The architecture can be defined as the art of building buildings.

The term architecture can also specify for the object created by the act of building, all characteristics such as shape, symbolism, or use properties. For this classification, it usually adds a qualifier distinctive setting together by style, by use, by time, by subject, etc.. (Examples: military architecture, christian architecture, Romanesque architecture, architectural wood). The original methods used to build buildings and categorized a posteriori pose no fundamental difference between the style.

By extension, the term "architecture" is also used to describe the system design of complex objects, including the software architecture and computer networks and information in these cases, reference is made to structure of a general system that the designer is referred to as the architect. This article does not deal with these meanings.

orders of capitals , Encyclopedia

The term architecture, from the Latin architectura comes from the Greek of / (chief, principle) and (" Slater "," frame ), which originally designated the art of designing and building areas covered of buildings. Subsequently, we see in the Ten Books of Architecture of Vitruvius that the architecture also includes the construction of all sorts of civil or religious buildings, bridges, aqueducts, ports and cities.

The architecture is performed in compliance with administrative procedures at the building site by architects whose professional title is legally protected, and specialists related to architects ... Also, this pre-conscious and clean architectural design he intended to reconcile the utility, beauty and solidity of forms, spaces and structures (occupied or not). Moreover, the inherent functional referred to architecture, the practical use of which follows the economic aspect of the distinction also of the other arts that are called decorative drawing, printmaking, painting and sculpture which have was originally built.

The share of architectural works on military, fortifications , siege engines (technical military genius with a scheduling - arrangement of tasks resulting in formatting of the book -), was responsible for the profession of engineering in the heart from the ^sixteenth century. Among the meanings of the architect, one that is more consistent with current concepts of engineering and has long been confused. Vitruvius, author of a treaty known, was himself a war machine builder and architect. Another example is the builder military engineer Marshal Vauban also expressing his aesthetic concerns .

In related areas, the parks and gardens can be designed by landscape architects , and vessels by naval architects.

When the architecture is created by the building occupants themselves without recourse to men of art, it is called vernacular. It is an expression of their tradition.

The architecture also refers to the corpus of all buildings constructed, that is to say, their classification and study, they were designed by manufacturers for displaying an aesthetic or not .

Urban design as a discipline is specifically designated in the area of Western thought since the mid-twentieth ^century by the term " planning " . It remains largely intrinsic to the field of architecture whose unit of measure of activity is the building and whose work encompasses both the item of furniture that the whole city .

In contemporary architecture, the turn of the ^twentieth century to the twenty-first ^century, the technical elements are present in various technological developments located on structures built. Their effects in the perception architectural effects are added to conventional networking to work in an intricate set of visible and invisible effects. On the structure built or the aspect of all that we want to collect these new employees again raise the question of a definition of architecture. The architecture rises from the deterministic definition exposed above the action following individual thought, to define fuzzy set theoretic properties of "beautiful objects worthy of attention." The object is not necessarily the product of the conventional way to do with the original concept art, but the product of computer technology dealing with the problem of building .

History and Styles

The architecture is also rich in experimentation, meaning and symbol. Here, the Familistre of Guise.

For details of the chronology, timing and content of historical trends, see:

The symbolism of the building has existed since the Bronze Age , it is evidenced by the standing stones around the world. We note that it exists without it a cultural expression itself, but an expression of humanity's manufacturer, its relationship with the universe, life and death. This "plus" construction, the so-called "architecture" to locate the thing, is present before the existence of money. The representation given to see the building is the basis of differentiation between architecture and building functional designed in our area of Western civilization. The architecture contains its achievements and its utopias. So the architecture belongs to the history and there is an " architectural history "among others set locally by the historians who study buildings and tangible ideas in perpetual evolution.

