the genocide, Arhis, Paris, 1992.
7. Justin McCarthy, Muslims and Minorities, The Population Of The Ottoman Armenians ". For a critical approach to the work of J. McCarthy, see Frederic Paulin, " Denial and stable population theory: the case of the Armenian genocide. " Accessed March 31, 2008.
8. This event is parallel to the "Armenian Literary Revolution", arrived at the same time in which the writers change the style and modernized (including Raffi ).
9. Yves Ternon , Armenians, history of genocide, Seuil, Paris, 1977 ^(2nd ed. 1996) ( ISBN 2-0202-5685-1 ).
10. Dedeyan Gerard (ed.), History of the Armenian people, Privat, Toulouse, 2007 ( ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5 ), p. 517.
11. Dedeyan Gerard (ed.), op. cit., p. 503.
12. Surbezy Francis, The Affairs of Armenia and the intervention of European powers (1894 to 1897), University of Montpellier [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].
13. Speech by Jean Jaurs in the House of Deputies, Paris, November 3, 1896 . Accessed March 31, 2008.
14. Dedeyan Gerard (ed.), op. cit., p. 518.
15. Jean-Marie Carzou, Armenia 1915, a copy of genocide, Flammarion, Paris, 1975 [ read online (accessed 29 December 2008)].
16. Peter Balakian , The Burning Tigris. The Armenian Genocide and America's response and the West, Paris, Phbus, De facto, 2005, p. 200 ( ISBN 2752900651 )
17. Ternon Yves, "The genocide of 1915-1916 and the end of the Ottoman Empire (1914-1923)", in Grard Dedeyan (ed.), op. cit., p. 524-525.
18. Ternon Yves, "The genocide of 1915-1916 ... , Op. cit., p. 525.
19. Ternon Yves, "The genocide of 1915-1916 ... , Op. cit., p. 529.
20. Henry Morgenthau , Ambassador Morgenthau's memoirs, Payot, 1919, "The Revolution" Van ". Accessed December 29, 2008.
21. ^{a and b} Ternon Yves, "The genocide of 1915-1916 ... , Op. cit., p. 527.
22. Ternon Yves, "The genocide of 1915-1916 ... , Op. cit., p. 531.
23. In this case, the Armenian intelligentsia was largely based in Constantinople.
24. The army of the Ottoman Empire is engaged primarily in the Caucasus, the Dardanelles and Mesopotamia.
25. Ternon Yves, "The genocide of 1915-1916 ... , Op. cit., p. 530-531.
26. ^{a , b and c} Imprescriptible.fr: the number of displaced populations and the main axes of deportation . Accessed September 5, 2008
27. Ternon Yves, "The genocide of 1915-1916 ... , Op. cit., p. 530.
28. Imprescriptible.fr: the genocide of the Armenians of Diyarbakir . Accessed September 5, 2008
29. Raymond H. Kevorkian, "The Extermination of Ottoman Armenian deportees in the concentration camps of Syria and Mesopotamia (1915-1916). The second phase of the genocide, "in Journal of Contemporary History Armenian, ii, 1998 117-118.
30. Ternon Yves, "The genocide of 1915-1916 ... , Op. cit., p. 533.
31. "News about the AACF Genocide", in Bulletin of the JAC, No. 15 (April 2004) [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].
32. Olivier and Francoise Balabanian Ardillier-Carras, Armenia, a Christian outpost in the Caucasus, Glnat, Grenoble, 2003 (reprint 2006) ( ISBN 2-7234-4531-3 ).
33. Yves Ternon, Survey on the denial of genocide, Parentheses, Marseille, 1989 ( ISBN 2-86364-052-6 ), Part ^3, Chapter IV, "The Special Organization [ read online (Accessed March 31, 2008)].
34. Read Kevorkian: [ read online (accessed September 5, 2008)]
35. Taner Akcam, A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, Denol, 2008 ( ISBN 978-2207259634 ), p. 200.
36. The latter estimate is advanced by the Armenians themselves, read "Ankara shocked by a French law", in Le Nouvel Observateur, October 8, 2006 [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].
37. Resolution of 18 June 1987 on a political solution to the Armenian question , Official Journal , C 190, 20 July 1987, p. 0119. Accessed March 31, 2008.
38. ^{a and b} Ternon Yves, "The genocide of 1915-1916 ... , Op. cit., p. 535.
39. (en) ons / images / publicpetition.gif "class =" external text "rel =" nofollow "> 126 Holocaust Scholars statem The indisputable Fact Of The Armenian Genocide and urge Western Democracies to Officially reconize it on the Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota , June 9, 2000. Accessed December 28, 2008.
