Anti Graffiti
The graffiti is a financial problem and freedom of expression for which the authorities have always sought to limit or ban it.
Summary |
The City of New York and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority took the late 1970's the decision to eradicate graffiti from the subway. Access to trains has become more difficult and well kept, the subways were painted over and were cleaned out as soon as possible. From 1984 to 1989 , a thousand employees of the New York subway are struggling to clean up their 6245 cars and 465 stations for an annual cost of 52 million France In France, especially the graffiti policy that is pursued with seriousness and the graffiti-based visual is first seen as a curiosity, but by the mid -1980s , the city of Paris equips machine pressure remove graffiti on the walls and starts, as the RATP , to file complaints. The era is also that of a riot of wild display advertising (political, Minitel services) and anti-graffiti machines are also used to remove the posters. Around 1987 , the subways in Paris are even covered with graffiti and the people grow tired much, leading to a hardening judiciary (including in places that traditionally did not pose problems such as abandoned warehouses). Around 1990 , the RATP has managed to marginalize the tag in the subway, if not eradicate it completely, making the transition cleanest he had ever been. A similar trend was observed in other capitals of Europe affected by the phenomenon. Today, many medium-sized French cities have invested in machines graffiti, which represents a significant cost. Transportation companies, particularly targeted, also spend part of their budget. SNCF figure such as the cost of cleaning graffiti from its trains at 5 million per year. However, there since 2006 on the lines of the Paris RER managed by SNCF, the graffiti "vandalism" by the station: they are painted with white paint in order to discourage graffiti artists to operate on its routes in the heart of Paris. Since the inception of the "tag" in New York (early 1970s ), the controversial "art or vandalism? "Divides. If one relies on the theory of broken windows developed in the United States, graffiti is a factor of insecurity , because it leaves people feeling that their neighborhood is neglected by governments and incivility are unpunished. Other points of view, not necessarily opposites, can be developed: with graffiti, young people engaged in creative (and positive), ownership of public space and bring him even a cheerful color sometimes welcome. Technical means have been developed to discourage graffiti, such as the use of varnish, plastic films anti-graffiti and painting anti-tags (which prevent the paint from drying properly or facilitate cleanup) or decorating surfaces with patterns that make tags unreadable (tested by RATP in the 1980s , without much success). Today the windows of most of metro lines in Paris are covered with films such plastics changed regularly, thus discouraging their engraving by taggers. Regulating the sale of products used to make graffiti is a conventional struggle upstream against the "tag". It is implemented in many cities and counties in the United States. It has been proposed (but unsuccessful) by the mayor of Paris in 1992 and Grald Tremblay , Mayor of Montreal in 2006. This regulation can take several forms: to ban those who sell to expose spray paint to the public ban on selling spray paint to minors and prohibiting the sale of permanent markers of a certain thickness, incorporation of price cleaning equipment prices. The provision of walls dedicated to graffiti (as in Venice , California Pit, as the Palais de Tokyo in Paris and in Gatineau, Qc, where there are 29 licensed sites), is a practice commonly implemented by municipalities or other institutions and whose avowed aim is to channel energy in a localized fashion creative graffiti writers. They do not always lend themselves to the game, for fear that this is a ruse to know their identity or because they consider any institutionalization of graffiti as absurd or harmful to the essence subversive graffiti. The site notes that nograffiti.com exhibitions devoted to graffiti walls and other free expression necessarily do not send a clear message for their perimeters is inevitably vandalized: for the graffiti to identify an authorized area, these practices would therefore encouragement to vandalism. Covered surfaces can be processed with tools such as water jet pressure, the sandblasting, hydro-scrubbing or solvents, the arogommage (low pressure blasting using mineral and biodegradable chemically neutral). Some graffiti is simply covered with paint, without seeking to regain the original appearance of the wall, assuming a place where graffiti does not stay long discourages graffiti. For the New York subway, the MTA and City Hall, under the administration of Mayor Koch, have prevented access to subway trains in depots around the train with two rows of barbed wire and high fences in unleashing the dogs in corridor formed by these fences. Added to a policy of systematic cleaning of trains, the method worked. In Los Angeles, a sophisticated technique called "TaggerTrap (trap taggers) was tested. It identifies, through their sound very specific, paint bombs that are actuated. This system would have to identify and arrest many taggers in action . Moreover, American companies have specialized in collecting and cross-checking information on graffiti, which the public sector a "traceability" of the tag to identify all the works of an author and to extend the sentences well Beyond flagrante delicto Battle of communication Controversy
Can be taken to an editorial New York Sun which compares the graffiti of metastases and violently attacked the New York Times reporter who focuses only on artistic matters, concluding with this sentence: "the Times provides the ideal speech for a generation that refuses to grow up. " Fight through technical means
Prevention
Supports anti-tags
Access to Material
Framework graffiti
Orders of graffiti decorations, organizing festivals graffiti (Kosmopolite in Bagnolet , since 2002; Jam graffiti in Chalon-sur-Saone , etc..) have the same goal. Repair
Monitoring
In the United States in April 1982 , an anti-graffiti campaign was launched by the City of New York, led by New York celebrities such as boxer Hector Camacho and Alex Ramos , actors Fame Irene Cara and Gene Ray or the champion baseball Dave Winfield. These figures were gathered under the slogan: "Make your mark in Society, is not society" (leave your mark in society, not the company)
In France, the RATP has launched a poster campaign in the early 1990s with the tag of Megaton and warning that the graffiti will now be deleted immediately: "While our galleries are the busiest, certain modes of expression there have no place. " Eight years earlier, the Paris transport authority had made with Futura 2000 advertising campaign for its services.