The realization of architectural thoughts ( imitation before knowing) gives the poetry of the material , the beautiful and the ugly, scary (the cloaca). The immateriality that is contained by the building since ancient times outside her simple signal function, shelter or tunnel is inherently expressed by the architecture. Overall, the building, according to the civilization, the power grids are represented by a form deemed "visible" by man or not be represented and described by writing the word in the original sense using small building elements making the sentences . Greek civilization, Roman civilization, authorized representation, and used writing. They are the start of the architecture developed in the area of western thought, they provide identification keys accepted of the later classification, including different currencies and icons.

The architecture has also been the origin of art . Knowledge (intellectual) achieves the desired result projected in both the ancient cosmos the universe by building modern symbols and shelter. Physical sciences, mathematics arising from these concerns and were initially intrinsic to the architecture. With a balance of authority established by the Holy Roman Empire different from the previous equilibrium (balance Western differing balance oriental) architecture was the medieval Western one of the seven disciplines of the " mechanical arts " This architecture has been considered the most noble as Veterans who called him "the mother of the arts."

Szczecin , Castle

The architecture has been transmitted orally or in writing classifications (some shown ) to the period of the Renaissance incipient . Dictionary of Architecture (focusing on ancient times) have identified tangible and intangible components of the architecture. The treaties have classified more profoundly than in the summary description of the technical means pure construction (holy or not), what did the dictionaries, adding remarks on the design project of building a container for the project creator. Models since the Renaissance expose these intentions. The vocabulary used to describe the figures of speech in the literature (even before the books are an object of consumption distributed by the letters) are initially the same as in the visual arts, in architecture (rhythm, symmetry , harmony). At that time, state power is asserted themselves on the edge of Europe from the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. The positive will to build modern economies faces institution holding the moral authority established principles of architecture from their countries. The local authority clerical hierarchy is for most of the cases centered on Rome defines the architectural model of how more or less independent of its control over the buildings for religious or civil which access is allowed for much the people ( the "joint") that was able to donate her work. These buildings are the real core of urban aggregation, even more strongly that buildings owned by the nobility where it fits. The books written and illustrated have initially establish the correlation between localized construction and sources of inspiration for shaping the material used to build. Objects can appear to be unconnected post because translation (look then deformation of the bulk) of the original formatting. Image reproduction and has succeeded in differentiating trades corporation building between making manual (who later used his own drawings) and the art of designing that uses plans to communicate with the master authority. These plans have become the preserve of the architect by beating the drawing technique . And possess the knowledge of particular action on the matter is concrete implementation in some cases by a tendency to intellectualism relegated craftsmen. Position power is thus given directive to the owners of knowledge to draw, architects and engineers: the design is an understandable and reproducible acquisition of knowledge to the existing material from the gesture actually made with another form of ritual expressed belong to the "masters" .

The discovery of the New World does not affect in a short time in Western society regarding architecture practiced. It begins by exporting its culture, but it does not matter outside of another expression of lifestyle in the European arena. The architecture is then in the new (now called " classical " ) by rereading the old order said "preserved" and actually having technical innovations. Because taking place in Europe in France is to be a powerful crossroads between southern Europe and northern Europe, his formal architectural example begins to spread. Evolution is both for technical buildings (eg roof , chaining ...) for their assignment (eg factories , greenhouses, ...). Architectural formalism asserts that most clearly is that of royal centralism symbolized by the composition and focusing the radiation from the bodies of the royal buildings arranged. But the field of philosophical thought represented "by" architecture and "in" construction has not evolved to the time (hierarchy and social strata).

The architecture was then studied and characterized as a continuation of the Cartesian method giving the Enlightenment. According to the strong tendency of scientism , the ^nineteenth century has produced many dictionaries of architecture. Currents have been various "styles" in a form called "reasonable" time of creation, and put into different categories depending on the nature and destination of the object, the local climate, available materials. The image has a fundamental role, it is conveyed as a translation of reality with photography and film and send the form and understanding the architectural whole. The position taken by the authors to the rational mind, but according to local cultural assumptions, particularly in the retranslation exotic (non-compliance of the foundations) saw off the original borders, we can generate a universal encyclopedia Conventions recent conventions trace the economic values of social and religious authors.