40. (en) Statement of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide to Genocide Watch, May 30, 2005. Accessed December 28, 2008.
41. (en) Action Alert, July 15, 2005 at Institute for the Study of Genocide. Accessed December 28, 2008.
42. "Forums with Pierre Vidal-Naquet," Le Nouvel Observateur on 24 January 2005 [[read online] (accessed April 2, 2008)].
43. "Petition" Freedom for history "," December 12, 2005, on History Media [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
44. Vahakn Dadrian said, and Genocide in the Turkish light of denials: "I think the single most important feature of the Armenian Genocide, especially in comparison with the Holocaust - and I hope you see a striking parallel manifest - is this: it was not the regular organs of the Ottoman state, but a party, a secret organization, the party of Young Turks Ittihad was responsible for the Armenian genocide, from beginning to end: design, deliberation, decision, organization , applications - everything was done first, if not exclusively, by officials in positions of trust of the Young Turk Ittihad party, just like the Nazis in Germany during the Second World War. " Translation by Louise Kiffer . Accessed April 2, 2008.
45. (en) International Association of Genocide Scholars, "Letter to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, June 13, 2005 [ read online (accessed April 3, 2008)].
46. See for example Raymond Haroutioun Kevorkian , The Armenian Genocide, Odile Jacob, Paris, 2006 ( ISBN 2-7381-1830-5 ), p. 898.
47. (en) Dennis R. Papazian, "" Misplaced credulity: "Contemporary Turkish Attempts to refute the Armenian Genocide," in Armenian Review, No. 45 (1992), revised 2001, p. 185 [ read online (accessed July 17, 2008)].
48. Sheriff Bassiouni (interview), "Genocide and reparations" [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)]
49. or document about reparations in international law (document deals primarily with the case of Rwanda)
50. (en) Full text of the Treaty of Sevres . Accessed March 31, 2008.
51. Yves Ternon, The Armenian Cause, Seuil, Paris, 1983 ( ISBN 2-02-006455-3 ), p. 195.
52. Reporters Without Borders, "The entry into force of new Penal Code adjourned, March 31, 2005 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
53. Amnesty International, "Turkey. The government must address concerns about the new penal code, "March 23, 2005 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
54. (en) Amnesty International, "Turkey: Freedom of expression / torture / prisoners of conscience", May 22, 2005 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
55. (en) House of Commons Debates, Hansard Volume, Session 2003-04, Vol. 426, November 8, 2004 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
56. Amnesty International, "Turkey. Article 301 threatens freedom of expression and must be repealed now! , December ^1, 2005 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
57. Ternon Yves, op. cit., pp. 177-179.
58. While the Turkish figures are false, Armenian figures are apparently a bit exaggerated. The estimates are more neutral between one million and a million and half dead.
59. "Turkey: The difficulty of discussing the Armenian Genocide", in Courrier International, 2005 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)]
60. Amnistia, "The Turkish government banned an academic conference on the history of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire," May 27, 2005 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
61. ^{a and b} Jerome Bastion, "Turkey proposes a" truth commission, "in Armenia" on RFI, April 15, 2005 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)]
62. Ara Sarafian, "Review of" debate on the Ottoman archives "[ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
63. Marie Jego, "Turkish intellectuals are moved to a" rise of nationalism ", in Le Monde, April 13, 2005 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
