Capitals of classical forms (from the Encyclopedia , Vol. 18) a. Tuscan b. Doric, c. ion d. ionic modern e. Corinthian f. Composite

Orders in architecture , determine the proportions , shapes and ornamentation of any party built elevation (in particular columns, and their presence is imperative, pilasters, brackets, entablature). The Greeks do not recognize only three: the Doric, the Ionic and Corinthian, the Romans have added two: the Tuscan order and the composite order.

Next Vitruvius , the architects , who noticed that the foot of man was the sixth part of the body height, the proportion transported in their columns: "Whatever the size of a column at its base, they gave him a sixfold height, including the marquee. Thus the column Doric took footprint proportions, strength and beauty of human body. "

Later, wanting to erect a temple to Diana , they sought to establish a new order: they gave him something of the grace of the woman and carried the height of the columns to eight diameters, so that they appear more slender. They added bases with coils in imitation shoes ^{Distinguishing Characteristics of the five classical orders Greek and Roman}

The church Saint-Gervais in Paris has Doric columns on the ground floor, Ionic on the first floor and Corinthian on the second floor

• The Doric order is the first and simplest of the three orders in Greek architecture. The Doric column has four to eight diameters in height and is fluted. Among the ancients it was baseless. Its capital is composed of moldings , fillets and quarter round. The Doric order is the ^sixth century BC. AD. Among the most famous Doric buildings, we must mention the temple of Neptune in Paestum and of course the Parthenon in Athens.

• The Ionic order was founded about 560 BC. AD. The Ionic column is up nine diameters in height and is characterized by a tent decorated with two spirals side of elegance and delicacy of profiles admirable. Roman Ionic orders are heavier and less graceful. Great column models of this kind can be seen in the temple of Minerva Polias in Athens , and those of Fortune Virile and Marcellus in Rome.

• The Corinthian order is an order of Greek architecture emerged in the mid- ^fifth century BC. AD , and whose character is determined mainly by an abundance of elements and a tent decorated with rows of leaves of acanthus. The Corinthian column is usually ten diameters high. The Temple of Vesta at Tivoli , and that of Minerva at Assisi are outstanding examples of buildings of the Corinthian order.

• The Tuscan order , order of classical architecture, is a simplified form of the Greek Doric architectural order. Tuscan columns have seven diameters high, including base and drum. The spine is more rounded and even more curved. It is only by historians as we are aware of this kind because no specimens of ancient Tuscan building do we remained ...

• The composite order is an order of Roman architecture with character creation, a combination of a base ion of a Doric column drum, of an Ionic or Corinthian, is especially determined by a capital with volutes and leaves of acanthus. The composite column to ten diameters high.

The superimposed orders are orders Ionic, Doric, Corinthian bearing on each other, each at a particular stage of construction. The caryatid and Atlantis are counted as an order. Ies superimposed orders are used for example in the architecture of amphitheaters.

Orders succeeding orders Greco-Roman antiquity

• The colossal order is an order ruling on several floors on almost the entire height of the building. This provision appeared timid in the ^fifteenth century and became widespread in the mid- ^sixteenth century.

• The order penthouse is small order of pilasters on a short-plated penthouse that has a ledge for architraved entablature. For example, in Versailles , at the Edouard Herriot Hospital.

• Architectural orders specific to neoclassical architects of the ^eighteenth century and there are provisions reproducing the ancient models with a layout of columns and pediments particular architect. ( Etienne-Louis Boullee , Claude Nicolas Ledoux ...)

Orders of Egyptian columns

In Egypt there are six orders: the Order Palmiforme, the Proto-Doric Order, the Order Lothiforme, the papyrus Order, the Order Beaker, the Order Hathor.

• Order palmiforme
  • From ancient Egyptian empire these columns are very massive
  • The tent includes 9 palm leaves ligated
  • The barrel is smooth
  • The base is simple

• Proto-Doric Order
  • Originally from the Middle Kingdom Egyptian columns are very massive
  • the marquee very simple geometric merges with the abacus.
  • The drum has grooves
  • The base is very small or totally absent

• Order lotus capitals
  • Lotus-shaped closed.

• Order papyriform
  
  • from the Middle Kingdom
  • the stems are tied to the tent and extend into the barrel
  • the abacus can contain a cartridge
  • Single base

• Order Beaker
  • from the Middle Kingdom
  • was smooth but may be covered with bas reliefs
  • Tent flared inverted bell-shaped cover of low relief (bas-relief when the papyrus is sometimes called open papyrus)
  • Single base
  • Abacus is not seen from below because the big flared conceals

• Order Hathoric
  
  • Tent representing the goddess Hathor from the front on both sides or four
  • was smooth
  • Single base
  • abacus large enough

Bibliography

• New Larousse illustr, 1898-1907

Notes

• Portal architecture and urbanism
• Portal History

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