The architecture carries splendor gigantic vertical or horizontal. Millau Viaduct.

In contemporary times, the architecture is a way to display the splendor, among others by the sheer size in the height ( vertical structures ) or gigantism in the horizontal range. But it also becomes an element of economic for political reasons. Technological advances of the ^nineteenth century and ^twentieth century have greatly expanded the possibilities of achievement that must follow the demographic needs and standards of hygiene news. We can no longer be limited to building with natural stone or artificial constraints of work. The modeling of the use is first made by engineers engaged in mass production, the architects will follow, leaving their specialty restricted to works fine and detailed . Property development established by the governmental authority "provides" directly or indirectly to the occupant of architecture with the real estate sold. In the span of the envelope of giant buildings, the human body ("Vitruvian"-imaged by Michelangelo-) disappears. The architecture incorporates the most technically challenging for light elements, sound, energy, the cushion on the ground for comfort items, items for moving, telecommunications. The city level is reached for architectural activity. Regarding the location of the action of professional architects, the land that supports expression is not only the local cultural area, but by the competitive authorities decided, she is often warming. The expression can sometimes be as much the rejection of propriety (the rule and square) that the contribution of other models in various sciences (the "organic", the "evolutionary-dynamic or ...) arts (sculpture, comedy ...) or transpositions and gathering evidence of distant cultures in their foundations lifestyle.

The symbolic aspects have been copied from one culture to another, from one historical period to another. They are transferred in styles conventionally recognized to new architectures no longer carry the same meanings-made model (Traduttore - traditore . The restorations carried out on buildings show that the styles are not met (or respectable ) and purely categorization was not a fundamental element constructors ... (No evidence of positioning between fashion and art).

The styles are conceptual tools of interpretation and research of art . We can find icons that represent significant figures of contemporary realization in stylized representations by the architecture of the building that contains "myths and legends" local ancient form of expression.

Theory of Architecture

Treaty of Vitruvius

According to the ten books on architecture written by Vitruvius , architect Roman of the ^first century BC. AD :

"Architecture is a science that embraces a wide variety of studies and knowledge, she knows and judges all the productions of other arts. It is the result of the practice and theory. Practice is the design, continued and worked through the exercise, which is realized by the Act giving the material to any work, what form this drawing. The theory, however, is to demonstrate, to explain the accuracy, convenience proportions of artifacts.
So the architects who, in defiance of theory, do come to practice, could not reach a reputation commensurate with their efforts. As for those who believed they had enough reasoning and literary science, is the shadow and not the reality they have continued. He alone, who, like the warrior in full armor, known join theory with practice, achieved his goal as successfully as promptly. "

- Vitruvius, architecture

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Durability of the classic triad "beauty, strength, usefulness"

Architectural principles have remained stable over time. Even if the methods of architectural design have changed over the provision of reproductive tools and design . However there is no real gathering consensus of the profession on a modern theory.

The Pont du Gard , Beauty, strength, utility ...

The Great Mosque of Kairouan is one of the masterpieces of Islamic architecture. Its present appearance dates from ^the ninth century.

According to the oldest treatise we know on the subject, De Architectura of Vitruvius , architecture seeks to establish a harmonious and balanced combination of three principles:

• Beauty (Venustas)
• Strength (firmitas)
• Utility (Utilitas) .

This triad remains fundamental, although each term has varied expressing to focus on other aspects, as shown in the following table:

Depth of field of architecture

Mexican modern architecture.

The architecture is needed to produce a mark in the memories of organized peoples settled in almost all existing companies. The solemn position on the premises is made by this remarkable medium. The architecture reflects the gathering places for their nature (eg parliaments, cemeteries, temples, etc..) And their social function for the public (examples: palaces, stadiums, triumphal arches, etc.).

These are:

• show the power of nature with the passage of time and energy ,
• to express the power or the power secure individual with authority,
• Displays the hierarchical level of tenants in society (social class)
• to demonstrate the function of the building in the organization of society,
• to provide and characterize different places of the ordinary world (religion and spirituality, show).