64. Guillaume Perrier, "Mr. Pamuk's trial divides the Turkish power," in Le Monde, December 17, 2005 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
65. Fil Info France, "The archives of Turkey, January 2006 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
66. (en) Sarah Rainsford, "Solidarity marks editor's funeral", BBC News, January 24, 2007 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
67. Taner Akcam, "The taboo of the Armenian genocide haunts Turkish society", in Le Monde Diplomatique, July 2001 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
68. Gadz Minassian, " A crime against History "in Le Monde, December 5, 2008. Accessed May 22, 2009.
69. ^{a , b , c , d and e} Wall Belge, Halil Berktay, Elif Chafak, Hrant Dink, Fatma Muge Gocek ( Interview with Professor Gocek in AztagDaily), Ahmet Insel, Etyen Mahcupyan, Baskin Oran , and Ragip Zarakolu "The work on the story will be blocked in Turkey", in Libration, May 10, 2006 [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
70. ^{a and b} (r) Official site of the petition zr diliyorum . Accessed December 17, 2008.
71. Official Site of the petition zr diliyorum - Translations of text . Accessed December 17, 2008.
72. Ragip Duran, "Turkish intellectuals call for" forgiveness "" in Liberation, December 16, 2008, [ read online (accessed 17 December 2008)].
73. "Petition of apology vis--vis the Armenians: The War of the Internet began in Turkey" in The New Armenia, December 19, 2008, [ read online (accessed 23 December 2008)].
74. Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey, Armenia and truth assertions [ read online (accessed April 2, 2008)].
75. Report on behalf of the Committee on Constitutional laws, legislation and administration of the Republic on the draft law (No. 3030) Mr Didier Migaud and others, supplementing Act No. 2001-70 of 29 January 2001 on the recognition of the Armenian genocide of 1915 by Mr. Christophe Masse, MP, May 16, 2006, p. 8 [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].
76. ^{a , b and c} Mutafian Claude, The Armenian Genocide, 90 years later, CFC, 2005, "The avalanche of recognition of genocide" [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].
77. (en) U.S. House of Representatives Joint Resolution 247, September 12, 1984 [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].
78. "Proposal for resolution on the genocide of Armenians in Turkey in 1915," Annals of Parliament, Senate, session 1996-97, October 8, 1997 [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)]; adoption by the Senate March 26 1998: Annals of Parliament, Senate, Session 1997-98, March 26, 1998 [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].
79. National Assembly, Archives of the XI ^th Parliament, "Armenian Genocide", January 30, 2001 [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].
80. Swissinfo, "The National Council recognizes the Armenian Genocide," December 16, 2003 [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].
81. Association Switzerland-Armenia, "Recognition of the Armenian Genocide" [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].
82. (en) Camera dei " risoluzione , November 17, 2000. Accessed March 23, 2009.
83. (lt) Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, " Rezoliucija dl armn tautos genocido pripainimo , December 15, 2009. Accessed March 23, 2009.
84. (es) Asamblea Nacional, " Sesin ordinaria of da jueves 14 de julio de 2005 , "July 14, 2005. Accessed March 23, 2009.
85. (es) Senado, " Senado pide al gobierno al reconocimiento adhi than that of Armenia is in cometi durante el imperio genocidio otomano , June 5, 2007. Accessed March 23, 2007.
86. (en) A Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of ^Minorities, 38th session, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/6, July 2, 1985 [ relevant excerpts (accessed March 31, 2008)].
87. "The Chief Rabbi of Israel recognizes the Armenian genocide," according Yediyot Aharonot, November 24, 2005 [ read online (accessed March 31, 2008)].