In 2003, still in France, the SNCF has attacked Graff'it magazines, Graff Bombz and Mix Grill, accused of encouraging the graffiti on trains in publishing the photos. The compensation claimed, 150 000 for each newspaper, suffice to eliminate these newspapers. Unsuccessful at first instance, the SNCF has appealed. The three newspapers have received support from all the press and the League of Human Rights , who consider that a victory for the SNCF would be a disturbing challenge to the free right to inform.
The websites have also been harassed and encouraged to close their database collecting pictures of graffiti (including the largest database of the times that no fewer than 25 000 members and over 600,000 photos of France but also Switzerland and Belgium> www.aero.fr.
The Court of Appeal of Paris upheld the decision of 1 degree ( 15 October 2004 ) on 27 September 2006.
It is basa on the fact that cars were painted long before the creation of these magazines that have no purpose other than to "be witnesses of street art and reproduce the new creations in this area "(dixit the court of appeal).
The court also recognized the artistry of graffiti and refuted the charge of incitement to damage (the number of cars being painted down).
Fight by judicial means
The legal
United States
The United States , the counties and cities provide different answers to the problem of graffiti. Some places like the County of Los Angeles simply to regulate the sale of products that can be used for graffiti, while the city of Los Angeles she has an arsenal of more severe decrees extending to the compensation of informers ,
France
When not done on authorized carriers, graffiti is for the French criminal law, a "destruction, degradation or deterioration of a voluntary property belonging to others", which is punishable by:
- contravention of a 5 th class (1 500 EUR or more) if this does minor damage (Article R.635-1 of the Penal Code).
- a fine of up to 30,000 euros and a punishment of up to 2 years imprisonment in other cases (Article 322-1 of the Penal Code).
Article 322-1 of the Penal Code also provides that "the drawing of inscriptions, marks or designs without permission, facades, vehicles, highways and street furniture is punished Euro 3750 fine and a sentence of community service if he is minor damage results. " It is supplemented by Article 322-2, which provides that the penalty is raised to 7500 euro fine and a sentence of community service, where, inter alia, "the property destroyed, degraded or damaged is for utility or decoration public and belongs to a public or discharging a public service mission. "
Furthermore, the content registration (death threats, incitement to racial hatred, defamation, etc..) Is a crime in itself.
The case known as the SNCF
Facts
Beginning in 2003 , in France , an extensive survey involving agents of the National Police, the SNCF and RATP , has led to the dismantling of a network of 150 graffiti vandals who have caused tens of millions of euros in damage since 1999 as in the maintenance personnel .
Organization of the fight
In 1999 , the station was built, a mission that began with Clean make serious contact with the PNTL and endowed it with its own staff investigators, armed with digital cameras to photograph the most of any graffiti in the hexagon.
Some judges became aware of the magnitude and from 2001 asked the police to trace the perpetrators of magazines and Internet sites devoted to graffiti, to identify the tags to differentiate the bands to bring them to justice. Now, Justice wished to pursue a tagger caught, not only an act of flagrant but all the tags that have the same signature and the same characteristics.
From June 2001 , the organization of the anti-taggers began to ramp up Summary The first trial took place in 2003 at Versailles References Related articles
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