Tangible and intangible things are put in good agreement with the available elements. The harmony is for the time being. The product architecture code to read in the space provided. These codes of forms and materials reflect the cosmos as it is experienced (eg the "architecture of ruin" that emerged in the nineteenth century ^s is a new building reregistering time and culture).

The architecture works in the modern western area at many scales from the design and implementation of elements constituting the members of buildings , up to that of whole cities designed as a whole. Architecture is seen as a way to translate the space surrounding the body with the philosophy associated with the psychology of the intimate sphere of privacy, the public sphere which define the company said. This space contains modeling factors differing importance given by the individual to self-awareness and consciousness from the outside. The container is detailed space into smaller pieces, premises for the shelter of the individual, family, and then in shared public space, and finally in "natural".

The work of the architect as his personal motivation is supposed to produce architecture at the command of state or individual. She focused on the classical forms inhabited since the Middle Ages: these homes, schools, hospitals, and more courts, churches, workshops, town halls, etc.. Were added as time as heritage items from the modernization of human activity and organization of society. Those items meeting the military needs new (forts and castles), and structural needs of transport networks (ports, railway stations, airports) and trade (halls, hypermarkets), space needs for recreation (stadiums, rinks, pools, beach houses and mountain) and sometimes necessary for industrial production (factories built to certain types of human resource management, the management of image information), etc..

The boundary of the field of architecture in the historical sense "art of building" remains unanswered. Because it exceeds the "authorization to feel" when you're faced with what is built, which differentiates from the elevation of the megalithic architecture of the building merely useful to modern scientific sense. The only difference may have existed in the building including the Renaissance architectural practices (front). This domain boundary is found among other currently with the Naval Architecture. Initially restricted to the design in the royal fleet of vessels operating not only functional utility, now that designates a specific discipline engineering design of boats of all sizes and categories. And at the same time, we do not consider the art of building airplanes or trains as an architecture, but engineering with "interior design". The boundaries of architecture and design are not steadfast, the latter providing the "emotion" by the appearance made by the object (class "industrial purpose" to begin with).

The business of building buildings and structures in modern western area has captured all the players, especially after the emergence of progress (post-religious philosophy ), the question of necessity and also the usefulness of the architecture ("art") for construction. The architecture has been modeled, nature constantly called into question. In the final architecture, the "art", was it possible to mechanize? This question has emerged with clear establishment of the capitalist system establishing markets in the economy. After the second industrial revolution (electricity), the basic mode of modern production poses that the ritual does more than all in manufacturing for all constructed objects (in factories and offices that used to manufacture industrial objects ). Art is only considered a value to be assigned to restrictive for the utilitarian object. Operations research has perpetuated the structural construction of buildings. This specialized field of action including the manufacture of building continuity of the business division of human activity. From there, in response to this formulation of the frame as a juxtaposition of autonomous specialized areas, a trend appeared to reverse to try and reunite considered non-exclusive ranges of items considered: the interior design or the planning. As if the scenery , support the "art" according to formulation secular, could not be designed independently of the buildings containing them, and cities regardless of the buildings that comprise them.

The architecture may have the characteristic of being short-lived because it comes from everyday life. She has been in line after his grouping items for immediate use - The accession of the architect in an architectural did that from the ^{nineteenth-century.} It could be considered an expression of the need to consume or produce fumed over time by later generations who take ownership because the support is sustainable. Setting heritage is established because part of life. It does not distinguish between conventional "art of building" under the law, the profession and the motivation of the manufacturer. The living environment has been repeatedly been rehabilitated to follow the lifestyle of the occupants. Current research on the complexity for the architecture and the city, it assumes that the needs of a complex are networked, their concrete expression is random and not ranked in priority, all is organized as a body includes organizations that are communicating in their well-defined boundaries and inform without barrier.