See also

Related Articles

• Contemporary
  • Political recognition of the Armenian Genocide
• History
  • WWI
• Genocide
  • Chronology of the Armenian Genocide
  • Holocaust Denial
• Armenia
  • History of Armenia
  • Tsitsernakaberd, Armenian Genocide Memorial in Yerevan
  • Armenian Genocide Memorial in Etchmiadzin
• Turkey
• Turkey
  • Revolution signs

External Links

• Satellite view of the genocide memorial in Yerevan on WikiMapia
• Records from 1920 and photos of Zeitoun, Marash, Adana, Bozanti (2006) on the website of the Campaign of Cilicia.
• (En) The Armenian genocide, origins and progress
• (En) video-report about the memory of the genocide, shot in March 2007 in partnership with the Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (INA).

French legislation

• French parliamentary report
• Law No. 2001-70 of January 29, 2001 (Official Gazette of January 30, 2001 - NOR: PRMX9803012L)
• Masseret Olivier, "The recognition by the French Parliament of the Armenian genocide of 1915," Twentieth Century. History Review , 73, January-March 2002, p. 139-155. [ read online ]

Sites for recognition of Armenian genocide

• Armenian Genocide
• European Armenian Federation
• Defense Committee of the Armenian Cause
• Inalienable: the Armenian genocide and its denial
• Association Switzerland-Armenia

Bibliography

Historical books, testimonials

• A. ADOSSIDES, Armenians and the Young Turks, the massacres in Cilicia, PY Stock, Paris, 1918
• Annick Asso, The song of tears: Armenia 1915, words of genocide survivors, La Table Ronde, Paris, 2005 ( ISBN 2-7103-2776-7 ).
• Grigoris Balakian, The Armenian Golgotha, memories of the father Balakian, The Caucasian Circle writings, Paris, Volume 1, 2002 ( ISBN 2913564089 ), Volume 2, 2004 ( ISBN 2913564135 ).
• Henry Barby, the land of terror - Armenia martyrdom, Albin Michel, Paris, 1917. Repr. The circle of writings Caucasian, Paris, 2004 ( ISBN 2-913564-13-5 ).
• Victor Berard and Martin Melkonian (Pref.), The Politics of Sultan - The massacres of Armenians from 1894 to 1896 (1897), coll. The March of Time, The Felin, Paris, 2005 ( ISBN 9782866455910 ) (The book is fully available on Google Books, via a proxy).
• Arshavir Chiragian, Debt blood. An Armenian hunt those responsible for genocide (foreword by Gerard Chaliand), Ed. Complex, Brussels, 2006 ( ISBN 2-87027-133-6 ).
• Emile Doumergue, Armenia, massacres and the Eastern question, Faith and Life, Paris, 1916. Repr. The circle of writings Caucasian, Paris, 2007 ( ISBN 2913564208 ).
• Anatole France , Speech at the Sorbonne, at the meeting "Hommage to Armenia" , April 9, 1916. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Henri Froidevaux , "The massacres of 1915-1916" in Cambridge illustrated monthly, No. 113 (July 1916). Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Adams Gibbon, The Last Armenian Massacre, Payot, Paris, 1915.
• Johannes Lepsius, Secret Report on the Armenian massacres , Payot, Paris, 1919. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Henry Morgenthau , Ambassador Morgenthau's memoirs , Payot, 1919. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Henry Morgenthau, "The most horrific facts of history" , in Red Cross Magazine, March 1918. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Naslian Jean, Memoirs of ^Bishop Jean Naslian, Imp. Mekhitarist, Beirut, 1951.
• Rene Pinon , The removal of the Armenians , Perrin, Paris, 1916. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Harry Stuermer, Two years of war in Constantinople , Payot, Paris, 1917. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Arnold Joseph Toynbee , The Massacre of the Armenians: 1915-1916, Payot, Paris, 2004 ( ISBN 2-228-89872-4 ).
• Armin Wegner, "Letter to President Wilson" , January 1919. Accessed April 4, 2008.

History books, monographs

• Taner Akcam , From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian genocide, L'Aventurine, Paris, 2004 ( ISBN 284190136X ).
• Taner Akcam, A Shameful Act. The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility, Denol, Paris, 2008 ( ISBN 978-2-207-25963-4 ).
• Vahram Altounian and Janine (ed.), Memoir of the Armenian Genocide - Legacy traumatic and analytical work, PUF, Paris, 2009 ( ISBN 978-2-13-057327-2 ).
• Bernard Bruneteau , The Century of Genocide: violence, massacres and genocidal processes of Armenia to Rwanda, Armand Colin, Paris, 2004 ( ISBN 2-200-26403-8 ).
• Jean-Marie Carzou, a copy of Genocide: Armenia 1915 , Flammarion, Paris, 1975 ( ISBN 2-7021-3718-0 ).
• Gerard Chaliand and Yves Ternon , 1915, the Armenian Genocide, Ed. Complex, 2006 ( ISBN 2-8048-0102-0 ).
• Collective, "Elsewhere yesterday, other: knowledge and recognition of the Armenian Genocide," in Revue d'histoire de la Shoah, No. 177-178 (2003), Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation ( ISBN 2850566403 ).
• Vahakn Dadrian , History of the Armenian genocide: national conflicts in the Balkans to the Caucasus, pref. of Alfred Grosser , Stock, Paris, 1996 ( ISBN 2-234-04548-7 ).
• Pierre Dufour, Hayastan 1889-1925 - Children of Armenia in turmoil, Lavauzelle Panazol 2002 ( ISBN 2-7025-0534-1 ).
• Haroutioun Raymond Kevorkian. and Paul B. Paboudjian, Armenians in the Ottoman Empire on the eve of the genocide, Ed. Art and History, Paris, 1992 ( ISBN 2-906755-09-5 ).
• Haroutioun Raymond Kevorkian, The Armenian Genocide, Odile Jacob, Paris, 2006 ( ISBN 2-7381-1830-5 ).
• Yves Ternon , Survey on the denial of genocide, Parentheses, Marseille, 1989 ( ISBN 2-86364-052-6 ).
• Yves Ternon, Armenians, history of genocide, Le Seuil, Paris, 1977 ^(2nd ed. 1996) ( ISBN 2-0202-5685-1 ).
• Yves Ternon Du denial. Memory and Taboo, Descle de Brouwer, Paris, 1998 ( ISBN 2-220-04646-X ).
• Yves Ternon, The State Criminal: genocide in the ^twentieth century, Le Seuil, Paris, 1995 ( ISBN 2-02-017284-4 ).
• Yves Ternon, The innocence of the victims. Century genocides, Descle de Brouwer, Paris, 2001 ( ISBN 2-220-04950-7 ).
• Yves Ternon, Ottoman Empire, the decline, falling, fading, The Felin, Paris, 2005, ( ISBN 2-86645-425-1 ).
• Yves Ternon, loud voices, The Felin, Paris, 2006 ( ISBN 2-86645-635-1 ).
• Permanent Tribunal of Peoples, The Crime of Silence, pref. by Pierre Vidal-Naquet , Flammarion, Paris, 1984 ( ISBN 2080811428 ).

Articles

• Taner Akcam , "The taboo of the Armenian genocide haunts Turkish society" , in Le Monde Diplomatique, July 2001. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Taner Akcam , "1915 and the Turkish tales" , in Le Monde Diplomatique, July 2001. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• HB, "An end to the taboo of the Armenian question" , in The Express, 9 November 2000. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Hamit Bozarslan, "The interpretation of 1915 in Turkey" in The Armenian Genocide and the Shoah, Chronos, Zrich, 2002. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Jay Bushinsky, "Faced with the agonizing truth of history - The Armenian Genocide" , in International Herald Tribune, 2004 (trans. Louise Kiffer). Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Catherine Coquio, "Thinking and knowing the genocide in Armenia News Magazine, No. 54, June 2000. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Vahakn Dadrian , "Ottoman Archives Documents" , in The Black Book of humanity, Encyclopedia of Genocide, Israel Charny (ed.), Privat, Toulouse, 2001 ( ISBN 2-7089-5607-8 ). Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Jean-Marc Lafon, "Roman History and Memory: A little known episode of the Armenian genocide: the resistance of Musa Dagh," World Wars and contemporary conflicts, 2001/2-3, No. 202, p. 137-153. [ read online ]
• Jean-Paul Marthoz, "Who remembers the Armenian genocide? " in Global Issues No. 5, 2004. Accessed April 4, 2008.
• Michal de Saint-Cheron, "The Reception of the Armenian Genocide in Jewish Literature" in The Armenian Genocide and the Shoah, Chronos, Zrich, 2002 ( ISBN 3-0340-0561-X ). Accessed April 4, 2008.

Armenian Genocide
Background	History of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire Armenian Question Western Armenia Hamidian Massacres Adana Massacres Young Turks Turkism
Victims	Ottoman Armenian population Number of victims of Armenian genocide
Responsible	Young Turks / Committee of Union and Progress ( Talaat Pasha Ismail Enver Jemal Pasha Bahaeddin akir ) Special Organization Irregular Kurdish
Minutes	Ottoman courts martial of 1919-1920 Courts of Malta
See also	Timeline Operation Nemesis Political recognition Negation Bibliography Tsitsernakaberd

• Armenia portal
• Portal of the Ottoman Empire
• Portal of the First World War

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