Humanism and Architecture

Plan of a house by Ferdinand von Arnim (1852)

Theory of architecture has been formulated, developed and disseminated through successive treaties which have reached us since the ancient times.

These treaties, including the development of techniques and construction methods and techniques of representation, also include formulations relating to life socialized individuals that connects the collective needs of architecture with the structure itself of the society are treated such requirements and properties corresponding to housing, education, health, administration, religious worship, etc.. These treaties are not free from political dissertations.

The humanism of the Renaissance from a conventional back to ancient texts lays in the arts a new relationship to science , and this concerns in particular the process of making buildings that are architectural and have a strong importance social.

Proficiency in specific disciplines to the art of conventional construction (programming, composition, rendering, on site measuring more) uses knowledge from various disciplines within the arts ( drawing , decorative arts ...), mathematics ( descriptive geometry , algebra ).
Then gradually from the Renaissance ( Humanism and Science ) the art of construction makes use of the physical ( mechanical static and dynamic strength of materials and chemistry), law ( urban planning , construction and the Housing), history ( of architecture , cities , of archeology ), social sciences ( sociology , anthropology , politics and philosophy ).

The will over the ages has been to find a mathematical formalization and aesthetics, she was allowed in his time by means of the number of gold and guns , the fact remains that the talent , the ability to communicate constructive human imagination, has not been reproduced ( a href = "Intelligence_artificielle" title = "Artificial Intelligence"> artificial intelligence). The practice of architecture in the modern western area has recently been the computer-aided design , human requisite knowledge, from this point of view rather elaborate science with a humanistic philosophy. The philosophical consequence of Humanism Humanism of literary classics has led to the formation of social and rational architecture, architecture workerist who was sued by third-world architecture recently.

Legal aspects

The legal architecture, or more exactly legal (not prohibited by law and by morality) is conditional on the approval of local authorities and compliance with guidelines. Specifically, religious architecture is conditioned by the internal laws of the country. And on the military architecture is conditioned by external laws imposed by the victors (-colonial-).

For the practice of architecture, there is no code of ethics. (More details, see Architect ).

Moreover, architectural works are protected by copyright, which means that any copying or reproduction (even partial, even photographs) may be prohibited until 70 after the death of the author (in Europe of other periods may apply in other countries).

Institutions

Awards

Perspective view showing a building built in its urban context.

One of the most prestigious international architecture is the Pritzker Prize , awarded annually since 1979 by a private foundation.

Other prizes:

• Mies van der Rohe (EU)
• Price Bracket Silver (France), awarded under the Monitor , the most newsworthy
• First prize work (France), awarded under the Monitor
• Stirling Prize (United Kingdom)
• Award of Excellence of RAIC (Canada)

Education

From a historical perspective, schools of architecture's most famous were:

• France in the ^nineteenth century:
  • Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris (until 1968 );
  • Special School of Architecture in Paris ;
  • Ecole Centrale Paris Awarding architect;

• Germany in the first half of the ^twentieth century, the Bauhaus in Weimar , Dessau-Rolau , and Berlin has been a major focus of the modern movement in architecture worldwide.

(Note: The Chicago School refers to an architectural movement, not an educational institution).

References

Bibliography

• Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert , Art Architecture
• Dictionary of French architecture from the eleventh ^to the sixteenth ^century (1854-1868) , Eugne Viollet-le-Duc , 1856
• Vocabulary of architecture (principles of scientific analysis), Ministry of Cultural Affairs (General inventory of monuments and art treasures of France, Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, December 20, 1972
  The vocabulary covers the entire field of architecture, from prehistory to the present, the construction techniques of urban planning rules. Volume 1 - Vocabulary of Architecture, Volume 2 - Method of study of architectural monuments.
• Jean-Marie Perouse de Montclos (eds.) Architecture: vocabulary and method, Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1982

See also

General:

History and styles:

Miscellaneous:

• Venice Charter
• Category: Books of Architecture , Architectural Treaty
• Red city (architecture)

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